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Hiramatsu C, Paukner A, Kuroshima H, Fujita K, Suomi SJ, Inoue-Murayama M. Short poly-glutamine repeat in the androgen receptor in New World monkeys. Meta Gene 2017; 14:105-113. [PMID: 28948156 PMCID: PMC5609184 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor mediates various physiological and developmental functions and is highly conserved in mammals. Although great intraspecific length polymorphisms in poly glutamine (poly-Q) and poly glycine (poly-G) regions of the androgen receptor in humans, apes and several Old World monkeys have been reported, little is known about the characteristics of these regions in New World monkeys. In this study, we surveyed 17 species of New World monkeys and found length polymorphisms in these regions in three species (common squirrel monkeys, tufted capuchin monkeys and owl monkeys). We found that the poly-Q region in New World monkeys is relatively shorter than that in catarrhines (humans, apes and Old World monkeys). In addition, we observed that codon usage for poly-G region in New World monkeys is unique among primates. These results suggest that the length of polymorphic regions in androgen receptor genes have evolved uniquely in New World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Hiramatsu
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minamiku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
- Physiological Anthropology Research Center, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minamiku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
| | - Annika Paukner
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Elmer School RD Room 217, Poolesville, MD 20837, USA
| | - Hika Kuroshima
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuo Fujita
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Stephen J. Suomi
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Elmer School RD Room 217, Poolesville, MD 20837, USA
| | - Miho Inoue-Murayama
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
- Wildlife Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2, Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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2
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Trumble BC, Jaeggi AV, Gurven M. Evolving the neuroendocrine physiology of human and primate cooperation and collective action. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:20150014. [PMID: 26503687 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
While many hormones play vital roles in facilitating or reinforcing cooperative behaviour, the neurohormones underlying competitive and cooperative behaviours are largely conserved across all mammals. This raises the question of how endocrine mechanisms have been shaped by selection to produce different levels of cooperation in different species. Multiple components of endocrine physiology--from baseline hormone concentrations, to binding proteins, to the receptor sensitivity and specificity--can evolve independently and be impacted by current socio-ecological conditions or individual status, thus potentially generating a wide range of variation within and between species. Here, we highlight several neurohormones and variation in hormone receptor genes associated with cooperation, focusing on the role of oxytocin and testosterone in contexts ranging from parenting and pair-bonding to reciprocity and territorial defence. While the studies reviewed herein describe the current state of the literature with regard to hormonal modulators of cooperation and collective action, there is still a paucity of research on hormonal mechanisms that help facilitate large-scale collective action. We end by discussing several potential areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Trumble
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Adrian V Jaeggi
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Prentice MB, Bowman J, Wilson PJ. A test of somatic mosaicism in the androgen receptor gene of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). BMC Genet 2015; 16:125. [PMID: 26503624 PMCID: PMC4623281 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The androgen receptor, an X-linked gene, has been widely studied in human populations because it contains highly polymorphic trinucleotide repeat motifs that have been associated with a number of adverse human health and behavioral effects. A previous study on the androgen receptor gene in carnivores reported somatic mosaicism in the tissues of a number of species including Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). We investigated this claim in a closely related species, Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). The presence of somatic mosaicism in lynx tissues could have implications for the future study of exonic trinucleotide repeats in landscape genomic studies, in which the accurate reporting of genotypes would be highly problematic. Methods To determine whether mosaicism occurs in Canada lynx, two lynx individuals were sampled for a variety of tissue types (lynx 1) and tissue locations (lynx 1 and 2), and 1,672 individuals of known sex were genotyped to further rule out mosaicism. Results We found no evidence of mosaicism in tissues from the two necropsied individuals, or any of our genotyped samples. Conclusions Our results indicate that mosaicism does not manifest in Canada lynx. Therefore, the use of hide samples for further work involving trinucleotide repeat polymorphisms in Canada lynx is warranted. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-015-0284-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie B Prentice
- Department of Environmental & Life Sciences, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, K9J 7B8, ON, Canada.
| | - Jeff Bowman
- Wildlife Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, K9J 7B8, ON, Canada.
