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Gilhar A, Reich K, Keren A, Kabashima K, Steinhoff M, Paus R. Mouse models of atopic dermatitis: a critical reappraisal. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:319-336. [PMID: 33368555 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models for atopic dermatitis (AD) are an indispensable preclinical research tool for testing new candidate AD therapeutics and for interrogating AD pathobiology in vivo. In this Viewpoint, we delineate why, unfortunately, none of the currently available so-called "AD" mouse models satisfactorily reflect the clinical complexity of human AD, but imitate more "allergic" or "irriant" contact dermatitis conditions. This limits the predictive value of AD models for clinical outcomes of new tested candidate AD therapeutics and the instructiveness of mouse models for human AD pathophysiology research. Here, we propose to initiate a rational debate on the minimal criteria that a mouse model should meet in order to be considered relevant for human AD. We suggest that valid AD models should at least meet the following criteria: (a) an AD-like epidermal barrier defect with reduced filaggrin expression along with hyperproliferation, hyperplasia; (b) increased epidermal expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), periostin and/or chemokines such as TARC (CCL17); (c) a characteristic dermal immune cell infiltrate with overexpression of some key cytokines such as IL-4, IL-13, IL-31 and IL-33; (d) distinctive "neurodermatitis" features (sensory skin hyperinnervation, defective beta-adrenergic signalling, neurogenic skin inflammation and triggering or aggravation of AD-like skin lesions by perceived stress); and (e) response of experimentally induced skin lesions to standard AD therapy. Finally, we delineate why humanized AD mouse models (human skin xenotransplants on SCID mice) offer a particularly promising preclinical research alternative to the currently available "AD" mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos Gilhar
- Skin Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion -Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kristian Reich
- Centre for Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Skinflammation Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aviad Keren
- Skin Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion -Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) and Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,School of Medicine, Weill Cornell University-Qatar and Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost, Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Dermatology Research Centre, University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Paus
- Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom; Monasterium Laboratory, Muenster, Germany.
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Cho HR, Uhm YK, Kim HJ, Ban JY, Chung JH, Yim SV, Choi BK, Lee MH. Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) polymorphism is associated with atopic dermatitis susceptibility in a Korean population. Int J Immunogenet 2010; 38:145-50. [PMID: 21176116 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2010.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic pruritic skin condition affecting as much as 15% of children in industrialized countries. While the underlying pathophysiology of AD is not entirely understood, several studies have suggested that AD may mediated by oxidative stress. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a class of polymorphic enzymes that function to protect against oxidative stress. To identify any possible associations between GSTs polymorphisms and AD susceptibility, the prevalence of two specific polymorphisms -GSTM1 and GSTT1 (homozygous deletion vs. undeleted) - were quantified by multiplex PCR in 145 patients with AD and 267 healthy controls. In individuals with AD, GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphisms were compared with family history of AD, age of disease onset, disease severity [per SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD)], serum IgE level and presence of other allergic diseases. While the GSTM1-null genotype was found to be significantly associated with AD (P = 0.033, OR = 1.579, 95% CI = 1.037-2.403), the correlation between the GSTT1-null genotype and AD did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.577, OR = 1.125, 95% CI = 0.744-1.702). The GSTM1-null genotype was also found to be significantly associated with a childhood onset of AD, the absence of other allergic diseases, and a family history of AD. In combination, these results suggest that GSTM1 is associated with AD susceptibility in Korean subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-R Cho
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Kahan V, Andersen ML, Tomimori J, Tufik S. Stress, immunity and skin collagen integrity: evidence from animal models and clinical conditions. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:1089-95. [PMID: 19523511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis and protection. As the main component of skin, collagen has a key role in providing integrity and elasticity to this organ. Several factors, including autoimmune disease, aging, and stress, can change the quantity and integrity of skin collagen. These factors impair collagen quality and consequently affect skin function. Stress seems to affect the integrity of skin collagen through glucocorticoid-mediated processes that alter its synthesis and degradation. Glucocorticoids also affect skin quality through modulation of the immune system. This review will briefly present comprehensive data from both animal and human studies delineating processes that modulate alterations in collagen in general, and will treat in more detail the consequences of stress on skin collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kahan
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Komine M. Analysis of the mechanism for the development of allergic skin inflammation and the application for its treatment:keratinocytes in atopic dermatitis - their pathogenic involvement. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:260-4. [PMID: 19609063 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09r06fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis frequently accompanies bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis, the pathogenesis of which has frequently focused on the immunological aspects; however, skin eruption in atopic dermatitis occurs mainly in the epidermis, whose barrier function and cytokine expression have been revealed to be abnormal. In addition, the epidermis contains Langerhans cells, antigen-presenting cells, which could be considered the sentinel of the immune system. Some atopic dermatitis patients have been revealed to have mutations or SNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) in the filaggrin gene, which affect the epidermal barrier function. Proteinases in the epidermis are of importance in maintaining the epidermal barrier, abnormalities of which have been reported in atopic dermatitis. Abnormalities of various cytokines and chemokines produced by keratinocytes have also been reported. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) produced by keratinocytes has recently been a focus in atopic dermatitis. Adrenergic/cholinergic responses in the epidermis could also influence the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Considering epidermal keratinocytes as a trigger of immune abnormalities, not only as a peripheral effector, would be important to further disclose the pathogenesis of this enigmatic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Komine
- Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, Japan.
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Genetics and epidemiology. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8:489-93. [PMID: 18769207 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e32830f1c83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wood JM, Schallreuter KU. A plaidoyer for cutaneous enzymology: our view of some important unanswered questions on the contributions of selected key enzymes to epidermal homeostasis. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:569-78. [PMID: 18479438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of enzymology, a field of great neglect in current cutaneous biology research. It was therefore the aim by using selected examples of epidermal enzymes and their action including some open questions to demonstrate the importance of this area. Clearly a thorough understanding of basic knowledge in this field is needed which in turn offers a plethora of innovative research projects for a curious mind. Moreover, in order to gain the closest understanding to the truth instead of generating esoteric results, emphasis is put forward on a holistic view utilizing a combination of modern and sometimes old methods to get the answer. Last but not least the bench work is only useful for the welfare of our patients if we can apply our basic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Wood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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