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Bojanowski K, Ma S, Applebaum R, Zhao H. Transbuccal platform for delivery of lipogenic actives to facial skin: Because fat matters. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1169-1174. [PMID: 32592290 DOI: 10.1002/term.3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control facial skin physiology and appearance through the oral mucosa (transbuccally) is largely unexplored. Here, a hypothesis was tested that transbuccal delivery of fat tissue-supportive actives may trigger beneficial cosmetic responses at the level of the skin. First, the importance of the fat tissue for skin structure and function was established by comparative analysis of human biopsies cultured defatted or in the presence of hypodermis, using macroscopic observation, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and histochemistry. Then, the ability to improve epidermal function and structure through the application of a lipoactive patch to oral mucosa was demonstrated in a clinical case study by the quantification of several epidermal microRNAs (miRNAs). It was found that removal of the hypodermal fat layer accelerated skin biopsy aging as demonstrated by the deterioration of the physical appearance at the macroscopic and microscopic (hematoxylin and eosin stain) levels and the decrease of expression of genes implicated in the structure and function of the skin, such as AQP3 and LOR. Furthermore, when adipogenic actives were applied to the oral mucosa under a form of bioadhesive film in a clinical case study, an improvement in the expression of miRNA biomarkers of senescence and inflammation was observed in the epidermis. Taken together, these results indicate that the transbuccal delivery of lipogenic compounds to face is a novel method for the improvement of facial skin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bojanowski
- Department of Cosmetic Dermatology, Sunny BioDiscovery Inc., Santa Paula, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Ma
- Department of Cosmetic Dermatology, Sunny BioDiscovery Inc., Santa Paula, CA, USA.,College of Nursing, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Cosmetic Dermatology, Sunny BioDiscovery Inc., Santa Paula, CA, USA
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Abstract
The skin provides the primary protection for the body against external injuries and is essential in the maintenance of general homeostasis. During ageing, resident cells become senescent and the extracellular matrix, mainly in the dermis, is progressively damaged affecting the normal organization of the skin and its capacity for repair. In parallel, extrinsic factors such as ultraviolet irradiation, pollution, and intrinsic factors such as diabetes or vascular disease can further accelerate this phenomenon. Indeed, numerous mechanisms are involved in age-induced degradation of the skin and these also relate to non-healing or chronic wounds in the elderly. In particular, the generation of reactive oxygen species seems to play a major role in age-related skin modifications. Certainly, targeting both the hormonal status of the skin or its surface nutrition can slow down age-induced degradation of the skin and improve healing of skin damage in the elderly. Skin care regimens that prevent radiation and pollution damage, and reinforce the skin surface and its microbiota are among the different approaches able to minimize the effects of ageing on the skin.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Adipose Tissue in Clinical Applications for Dermatological Indications and Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010208. [PMID: 28117680 PMCID: PMC5297838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Operating at multiple levels of control, mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (ADSCs) communicate with organ systems to adjust immune response, provide signals for differentiation, migration, enzymatic reactions, and to equilibrate the regenerative demands of balanced tissue homeostasis. The identification of the mechanisms by which ADSCs accomplish these functions for dermatological rejuvenation and wound healing has great potential to identify novel targets for the treatment of disorders and combat aging. Herein, we review new insights into the role of adipose-derived stem cells in the maintenance of dermal and epidermal homeostasis, and recent advances in clinical applications of ADSCs related to dermatology.
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The Effects of Dietary Macronutrient Balance on Skin Structure in Aging Male and Female Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166175. [PMID: 27832138 PMCID: PMC5104383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition influences skin structure; however, a systematic investigation into how energy and macronutrients (protein, carbohydrate and fat) affects the skin has yet to be conducted. We evaluated the associations between macronutrients, energy intake and skin structure in mice fed 25 experimental diets and a control diet for 15 months using the Geometric Framework, a novel method of nutritional analysis. Skin structure was associated with the ratio of dietary macronutrients eaten, not energy intake, and the nature of the effect differed between the sexes. In males, skin structure was primarily associated with protein intake, whereas in females carbohydrate intake was the primary correlate. In both sexes, the dermis and subcutaneous fat thicknesses were inversely proportional. Subcutaneous fat thickness varied positively with fat intake, due to enlarged adipocytes rather than increased adipocyte number. We therefore demonstrated clear interactions between skin structure and macronutrient intakes, with the associations being sex-specific and dependent on dietary macronutrient balance.
