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Liu F, Huang Y, Wang H. Rodent Models of Spinal Cord Injury: From Pathology to Application. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:340-361. [PMID: 36303082 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often has devastating consequences for the patient's physical, mental and occupational health. At present, there is no effective treatment for SCI, and appropriate animal models are very important for studying the pathological manifestations, injury mechanisms, and corresponding treatment. However, the pathological changes in each injury model are different, which creates difficulties in selecting appropriate models for different research purposes. In this article, we analyze various SCI models and introduce their pathological features, including inflammation, glial scar formation, axon regeneration, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and oxidative stress, and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each model, which is convenient for selecting suitable models for different injury mechanisms to study therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuze Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Morales-Guadarrama A, Salgado-Ceballos H, Grijalva I, Morales-Corona J, Hernández-Godínez B, Ibáñez-Contreras A, Ríos C, Diaz-Ruiz A, Cruz GJ, Olayo MG, Sánchez-Torres S, Mondragón-Lozano R, Alvarez-Mejia L, Fabela-Sánchez O, Olayo R. Evolution of Spinal Cord Transection of Rhesus Monkey Implanted with Polymer Synthesized by Plasma Evaluated by Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050962. [PMID: 35267785 PMCID: PMC8912689 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In spinal cord injury (SCI) there is damage to the nervous tissue, due to the initial damage and pathophysiological processes that are triggered subsequently. There is no effective therapeutic strategy for motor functional recovery derived from the injury. Several studies have demonstrated neurons growth in cell cultures on polymers synthesized by plasma derived from pyrrole, and the increased recovery of motor function in rats by implanting the polymer in acute states of the SCI in contusion and transection models. In the process of transferring these advances towards humans it is recommended to test in mayor species, such as nonhuman primates, prioritizing the use of non-invasive techniques to evaluate the injury progression with the applied treatments. This work shows the ability of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to evaluate the evolution of the SCI in nonhuman primates through the fraction of anisotropy (FA) analysis and the diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) calculus. The injury progression was analysed up to 3 months after the injury day by FA and DTT. The FA recovery and the DTT re-stabilization were observed in the experimental implanted subject with the polymer, in contrast with the non-implanted subject. The parameters derived from DTI are concordant with the histology and the motor functional behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axayacatl Morales-Guadarrama
- Centro Nacional de Investigación en Imagenología e Instrumentación Médica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City 09340, Mexico;
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City 09340, Mexico;
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Axapusco 52750, Mexico; (G.J.C.); (M.G.O.)
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, CDMX, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (H.S.-C.); (I.G.); (S.S.-T.); (L.A.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., CDMX, Mexico City 14050, Mexico;
| | - Israel Grijalva
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, CDMX, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (H.S.-C.); (I.G.); (S.S.-T.); (L.A.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., CDMX, Mexico City 14050, Mexico;
| | - Juan Morales-Corona
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City 09340, Mexico;
| | - Braulio Hernández-Godínez
- Investigación Biomédica Aplicada S.A.S. de C.V., CDMX, Mexico City 14240, Mexico; (B.H.-G.); (A.I.-C.)
| | | | - Camilo Ríos
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., CDMX, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.R.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Araceli Diaz-Ruiz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., CDMX, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.R.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Guillermo Jesus Cruz
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Axapusco 52750, Mexico; (G.J.C.); (M.G.O.)
| | - María Guadalupe Olayo
- Departamento de Física, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Axapusco 52750, Mexico; (G.J.C.); (M.G.O.)
| | - Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, CDMX, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (H.S.-C.); (I.G.); (S.S.-T.); (L.A.-M.)
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., CDMX, Mexico City 14050, Mexico;
| | - Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano
- Centro de Investigación del Proyecto CAMINA A.C., CDMX, Mexico City 14050, Mexico;
- Catedrático CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, CDMX, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Laura Alvarez-Mejia
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurológicas, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, CDMX, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (H.S.-C.); (I.G.); (S.S.-T.); (L.A.-M.)
