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Hara T, Sakanaka A, Lamont RJ, Amano A, Kuboniwa M. Interspecies metabolite transfer fuels the methionine metabolism of Fusobacterium nucleatum to stimulate volatile methyl mercaptan production. mSystems 2024; 9:e0076423. [PMID: 38289043 PMCID: PMC10878106 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00764-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The major oral odor compound methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) is strongly associated with halitosis and periodontitis. CH3SH production stems from the metabolism of polymicrobial communities in periodontal pockets and on the tongue dorsum. However, understanding of CH3SH-producing oral bacteria and their interactions is limited. This study aimed to investigate CH3SH production by major oral bacteria and the impact of interspecies interactions on its generation. Using a newly constructed large-volume anaerobic noncontact coculture system, Fusobacterium nucleatum was found to be a potent producer of CH3SH, with that production stimulated by metabolic interactions with Streptococcus gordonii, an early dental plaque colonizer. Furthermore, analysis of extracellular amino acids using an S. gordonii arginine-ornithine antiporter (ArcD) mutant demonstrated that ornithine excreted from S. gordonii is a key contributor to increased CH3SH production by F. nucleatum. Further study with 13C, 15N-methionine, as well as gene expression analysis, revealed that ornithine secreted by S. gordonii increased the demand for methionine through accelerated polyamine synthesis by F. nucleatum, leading to elevated methionine pathway activity and CH3SH production. Collectively, these findings suggest that interaction between S. gordonii and F. nucleatum plays a key role in CH3SH production, providing a new insight into the mechanism of CH3SH generation in oral microbial communities. A better understanding of the underlying interactions among oral bacteria involved in CH3SH generation can lead to the development of more appropriate prophylactic approaches to treat halitosis and periodontitis. An intervention approach like selectively disrupting this interspecies network could also offer a powerful therapeutic strategy.IMPORTANCEHalitosis can have a significant impact on the social life of affected individuals. Among oral odor compounds, CH3SH has a low olfactory threshold and halitosis is a result of its production. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the collective properties of oral polymicrobial communities, regarded as important for the development of oral diseases, which are shaped by physical and metabolic interactions among community participants. However, it has yet to be investigated whether interspecies interactions have an impact on the production of volatile compounds, leading to the development of halitosis. The present findings provide mechanistic insights indicating that ornithine, a metabolite excreted by Streptococcus gordonii, promotes polyamine synthesis by Fusobacterium nucleatum, resulting in a compensatory increase in demand for methionine, which results in elevated methionine pathway activity and CH3SH production. Elucidation of the mechanisms related to CH3SH production is expected to lead to the development of new strategies for managing halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Advanced Technology Institute, Mandom Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akito Sakanaka
- Department of Preventive Density, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Atsuo Amano
- Department of Preventive Density, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masae Kuboniwa
- Department of Preventive Density, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Lei J, Li G, Yu H, An T. Potent necrosis effect of methanethiol mediated by METTL7B enzyme bioactivation mechanism in 16HBE cell. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113486. [PMID: 35397445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methanethiol is a widely existing malodorous pollutant with health effects on the human population. However, the cytotoxicity mechanism of methanethiol in vitro and its metabolic transformation (bioactivation or detoxification) have not been fully elucidated. Herein, the metabolites of methanethiol during cell culture and the cytotoxicity of methanethiol in human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells were investigated. Results indicate that methanethiol (10-50 μM) was partially converted into dimethyl sulfide, mainly catalyzed by thiol S-methyltransferase in the 16HBE cells, and then it induced potent cytotoxicity and cell membrane permeability. Moreover, methanethiol induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) up to 50 μM and further activated the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, which eventually led to the decline in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and cell necrosis. However, all these effects were significantly alleviated with gene silencing of the methyltransferase-like protein 7B (METTL7B). These results indicate that methanethiol may induce cell necrosis in human respiratory tract cells mainly mediated by S-methyltransferase with interfering TNF and ROS induction. Non-target metabolomics results suggest that methanethiol potently affects expression of endogenous small molecule metabolites in 16HBE cells. To some extent, this work shows the possible conversion path and potential injury mechanism of human respiratory tract cells exposed to methanethiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Lei