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Li Z, Cui L, Yang JM, Lee HS, Choi JS, Woo JM, Lim SK, Yoon KC. The Wound Healing Effects of Adiponectin Eye Drops after Corneal Alkali Burn. Curr Eye Res 2016; 41:1424-1432. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1133834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengri Li
- Xiamen Eye Center of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital and Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Lian Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital and Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jee Myung Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital and Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyo Seok Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital and Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji Suk Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital and Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Je Moon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Seul Ki Lim
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, R & D Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kyung Chul Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital and Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Slominski AT, Manna PR, Tuckey RC. On the role of skin in the regulation of local and systemic steroidogenic activities. Steroids 2015; 103:72-88. [PMID: 25988614 PMCID: PMC4631694 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is a heterogeneous organ/tissue covering our body, showing regional variations and endowed with neuroendocrine activities. The latter is represented by its ability to produce and respond to neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones and neurohormones, of which expression and phenotypic activities can be modified by ultraviolet radiation, chemical and physical factors, as well as by cytokines. The neuroendocrine contribution to the responses of skin to stress is served, in part, by local synthesis of all elements of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Skin with subcutis can also be classified as a steroidogenic tissue because it expresses the enzyme, CYP11A1, which initiates steroid synthesis by converting cholesterol to pregnenolone, as in other steroidogenic tissues. Pregnenolone, or steroidal precursors from the circulation, are further transformed in the skin to corticosteroids or sex hormones. Furthermore, in the skin CYP11A1 acts on 7-dehydrocholesterol with production of 7-dehydropregnolone, which can be further metabolized to other Δ7steroids, which after exposure to UVB undergo photochemical transformation to vitamin D like compounds with a short side chain. Vitamin D and lumisterol, produced in the skin after exposure to UVB, are also metabolized by CYP11A1 to several hydroxyderivatives. Vitamin D hydroxyderivatives generated by action of CYP11A1 are biologically active and are subject to further hydroxylations by CYP27B1, CYP27A1 and CP24A. Establishment of which intermediates are produced in the epidermis in vivo and whether they circulate on the systemic level represent a future research challenge. In summary, skin is a neuroendocrine organ endowed with steroid/secosteroidogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Pulak R Manna
- Department of immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Tuckey
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Mendoza-Garcia J, Sebastian A, Alonso-Rasgado T, Bayat A. Optimization of an ex vivo wound healing model in the adult human skin: Functional evaluation using photodynamic therapy. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:685-702. [PMID: 26094764 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Limited utility of in vitro tests and animal models of human repair, create a demand for alternative models of cutaneous healing capable of functional testing. The adult human skin Wound Healing Organ Culture (WHOC) provides a useful model, to study repair and enable evaluation of therapies such as the photodynamic therapy (PDT). Thus, the aim here was to identify the optimal WHOC model and to evaluate the role of PDT in repair. Wound geometry, system of support, and growth media, cellular and matrix biomarkers were investigated in WHOC models. Subsequently, cellular activity, extracellular matrix remodeling, and oxidative stress plus gene and protein levels of makers of wound repair measured the effect of PDT on the optimized WHOC. WHOCs embedded in collagen and supplemented DMEM were better organized showing stratified epidermis and compact dermis with developing neo-epidermis. Post-PDT, the advancing reepithelialization tongue was 3.5 folds longer, and was highly proliferative with CK-14 plus p16 increased (p < 0.05) compared to controls. The neo-epidermis was fully differentiated forming neo-collagen. Proliferating nuclear antigen, p16, COLI, COLIII, MMP3, MMP19, and α-SMA were significantly more expressed (p < 0.05) in dermis surrounding the healing wound. In conclusion, an optimal model of WHOC treated with PDT shows increased reepithelialization and extracellular matrix reconstruction and remodeling, supporting evidence toward development of an optimal ex vivo wound healing model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Mendoza-Garcia
