1
|
Visentin D, Gobin I, Maglica Ž. Periodontal Pathogens and Their Links to Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1832. [PMID: 37513004 PMCID: PMC10385044 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens that play a role in the development and progression of periodontitis have gained significant attention due to their implications in the onset of various systemic diseases. Periodontitis is characterized as an inflammatory disease of the gingival tissue that is mainly caused by bacterial pathogens. Among them, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Tannerella forsythia are regarded as the main periodontal pathogens. These pathogens elicit the release of cytokines, which in combination with their virulence factors induce chronic systemic inflammation and subsequently impact neural function while also altering the permeability of the blood-brain barrier. The primary objective of this review is to summarize the existing information regarding periodontal pathogens, their virulence factors, and their potential association with neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. We systematically reviewed longitudinal studies that investigated the association between periodontal disease and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. Out of the 24 studies examined, 20 showed some degree of positive correlation between periodontal disease and neurodegenerative disorders, with studies focusing on cognitive function demonstrating the most robust effects. Therefore, periodontal pathogens might represent an exciting new approach to develop novel preventive treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Visentin
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Gobin
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Željka Maglica
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Expression of Macrophage Polarization Markers against the Most Prevalent Serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemomitans. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071384. [PMID: 35889103 PMCID: PMC9318388 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a Gram-negative bacterium with seven serotypes (a–g) according to the structure of its LPS, has been defined as one of the most important pathogens in the development of a dysbiotic periodontal biofilm and the onset of periodontitis (an inflammatory chronic disease of the tissues around the teeth), where the serotype b is characterized as the most virulent compared with the other serotypes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of the macrophage polarization markers M0, M1, and M2 against A. actinomycetemcomitans. Methods: THP-1 cells were infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a, b, and c. The expression of CD11b, CD4, CD14, and CD68 for M0; IL-6, HLA/DRA, and CXCL10 for M21, and IL-10, CD163, fibronectin-1 or FN1, and CCL17 was evaluated by qPCR at 2 and 24 h after infection. Results: An increase in the expression of these molecules was induced by all serotypes at both times of infection, showing higher levels of expression to the M1 panel at 2 and 24 h compared to other markers. Conclusions: A. actinomycetemcomitans has a role in the macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype in a non-serotype-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
3
|
Sansores-España LD, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Olivares-Sagredo K, Cafferata EA, Martínez-Aguilar VM, Vernal R, Paula-Lima AC, Díaz-Zúñiga J. Oral-Gut-Brain Axis in Experimental Models of Periodontitis: Associating Gut Dysbiosis With Neurodegenerative Diseases. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:781582. [PMID: 35822001 PMCID: PMC9261337 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.781582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is considered a non-communicable chronic disease caused by a dysbiotic microbiota, which generates a low-grade systemic inflammation that chronically damages the organism. Several studies have associated periodontitis with other chronic non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, the oral bacteria considered a keystone pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis, has been detected in the hippocampus and brain cortex. Likewise, gut microbiota dysbiosis triggers a low-grade systemic inflammation, which also favors the risk for both cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, the existence of an axis of Oral-Gut communication has been proposed, whose possible involvement in the development of neurodegenerative diseases has not been uncovered yet. The present review aims to compile evidence that the dysbiosis of the oral microbiota triggers changes in the gut microbiota, which creates a higher predisposition for the development of neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative diseases.The Oral-Gut-Brain axis could be defined based on anatomical communications, where the mouth and the intestine are in constant communication. The oral-brain axis is mainly established from the trigeminal nerve and the gut-brain axis from the vagus nerve. The oral-gut communication is defined from an anatomical relation and the constant swallowing of oral bacteria. The gut-brain communication is more complex and due to bacteria-cells, immune and nervous system interactions. Thus, the gut-brain and oral-brain axis are in a bi-directional relationship. Through the qualitative analysis of the selected papers, we conclude that experimental periodontitis could produce both neurodegenerative pathologies and intestinal dysbiosis, and that periodontitis is likely to induce both conditions simultaneously. The severity of the neurodegenerative disease could depend, at least in part, on the effects of periodontitis in the gut microbiota, which could strengthen the immune response and create an injurious inflammatory and dysbiotic cycle. Thus, dementias would have their onset in dysbiotic phenomena that affect the oral cavity or the intestine. The selected studies allow us to speculate that oral-gut-brain communication exists, and bacteria probably get to the brain via trigeminal and vagus nerves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Sansores-España
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Dentistry, Autonomous University of Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | | | | | - Emilio A. Cafferata
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica Del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Cristina Paula-Lima
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
- *Correspondence: Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga, ,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Parra-Torres V, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Muñoz-Manríquez C, Sanhueza B, Cafferata EA, Paula-Lima AC, Díaz-Zúñiga J. Periodontal bacteria in the brain-Implication for Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review. Oral Dis 2021; 29:21-28. [PMID: 34698406 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic non-communicable disease caused by a dysbiotic microbiota. Pathogens can spread to the bloodstream, colonize other tissues or organs, and favor the onset of other pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathogens could permanently or transiently colonize the brain and induce an immune response. Thus, we analyzed the evidence combining oral bacteria's detection in the brain, both in animals and humans affected with AD. This systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guideline. Studies that detected oral bacteria at the brain level were selected. The search was carried out in the Medline, Latindex, SciELO, and Cochrane Library databases. SYRCLE tool and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used for the risk of bias assessment. 23 studies were selected according to the eligibility criteria. Infection with oral pathogens in animals was related to developing neuropathological characteristics of AD and bacteria detection in the brain. In patients with AD, oral bacteria were detected in brain tissues, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were also detected. There is evidence of a microbiological susceptibility to develop AD when the most dysbiosis-associated oral bacteria are present. The presence of bacteria in the brain is related to AD's pathological characteristics, suggesting an etiological oral-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Parra-Torres