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development (Department of Education), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hang Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development (Department of Education), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development (Department of Education), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Singh VP, Malhotra N, Apratim A, Verma M. Assessment and management of halitosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:346-8, 351-3. [DOI: 10.12968/denu.2015.42.4.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vijendra P Singh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Neeraj Malhotra
- Reader, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, ITS Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | - Abhishek Apratim
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prothodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Melaka, Malaysia
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Spasojević I, Bogdanović Pristov J, Vujisić L, Spasić M. The reaction of methionine with hydroxyl radical: reactive intermediates and methanethiol production. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2439-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Thorn RMS, Reynolds DM, Greenman J. Multivariate analysis of bacterial volatile compound profiles for discrimination between selected species and strains in vitro. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 84:258-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated in the etiology of adult periodontitis. In this study, we examined the viability of Drosophila melanogaster as a new model for examining P. gingivalis-host interactions. P. gingivalis (W83) infection of Drosophila resulted in a systemic infection that killed in a dose-dependent manner. Differences in the virulence of several clinically prevalent P. gingivalis strains were observed in the Drosophila killing model, and the results correlated well with studies in mammalian infection models and human epidemiologic studies. P. gingivalis pathobiology in Drosophila did not result from uncontrolled growth of the bacterium in the Drosophila hemolymph (blood) or overt damage to Drosophila tissues. P. gingivalis killing of Drosophila was multifactorial, involving several bacterial factors that are also involved in virulence in mammals. The results from this study suggest that many aspects of P. gingivalis pathogenesis in mammals are conserved in Drosophila, and thus the Drosophila killing model should be useful for characterizing P. gingivalis-host interactions and, potentially, polymicrobe-host interactions.
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Dashper SG, Seers CA, Tan KH, Reynolds EC. Virulence factors of the oral spirochete Treponema denticola. J Dent Res 2010; 90:691-703. [PMID: 20940357 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510385242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is compelling evidence that treponemes are involved in the etiology of several chronic diseases, including chronic periodontitis as well as other forms of periodontal disease. There are interesting parallels with other chronic diseases caused by treponemes that may indicate similar virulence characteristics. Chronic periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease, and recent animal studies indicate that co-infection of Treponema denticola with other periodontal pathogens can enhance alveolar bone resorption. The bacterium has a suite of molecular determinants that could enable it to cause tissue damage and subvert the host immune response. In addition to this, it has several non-classic virulence determinants that enable it to interact with other pathogenic bacteria and the host in ways that are likely to promote disease progression. Recent advances, especially in molecular-based methodologies, have greatly improved our knowledge of this bacterium and its role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Dashper
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health, Melbourne Dental School and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Garrido N, Marinho DA, Barbosa TM, Costa AM, Silva AJ, Pérez Turpin JA, Marques MC. Relationships between dry land strength, power variables and short sprint performance in young competitive swimmers. JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2010. [DOI: 10.4100/jhse.2010.52.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ito S, Shimura S, Tanaka T, Yaegaki K. Myrsinoic acid B inhibits the production of hydrogen sulfide by periodontal pathogens
in vitro. J Breath Res 2010; 4:026005. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/4/2/026005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Calenic B, Yaegaki K, Murata T, Imai T, Aoyama I, Sato T, Ii H. Oral malodorous compound triggers mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and causes genomic DNA damage in human gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:31-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Imai T, Ii H, Yaegaki K, Murata T, Sato T, Kamoda T. Oral Malodorous Compound Inhibits Osteoblast Proliferation. J Periodontol 2009; 80:2028-34. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Oral malodorous compound activates mitochondrial pathway inducing apoptosis in human gingival fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2009; 14:367-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-009-0301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Influence of gender and menstrual cycle on volatile sulphur compounds production. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:1107-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Oral malodorous compounds are periodontally pathogenic and carcinogenic. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Yaegaki K, Qian W, Murata T, Imai T, Sato T, Tanaka T, Kamoda T. Oral malodorous compound causes apoptosis and genomic DNA damage in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:391-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Murata T, Yaegaki K, Qian W, Herai M, Calenic B, Imai T, Sato T, Tanaka T, Kamoda T, Ii H. Hydrogen sulfide induces apoptosis in epithelial cells derived from human gingiva. J Breath Res 2008; 2:017007. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/2/1/017007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Takeuchi H, Setoguchi T, Machigashira M, Kanbara K, Izumi Y. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest via an elevated p21Cip1 level in Ca9-22 cells. J Periodontal Res 2007; 43:90-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Murata T, Rahardjo A, Fujiyama Y, Yamaga T, Hanada M, Yaegaki K, Miyazaki H. Development of a Compact and Simple Gas Chromatography for Oral Malodor Measurement. J Periodontol 2006; 77:1142-7. [PMID: 16805675 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in oral air are the only type of gases correlated with the strength of oral malodor. We developed a compact and simple gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a newly invented indium oxide semiconductor gas sensor (SCS) for measuring the concentrations of VSCs in mouth air. We have assessed the correlation between measurements with a GC-SCS and those with a regular GC. METHODS Oral air samples from randomly selected volunteers were analyzed with both a GC-SCS and a GC with a flame photometric detector (FPD), which is specific to VSCs, and GC-SCS measurements were compared to those obtained by GC-FPD. Subsequently, oral air samples before and after mouthrinsing with 5% ethanol mouthwash were analyzed to determine the effect of ethanol on VSC measurements by GC-SCS. RESULTS There were strong correlations between VSC concentrations determined using these two gas chromatography methods (hydrogen sulfide, R=0.821, P<0.0001; methyl mercaptan, R=0.870, P<0.0001; and dimethyl sulfide, R=0.770, P<0.0001). Although GC-SCS can differentiate ethanol and VSCs in oral air samples after mouthrinsing, GC-SCS measurements demonstrated higher values than those obtained by GC-FPD; however, this discrepancy improved over time due to the reduced effect of ethanol. CONCLUSION The results suggest that GC-SCS may be useful for the diagnosis of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Murata
- Department of Oral Health, Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Abstract
GOALS To assess the volatile sulfur compounds produced by three strains of Helicobacter pylori in broth cultures mixed with sulfur-containing amino acids. BACKGROUND Halitosis has been reported in H. pylori-positive patients, and volatile sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan are known to be responsible for inducing oral malodor. Whether H. pylori produces these volatile sulfur compounds has yet to be established. STUDY Three strains of H. pylori (ATCC 43504, SS 1, DSM 4867) were cultured with 5 mM cysteine and methionine. After 72 hours of incubation, the headspace air was aspirated and injected directly into a gas chromatograph. The concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were analyzed and compared between experimental and control cultures RESULTS In broth containing 5 mM cysteine, hydrogen sulfide was increased by ATCC 43504 (P < 0.01) and SS 1 (P < 0.05), while methyl mercaptan was elevated only by SS 1 (P < 0.05). In broth containing 5 mM methionine, methyl mercaptan increases were significant for SS 1 (P < 0.05) and DSM 4867 (P < 0.05). In broth containing 5 mM cysteine and 5 mM methionine, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was higher than in controls for all three strains (P < 0.01); that of methyl mercaptan was higher only for SS 1 (P < 0.01). Cysteine addition to cultures containing methionine increased hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan for ATCC 43504 (P < 0.05) and SS 1 (P < 0.05). Conversely, addition of methionine to cultures containing cysteine increased methyl mercaptan only for DSM 4867 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The production of volatile sulfur compounds by H. pylori is not only very complicated but also strain-specific. Nevertheless, H. pylori was shown to produce hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, which suggests that this microorganism can contribute to the development of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Lee
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Korea
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Coil J, Tam E, Waterfield JD. Proinflammatory cytokine profiles in pulp fibroblasts stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and methyl mercaptan. J Endod 2004; 30:88-91. [PMID: 14977303 DOI: 10.1097/00004770-200402000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulpal disease is intimately associated with the immune system's response to bacteria products. Clinical pathology is mediated in part by the production of pyrogenic cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-6. Methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), a volatile sulfur compound produced by anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, has been shown to contribute to the production of IL-1 by human mononuclear cells. In this report, we investigated the production of IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 by human pulp fibroblasts when stimulated for various periods of time with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without the presence of CH3SH. We found that LPS and CH3SH had no effect on the production of IL-1 or TNF-alpha. However, LPS stimulated IL-6 production, and this production was augmented when CH3SH was present. We conclude that the volatile sulfur compound CH3SH plays a role in activation and modulation of the immune response through its role in production of IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Coil