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials.,Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Research Group, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB)
| | - Anil Sebastian
- Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Research Group, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB)
| | | | - Ardeshir Bayat
- Bioengineering Group, School of Materials.,Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Research Group, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB).,Center for Dermatology, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Li M, Zhao Y, Hao H, Dai H, Han Q, Tong C, Liu J, Han W, Fu X. Mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium improves the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes in a diabetes-like microenvironment. INT J LOW EXTR WOUND 2015; 14:73-86. [PMID: 25759411 DOI: 10.1177/1534734615569053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The impairment of wound healing in diabetic patients is an important clinical problem. Proper keratinocyte migration and proliferation are the crucial steps during reepithelialization, and these steps may be impaired in diabetes mellitus (DM) due to hyperglycemia and chronic inflammation in wound site. In this study, we explored the effects of diabetes-like microenvironment with high glucose (HG) and intense inflammation on the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes in vitro. We found that the migration and proliferation of rat keratinocytes were reduced with HG and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation via Erk signaling pathway in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner. Nevertheless, mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) counteracts the effects of HG and LPS. Treatment of rat keratinocyte with MSC-CM decreased HG- and/or LPS-induced ROS overproduction. Furthermore, MSC-CM reversed the downregulation of phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and Erk 1/2, which was induced by HG and/or LPS without affecting total levels. Our results may provide a possible mechanism for delayed wound healing in DM and provide a foundation to develop MSC-CM as an alternative therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the poor wound-healing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Li
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China Chinese PLA General Hospital Hainan Branch, Sanya, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Hao
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanren Dai
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwang Han
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Tong
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiejie Liu
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Han
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Loss of Mpzl3 function causes various skin abnormalities and greatly reduced adipose depots. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1817-1827. [PMID: 24531688 PMCID: PMC4057944 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rough coat (rc) spontaneous mutation causes sebaceous gland hypertrophy, hair loss and extracutaneous abnormalities including growth retardation. The rc mice have a missense mutation in the predicted immunoglobulin protein Mpzl3. In this study, we generated Mpzl3 knockout mice to determine its functions in the skin. Homozygous Mpzl3 knockout mice showed unkempt and greasy hair coat and hair loss soon after birth. Histological analysis revealed severe sebaceous gland hypertrophy and increased dermal thickness, but did not detect significant changes in the hair cycle. Mpzl3 null mice frequently developed inflammatory skin lesions; however, the early onset skin abnormalities were not the results of immune defects. The abnormalities in the Mpzl3 knockout mice resemble closely those observed in the rc/rc mice, as well as mice heterozygous for both the rc and Mpzl3 knockout alleles, indicating that rc and Mpzl3 are allelic. Using a lacZ reporter gene, we detected Mpzl3 promoter activity in the companion layer and inner root sheath of the hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and epidermis. Loss of MPZL3 function also caused a striking reduction in cutaneous and overall adipose tissue. These data reveal a complex role for Mpzl3 in the control of skin development, hair growth and adipose cell functions.