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Benjamín Sanhueza
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Andrea C Paula-Lima
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapo, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin SN, Mao R, Qian C, Bettenworth D, Wang J, Li J, Bruining D, Jairath V, Feagan B, Chen M, Rieder F. Development of Anti-fibrotic Therapy in Stricturing Crohn's Disease: Lessons from Randomized Trials in Other Fibrotic Diseases. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:605-652. [PMID: 34569264 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is considered an inevitable complication of Crohn's disease (CD) that results in symptoms of obstruction and stricture formation. Endoscopic or surgical treatment is required to treat the majority of patients. Progress in the management of stricturing CD is hampered by the lack of effective anti-fibrotic therapy; however, this situation is likely to change because of recent advances in other fibrotic diseases of the lung, liver and skin. In this review, we summarized data from randomized controlled trials (RCT) of anti-fibrotic therapies in these conditions. Multiple compounds have been tested for the anti-fibrotic effects in other organs. According to their mechanisms, they were categorized into growth factor modulators, inflammation modulators, 5-hydroxy-3-methylgultaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, intracellular enzymes and kinases, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) modulators and others. From our review of the results from the clinical trials and discussion of their implications in the gastrointestinal tract, we have identified several molecular candidates that could serve as potential therapies for intestinal fibrosis in CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Nan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Ren Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Chenchen Qian
- Department of Internal Medicine, UPMC Pinnacle, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Dominik Bettenworth
- Department of Medicine B, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - David Bruining
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Vipul Jairath
- Alimentiv Inc., London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Feagan
- Alimentiv Inc., London, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Minhu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Betancur D, Muñoz Grez C, Oñate A. Comparative Analysis of Cytokine Expression in Oral Keratinocytes and THP-1 Macrophages in Response to the Most Prevalent Serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:622. [PMID: 33802988 PMCID: PMC8002688 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with a dysbiotic biofilm. Many pathogens have been related with its progression and severity, one of which is Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a Gram-negative bacteria with seven serotypes (a-g) according with the structure of its LPS, with serotype b defined as the most virulent compared with the other serotypes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of oral keratinocytes and macrophages to A. actinomycetemcomitans. METHODS Oral keratinocytes (OKF6/TERT2) and macrophages (THP-1) were infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a, b and c. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α, MMP-9, RANKL, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-6, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and ICAM-1 was evaluated by qPCR at 2 and 24 h after infection. RESULTS An increase in the expression of these molecules was induced by all serotypes at both times of infection, with macrophages showing higher levels of expression at 24 h compared to epithelial cells in which the highest levels were observed in the first hours after infection. CONCLUSIONS Keratinocytes and macrophages contribute to the inflammation in periodontitis from the early stages of infection, producing the first waves of cytokines, acting as the first signal for professional immune cell recruitment and modulation of more specific immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angel Oñate
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.B.); (C.M.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Levels of low-molecular-weight hyaluronan in periodontitis-treated patients and its immunostimulatory effects on CD4 + T lymphocytes. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 25:4987-5000. [PMID: 33544199 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-03808-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During periodontitis, chronic inflammation triggers soft tissue breakdown, and hyaluronan is degraded into fragments of low molecular weight (LMW-HA). This investigation aimed to elucidate whether LMW-HA fragments with immunogenic potential on T lymphocytes remain in periodontal tissues after periodontal treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS GCF samples were obtained from 15 periodontitis-affected patients and the LMW-HA, RANKL, and OPG levels were analyzed before and after 6 months of periodontal treatment by ELISA. Eight healthy individuals were analyzed as controls. Besides, human T lymphocytes were purified, exposed to infected dendritic cells, and pulsed with LMW-HA. Non-treated T lymphocytes were used as control. The expression levels of the transcription factors and cytokines that determine the Th1, Th17, and Th22 lymphocyte differentiation and function were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Similarly, the expression levels of RANKL and CD44 were analyzed. RESULTS In the GCF samples of periodontitis-affected patients, higher levels of LMW-HA were detected when compared with those of healthy individuals (52.1 ± 15.4 vs. 21.4 ± 12.2, p < 0.001), and these increased levels did not decrease after periodontal therapy (52.1 ± 15.4 vs. 45.7 ± 15.9, p = 0.158). Similarly, the RANKL levels and RANKL/OPG ratios did not change after periodontal therapy. Furthermore, in human T lymphocytes, LMW-HA induced higher expression levels of the Th1, Th17, and Th22-related transcription factors and cytokines, as well as CD44 and RANKL, as compared with non-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS In some patients, increased levels of LMW-HA persist in periodontal tissues after conventional periodontal therapy, and these remaining LMW-HA fragments with immunostimulatory potential could induce the polarization of a pathologic Th1/Th17/Th22-pattern of immune response on T lymphocytes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The persistence of increased levels of LMW-HA in periodontal tissues after periodontal therapy could favor the recurrence of the disease and further breakdown of periodontal supporting tissues.