- Department of Oral, Biological, and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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Amano A, Yoshida Y, Oho T, Koga T. Monitoring ammonia to assess halitosis. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2002; 94:692-6. [PMID: 12464892 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2002.126911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the applicability of ammonia monitoring for assessing halitosis. STUDY DESIGN The actual degree of halitosis was determined by using an organoleptic test in 61 subjects aged 28 +/- 10 years (mean +/- SD). Levels of volatile sulfur compounds and ammonia were determined by using gas chromatography and ammonia monitoring, respectively. Levels of ammonia and methyl mercaptan produced by bacteria in dental plaque and tongue-coating samples obtained from 25 subjects were quantified. In addition, changes in ammonia levels were measured before and after removing tongue coating or dental plaque. RESULTS There was no significant correlation between the organoleptic score and the ammonia level measured with ammonia monitoring, whereas there was a significant correlation between ammonia level and the total level of volatile sulfur compounds measured with gas chromatography. Significant correlations were also observed between ammonia level and levels of methyl mercaptan produced by bacteria in dental plaque and tongue coating. Furthermore, the ammonia level decreased after the removal of tongue coating and dental plaque. CONCLUSION These results indicate that measuring ammonia levels is useful for assessing halitosis, specifically for halitosis arising from a lack of oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Amano
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Setoguchi T, Machigashira M, Yamamoto M, Yotsumoto Y, Yoshimori M, Izumi Y, Yaegaki K. The effects of methyl mercaptan on epithelial cell growth and proliferation. Int Dent J 2002; 52 Suppl 3:241-6. [PMID: 12090461 DOI: 10.1002/j.1875-595x.2002.tb00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Previous studies have demonstrated that methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), one of the main causes of oral malodour, might contribute to the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. These studies suggested that CH3SH may affect the epithelial cells of the gingival crevice, which form a barrier to the penetration of microbial substances. In this study, the effects of CH3SH on the epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts were investigated. METHOD Human oral epithelial carcinoma cell line (KB), human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line (HSC-2), and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) derived from healthy gingiva were used in this study. These cells were cultured in conditions of 5% CO2/95% air with or without CH3SH (10 ng/ml or 50 ng/ml) for 5 days. Cell numbers, proliferation and cytotoxicity were evaluated. RESULTS CH3SH inhibited epithelial cell growth and proliferation at the concentration of 50 ng/ml, and a cytotoxic effect of CH3SH was also noted. On the other hand, HGF cells were not affected by 50 ng/ml CH3SH. CONCLUSION High concentrations of CH3SH such as 50 ng/ml have an inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of epithelial cells, but not on those of fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Setoguchi
- Department of Periodontology, Kagoshima University Dental School, Sakuragaoka, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bad breath has a significant impact on our daily social life to those who suffer from it. The majority of bad breath originates within the oral cavity. However, it is also possible that it can come from other sources such as gastric-intestine imbalance. The term "oral malodor" is used to describe a foul or offensive odor emanating from the oral cavity, in which proteolysis, metabolic products of the desquamating cell, and bacterial putrefaction are involved. Recent evidence has demonstrated a link between oral malodor and adult periodontitis. The process of developing bad breath is similar to that noted in the progression of gingivitis/periodontitis. Oral malodor is mainly attributed to volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) such as hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide. The primary causative microbes are gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that are similar to the bacteria causing periodontitis. These bacteria produce the VSC by metabolizing different cells/tissues (i.e., epithelial cells, leukocytes, etc.) located in saliva, dental plaque, and gingival crevicular fluid. Tongue surface is composed of blood components, nutrients, large amounts of desquamated epithelial cells and bacteria, suggesting that it has the proteolytic and putrefactive capacity to produce VSC. One of the challenges in dealing with oral malodor is to identify a reliable test for detecting bad breath. AIMS The purposes of this review article were: (1) to correlate the relationship between oral malodor and adult periodontitis; (2) to analyze current malodor tests and discuss available treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hokkaido University Dental School, Sapporo, Japan