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., CDMX, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (C.R.); (A.D.-R.)
| | - Omar Fabela-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City 09340, Mexico;
- Departamento de Química Macromoléculas y Nanomateriales, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
| | - Roberto Olayo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, CDMX, Mexico City 09340, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Yang C, Yu B, Ma F, Lu H, Huang J, You Q, Yu B, Qiao J, Feng J. What is the optimal sequence of decompression for multilevel noncontinuous spinal cord compression injuries in rabbits? BMC Neurol 2017; 17:44. [PMID: 28231826 PMCID: PMC5324218 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0824-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, multilevel spinal cord injuries (SCIs) have gained a substantial amount of attention from clinicians and researchers. Multilevel noncontinuous SCI patients cannot undergo the multiple steps of a one-stage operation because of a poor general condition or a lack of proper surgical approaches. The surgeon subsequently faces the decision of whether to initially relieve the rostral or caudal compression. In this study, we established a spinal cord compression model involving two noncontinuous segments in rabbits to evaluate the effects of differences in decompression order on the functional recovery of the spinal cord. Methods A Fogarty catheter was inserted into the epidural space through a hole in T6-7 and advanced 3 cm rostrally or caudally. Following successful model establishment, which was demonstrated by an evaluation of evoked potentials, balloons of different volumes (40 μl or 50 μl) were inflated in the experimental groups, whereas no balloons were inflated in the control group. The experimental groups underwent the first decompression in the rostral or caudal area at 1 week post-injury; the second decompression was performed at 2 weeks post-injury. For 6 weeks post-injury, the animals were tested to determine behavioral scores, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) and radiographic imaging changes; histological and apoptosis assay results were subsequently analyzed. Results The behavioral test results and onset latency of the SEPs indicated that there were significant differences between priority rostral decompression (PRD) and priority caudal decompression (PCD) in the 50-μl compression group at 6 weeks post-injury; however, there were no significant differences between the two procedures in the 40-μl group at the same time point. Moreover, there were no significant peak-to-peak amplitude differences between the two procedures in the 50-μl compression group. Conclusions The findings of this study suggested that preferential rostral decompression was more beneficial than priority caudal decompression with respect to facilitating spinal cord functional recovery in rabbits with severe paraplegia and may provide clinicians with a reference for the clinical treatment of multiple-segment spinal cord compression injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Baoqing Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Fenfen Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Huiping Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Jianmin Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Qinghua You
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Jianlan Qiao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Jianjun Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai, 201399, China.
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Abstract
More than 1 million people in the United States live with a spinal cord injury (SCI). Despite medical advances, many patients with SCIs still experience substantial neurological disability, with loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic function. Cell therapy is ideally suited to address the multifactorial nature of the secondary events following SCI. Remarkable advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of SCI, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, image-guided micro-neurosurgical techniques, and transplantable cell biology have enabled the use of cell-based regenerative techniques in the clinic. It is important to note that there are more than a dozen recently completed, ongoing, or recruiting cell therapy clinical trials for SCI that reflect the views of many key stakeholders. The field of regenerative neuroscience has reached a stage in which the clinical trials are scientifically and ethically justified. Although experimental models and analysis methods and techniques continue to evolve, no model will completely replicate the human condition. It is recognized that more work with cervical models of contusive/compressive SCI are required in parallel with clinical trials. It is also important that the clinical translation of advances made through well-established and validated experimental approaches in animal models move forward to meet the compelling needs of individuals with SCI and to advance the field of regenerative neuroscience. However, it is imperative that such efforts at translation be done in the most rigorous and informed fashion to determine safety and possible efficacy, and to provide key information to clinicians and basic scientists, which will allow improvements in regenerative techniques and the validation and refinement of existing preclinical animal models and research approaches. The field of regenerative neuroscience should not be stalled at the animal model stage, but instead the clinical trials need to be focused, safe, and ethical, backed up by a robust, translationally relevant preclinical research strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Fehlings
- University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada
| | - Reaz Vawda
- University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 Canada
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