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Slominski AT, Zmijewski MA, Zbytek B, Tobin DJ, Theoharides TC, Rivier J. Key role of CRF in the skin stress response system. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:827-84. [PMID: 23939821 PMCID: PMC3857130 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) or CRH defining the upper regulatory arm of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, along with the identification of the corresponding receptors (CRFRs 1 and 2), represents a milestone in our understanding of central mechanisms regulating body and local homeostasis. We focused on the CRF-led signaling systems in the skin and offer a model for regulation of peripheral homeostasis based on the interaction of CRF and the structurally related urocortins with corresponding receptors and the resulting direct or indirect phenotypic effects that include regulation of epidermal barrier function, skin immune, pigmentary, adnexal, and dermal functions necessary to maintain local and systemic homeostasis. The regulatory modes of action include the classical CRF-led cutaneous equivalent of the central HPA axis, the expression and function of CRF and related peptides, and the stimulation of pro-opiomelanocortin peptides or cytokines. The key regulatory role is assigned to the CRFR-1α receptor, with other isoforms having modulatory effects. CRF can be released from sensory nerves and immune cells in response to emotional and environmental stressors. The expression sequence of peptides includes urocortin/CRF→pro-opiomelanocortin→ACTH, MSH, and β-endorphin. Expression of these peptides and of CRFR-1α is environmentally regulated, and their dysfunction can lead to skin and systemic diseases. Environmentally stressed skin can activate both the central and local HPA axis through either sensory nerves or humoral factors to turn on homeostatic responses counteracting cutaneous and systemic environmental damage. CRF and CRFR-1 may constitute novel targets through the use of specific agonists or antagonists, especially for therapy of skin diseases that worsen with stress, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej T Slominski
- MD, PhD, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center; 930 Madison Avenue, Suite 500, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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Abstract
Here, we explore the established and potential roles for intradermal adipose tissue in communication with hair follicle biology. The hair follicle delves deep into the rich dermal macroenvironment as it grows to maturity where it is surrounded by large lipid-filled adipocytes. Intradermal adipocytes regenerate with faster kinetics than other adipose tissue depots and in parallel with the hair cycle, suggesting an interplay exists between hair follicle cells and adipocytes. While adipocytes have well-established roles in metabolism and energy storage, until recently, they were overlooked as niche cells that provide important growth signals to neighbouring skin cells. We discuss recent data supporting adipocytes as niche cells for the skin and skin pathologies that may be related to alterations in skin adipose tissue defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmidt
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Negative regulation of dermal fibroblasts by enlarged adipocytes through release of free fatty acids. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2004-9. [PMID: 21697886 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Subcutaneous adipose tissue lies just beneath the dermal layer, but the interaction between the two types of tissue remains obscure. Recently, we reported that obesity is associated with decreased dermal elasticity. To investigate the mechanism of the adipose tissue/dermal interaction, fibroblasts were cocultured with small or enlarged adipocytes, using a membrane insert to prevent direct contact. Enlarged adipocytes reduced 3T3-L1 fibroblast proliferation and gene expression of collagen (I)-α1 (col (I)-α1) and elastin while increasing gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13). In contrast, small adipocytes had no such effects. These results indicate that factors secreted by enlarged adipocytes influence dermal condition. As enlarged adipocytes are known to release free fatty acids (FFAs), the effects of these acids on 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were examined. Palmitic acid decreased fibroblast proliferation, reduced gene expressions of col (I)-α1 and elastin, and increased MMP13. Similar effects were observed in human dermal fibroblasts. The influence of palmitic acid on fibroblasts was inhibited by eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an inhibitor of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Furthermore, EPA inhibited the effects of enlarged adipocytes on fibroblasts in the coculture system. These data indicate that enlarged adipocytes negatively control the function of dermal fibroblasts through the activation of TLRs by secreted FFAs.
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Abstract
Objective Current clinical guidelines and public health statements generically prescribe body mass index (BMI;
kgm2) categories regardless of the individual’s situation (age, risk for diseases, etc.). However, regarding BMI and mortality rate (MR), two well-established observations are (1) there is a U-shaped (i.e., concave) association - people with intermediate BMIs tend to outlive people with higher or lower BMIs; and (2) the nadirs of these curves tend to increase monotonically with age. Multiple hypotheses have been advanced to explain either of these two observations. Here we introduce a new hypothesis that may explain both phenomena, by drawing on the so-called obesity paradox: the unexpected finding that obesity is often associated with increased survival time among people who have some serious injury or illness despite being associated with reduced survival time among the general population. Results We establish that the obesity paradox offers one potential explanation for two curious but consistently observed phenomena in the obesity field. Conclusion Further research is needed to determine the extent to which the obesity paradox is actually an explanation for these phenomena, but if our hypothesis proves true the common practice of prescribing overweight patients to lower their BMI should currently be applied with caution. In addition, the statistical modeling technique employed here could be applied in such other areas involving survival analysis of disjoint subgroups, in order to explain possible interacting causal associations and to determine clinical practice.
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