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Morita M, Wang HL. Relationship of sulcular sulfide level to severity of periodontal disease and BANA test. J Periodontol 2001; 72:74-8. [PMID: 11210076 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2001.72.1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC), such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, are toxic metabolites produced by periodontal pathogens. Their relationship to periodontal disease severity is not yet fully understood. Hence, the aims of this study were to: 1) examine the relationship between sulcular sulfide (pS) levels and severity of periodontal disease and 2) examine the link between pS level and the BANA (benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide) test. METHODS Seventy systemically healthy subjects with a mean age of 53.0 +/- 13.8 years participated. Three sites were selected from each subject based upon radiographic bone loss (RBL): RBL < 2 mm, healthy; RBL > or = 2 to < 4, low to moderate; RBL > or = 4 mm, severe. Periodontal parameters, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP), were recorded. The pS level was measured using a portable sulfide monitor in a digital score ranging from 0.0 (< 10(-7) M of S) to 5.0 (> or = 10(-2) M of S) in increments of 0.5. The presence of specific bacteria in subgingival plaque was detected using BANA test. RESULTS The mean pS level was 0.10 +/- 0.23, 0.36 +/- 0.48, and 1.10 +/- 0.87 for healthy, low to moderate, and severe disease sites, respectively, and was statistically different (P<0.001). The pS level was positively correlated with the BANA test, and was higher in untreated subjects than maintenance subjects (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The pS level may be a potential indicator for detecting severity of periodontal disease and identifying bacteria that are capable of hydrolyzing BANA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morita
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Dental School, Japan
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Yoshimura M, Nakano Y, Yamashita Y, Oho T, Saito T, Koga T. Formation of methyl mercaptan from L-methionine by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6912-6. [PMID: 11083813 PMCID: PMC97798 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.12.6912-6916.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl mercaptan production by oral bacteria is thought to be one of the main causes of oral malodor. We examined the ability of periodontopathic Porphyromonas gingivalis to produce methyl mercaptan from L-methionine and found that the invasive strains W83 and W50 produced large amounts of methyl mercaptan. We cloned and sequenced the mgl gene encoding L-methionine-alpha-deamino-gamma-mercaptomethane-lyase (METase) from P. gingivalis W83. The structural mgl gene consisted of 1,200 bp and encoded a 43.3-kDa protein. To examine the role of methyl mercaptan in the pathogenesis of P. gingivalis, a METase-deficient mutant of P. gingivalis W83 was constructed. The methionine degradation activity and virulence of the mutant (M1217) and the parent strain (W83) in mice were compared. M1217 showed a marked decrease in the formation of methyl mercaptan from L-methionine and decreased virulence compared with the wild-type strain W83. These results suggest that methyl mercaptan not only is one of the sources of oral malodor, but may also play a role in the pathogenicity of P. gingivalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoshimura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Ratcliff PA, Johnson PW. The relationship between oral malodor, gingivitis, and periodontitis. A review. J Periodontol 1999; 70:485-9. [PMID: 10368052 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1999.70.5.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) are a family of gases which are primarily responsible for halitosis, a condition in which objectionable odors are present in mouth air. Although most patients perceive this condition as primarily a cosmetic problem, an increasing volume of evidence is demonstrating that extremely low concentrations of many of these compounds are highly toxic to tissues. VSC may, therefore, play a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis. Since these compounds result from bacterial putrefaction of protein, investigations have been conducted to determine whether specific bacteria are associated with odor production. Two members of this family, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), are primarily responsible for mouth odor. Although many bacteria produce H2S, the production of CH3SH, especially at high levels, is primarily restricted to periodontal pathogens. Direct exposure to either of these metabolites adversely affects protein synthesis by human gingival fibroblasts in culture. However, methyl mercaptan has the greatest effect. Other in vitro experiments have demonstrated that cells exposed to methyl mercaptan synthesize less collagen, degrade more collagen, and accumulate collagen precursors which are poorly cross-linked and susceptible to proteolysis. CH3SH also increases permeability of intact mucosa and stimulates production of cytokines which have been associated with periodontal disease. VSC, and in particular methyl mercaptan, are therefore capable of inducing deleterious changes in both the extracellular matrix and the local immune response of periodontal tissues to plaque antigens. This article reviews these data and emphasizes the potential importance of VSC in the transition of periodontal tissues from clinical health to gingivitis and then to periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ratcliff