| | - Paul J Wilson
- Biology Department, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, K9J 7B8, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
The world of primate genomics is expanding rapidly in new and exciting ways owing to lowered costs and new technologies in molecular methods and bioinformatics. The primate order is composed of 78 genera and 478 species, including human. Taxonomic inferences are complex and likely a consequence of ongoing hybridization, introgression, and reticulate evolution among closely related taxa. Recently, we applied large-scale sequencing methods and extensive taxon sampling to generate a highly resolved phylogeny that affirms, reforms, and extends previous depictions of primate speciation. The next stage of research uses this phylogeny as a foundation for investigating genome content, structure, and evolution across primates. Ongoing and future applications of a robust primate phylogeny are discussed, highlighting advancements in adaptive evolution of genes and genomes, taxonomy and conservation management of endangered species, next-generation genomic technologies, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Pecon-Slattery
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702; Current Affiliation: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, Virginia 22630;
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Machado FB, Machado FB, Faria MA, Lovatel VL, Alves da Silva AF, Radic CP, De Brasi CD, Rios ÁFL, de Sousa Lopes SMC, da Silveira LS, Ruiz-Miranda CR, Ramos ES, Medina-Acosta E. 5meCpG epigenetic marks neighboring a primate-conserved core promoter short tandem repeat indicate X-chromosome inactivation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103714. [PMID: 25078280 PMCID: PMC4117532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the epigenetic transcriptional silencing of an X-chromosome during the early stages of embryonic development in female eutherian mammals. XCI assures monoallelic expression in each cell and compensation for dosage-sensitive X-linked genes between females (XX) and males (XY). DNA methylation at the carbon-5 position of the cytosine pyrimidine ring in the context of a CpG dinucleotide sequence (5meCpG) in promoter regions is a key epigenetic marker for transcriptional gene silencing. Using computational analysis, we revealed an extragenic tandem GAAA repeat 230-bp from the landmark CpG island of the human X-linked retinitis pigmentosa 2 RP2 promoter whose 5meCpG status correlates with XCI. We used this RP2 onshore tandem GAAA repeat to develop an allele-specific 5meCpG-based PCR assay that is highly concordant with the human androgen receptor (AR) exonic tandem CAG repeat-based standard HUMARA assay in discriminating active (Xa) from inactive (Xi) X-chromosomes. The RP2 onshore tandem GAAA repeat contains neutral features that are lacking in the AR disease-linked tandem CAG repeat, is highly polymorphic (heterozygosity rates approximately 0.8) and shows minimal variation in the Xa/Xi ratio. The combined informativeness of RP2/AR is approximately 0.97, and this assay excels at determining the 5meCpG status of alleles at the Xp (RP2) and Xq (AR) chromosome arms in a single reaction. These findings are relevant and directly translatable to nonhuman primate models of XCI in which the AR CAG-repeat is monomorphic. We conducted the RP2 onshore tandem GAAA repeat assay in the naturally occurring chimeric New World monkey marmoset (Callitrichidae) and found it to be informative. The RP2 onshore tandem GAAA repeat will facilitate studies on the variable phenotypic expression of dominant and recessive X-linked diseases, epigenetic changes in twins, the physiology of aging hematopoiesis, the pathogenesis of age-related hematopoietic malignancies and the clonality of cancers in human and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Brum Machado
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Brum Machado
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milena Amendro Faria
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane Lamim Lovatel
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Francisco Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Molecular Identification and Diagnostics Unit, Hospital Escola Álvaro Alvim, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Pamela Radic
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hemophilia, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Daniel De Brasi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Hemophilia, Institute of Experimental Medicine, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Álvaro Fabricio Lopes Rios
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Serafim da Silveira
- Laboratory of Animal Morphology and Pathology, Center for Studies and Research in Wildlife, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ramon Ruiz-Miranda
- Laboratory of Environmental Sciences, Sector of Studies of Ethology, Reintroduction and Conservation of Wild Animals, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ester Silveira Ramos
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ESR); (EM-A)
| | - Enrique Medina-Acosta
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Molecular Identification and Diagnostics Unit, Hospital Escola Álvaro Alvim, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ESR); (EM-A)
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Gray PB. Evolution and human sexuality. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 152 Suppl 57:94-118. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. Gray
- Department of Anthropology; University of Nevada; Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-5003
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