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Lancero H, Niu J, Johnson PW. Exposure of periodontal ligament cells to methyl mercaptan reduces intracellular pH and inhibits cell migration. J Dent Res 1996; 75:1994-2002. [PMID: 9033455 DOI: 10.1177/00220345960750121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan have been associated with adult periodontitis as well as with healing surgical wounds. To examine the effects of these compounds on the periodontium, we assayed periodontal ligament (PDL) cells for changes in intracellular pH, total protein, and cell migration following chronic exposure to CH3SH. Intracellular pH was quantitated by fluorescence measurements of cells loaded with BCECF, a pH-sensitive dye. Data show that 48-hour exposure to mercaptan lowered resting intracellular pH but did not consistently alter activity of the Na/H exchanger. This effect was seen in PDL cells from three different patients. Lowered pH was accompanied by decreases in both total protein and mature alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains of type I collagen. Since reductions in intracellular pH and total protein have been associated with inhibition of cell motility, migration was quantitated by sequential computer imaging, which measured the increase in size of plated cell circles at different times of migration. Incubation of PDL cells in pH 7.4 and 6.6 buffers reversibly altered intracellular pH. Migration was reversibly inhibited in pH 6.8 buffer. Exposure to CH3SH reduced intracellular pH in pH 7.4 buffer and in three independent assays inhibited enlargement of cell circles in pH 7.4 medium. These effects were therefore not related to alterations of extracellular pH, which remained at 7.4. The results support the hypothesis that gases such as methyl mercaptan may play a role in both surgical wound healing and periodontal disease by adversely affecting cell function and suggest that alterations in intracellular pH may be part of the mechanism for these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lancero
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco 94143, USA
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Abstract
Measurements of the conversion of [14C]-proline to [14C]-hydroxyproline were employed to assess the effect of methyl mercaptan on intra- and extracellular metabolism of collagenous proteins in human gingival fibroblast cultures. Following a 30-min pulse, 10 ng of methyl mercaptan per ml of 95% air/5% CO2 head-space suppressed collagen synthesis by 39% and increased the intracellular degradation of newly synthesized collagen from 26% to 42%. Parallel cultures assayed for proline transport demonstrated a 29% inhibition of [14C]-proline uptake. A similar analysis of cultures exposed to methyl mercaptan for 12 h revealed an increase in intracellular degradation (20% control vs. 30% test) and a marked increase in extracellular collagenolysis (4% control vs. 55% test). While pulsing, collagen synthesis was decreased by 39%. Slab gel electrophoresis also demonstrated that treatment with methyl mercaptan caused reductions both in mature alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains of type I collagen and in type III procollagen. Identities of the procollagen species were confirmed by pepsin digestion. Reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction was utilized to compare expression of alpha 1 chains of type I procollagen with type III procollagen and indicated suppression of mRNA synthesis for type III procollagen in cultures exposed to methyl mercaptan.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Johnson
- Department of Stomatology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Ratkay LG, Waterfield JD, Tonzetich J. Stimulation of enzyme and cytokine production by methyl mercaptan in human gingival fibroblast and monocyte cell cultures. Arch Oral Biol 1995; 40:337-44. [PMID: 7605261 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(94)00165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The volatile sulphur compound methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) is a by-product of protein metabolism and a principal component of oral malodour. This investigation examines the effect of CH3SH on the enzymatic activities of cathepsins B and G and elastase, and on the production by human gingival fibroblasts of two key factors, prostaglandin E (PGE) and cAMP, of the PGE2-cAMP-dependent pathway, which may contribute to the increased production of collagenase and tissue destruction in human periodontal disease. The results demonstrate that CH3SH alone, or in combination with interleukin-1 (IL-1) or lipopolysaccharide, can significantly enhance the secretion of PGE2, cAMP and procollagenase by human gingival fibroblasts. CH3SH also stimulated mononuclear cells to produce IL-1, which can increase cAMP production, and act in synergism with the direct effect of CH3SH on cAMP. CH3SH also significantly enhanced the activity of cathepsin B, moderately suppressed that of cathepsin G, but did not significantly affect elastase. These results provide evidence that CH3SH could be a contributing factor in the enzymatic and immunological cascade of events leading to tissue degradation in periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Ratkay
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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