Collapse
|
8
|
Díaz-Zúñiga J, More J, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Jiménez-Unión M, Villalobos-Orchard F, Muñoz-Manríquez C, Monasterio G, Valdés JL, Vernal R, Paula-Lima A. Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology Triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis in Wild Type Rats Is Serotype Dependent. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588036. [PMID: 33240277 PMCID: PMC7680957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a disease of tooth-supporting tissues. It is a chronic disease with inflammatory nature and infectious etiology produced by a dysbiotic subgingival microbiota that colonizes the gingivodental sulcus. Among several periodontal bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) highlights as a keystone pathogen. Previous reports have implied that chronic inflammatory response and measurable bone resorption are observed in young mice, even after a short period of periodontal infection with P. gingivalis, which has been considered as a suitable model of experimental periodontitis. Also, encapsulated P. gingivalis strains are more virulent than capsular-defective mutants, causing an increased immune response, augmented osteoclastic activity, and accrued alveolar bone resorption in these rodent experimental models of periodontitis. Recently, P. gingivalis has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis, either by worsening brain pathology in AD-transgenic mice or by inducing memory impairment and age-dependent neuroinflammation middle-aged wild type animals. We hypothesized here that the more virulent encapsulated P. gingivalis strains could trigger the appearance of brain AD-markers, neuroinflammation, and cognitive decline even in young rats subjected to a short periodontal infection exposure, due to their higher capacity of activating brain inflammatory responses. To test this hypothesis, we periodontally inoculated 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with K1, K2, or K4 P. gingivalis serotypes and the K1-isogenic non-encapsulated mutant (GPA), used as a control. 45-days after periodontal inoculations with P. gingivalis serotypes, rat´s spatial memory was evaluated for six consecutive days in the Oasis maze task. Following functional testing, the animals were sacrificed, and various tissues were removed to analyze alveolar bone resorption, cytokine production, and detect AD-specific biomarkers. Strikingly, only K1 or K2 P. gingivalis-infected rats displayed memory deficits, increased alveolar bone resorption, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, changes in astrocytic morphology, increased Aβ1-42 levels, and Tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus. None of these effects were observed in rats infected with the non-encapsulated bacterial strains. Based on these results, we propose that the bacterial virulence factors constituted by capsular polysaccharides play a central role in activating innate immunity and inflammation in the AD-like pathology triggered by P. gingivalis in young rats subjected to an acute experimental infection episode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jamileth More
- Centro de Investigación Clínica Avanzada (CICA), Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Matías Jiménez-Unión
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Valdés
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Paula-Lima
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Monasterio G, Castillo F, Astorga J, Hoare A, Terraza-Aguirre C, Cafferata EA, Villablanca EJ, Vernal R. O-Polysaccharide Plays a Major Role on the Virulence and Immunostimulatory Potential of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans During Periodontal Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:591240. [PMID: 33193431 PMCID: PMC7662473 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative oral bacterium with high immunostimulatory and pathogenic potential involved in the onset and progression of periodontitis, a chronic disease characterized by aberrant immune responses followed by tooth-supporting bone resorption, which eventually leads to tooth loss. While several studies have provided evidence related to the virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans involved in the host cell death and immune evasion, such as its most studied primate-specific virulence factor, leukotoxin, the role of specific lipopolysaccharide (LPS) domains remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the role of the immunodominant domain of the LPS of A. actinomycetemcomitans termed O-polysaccharide (O-PS), which differentiates the distinct bacterial serotypes based on its antigenicity. To determine the role of the O-PS in the immunogenicity and virulence of A. actinomycetemcomitans during periodontitis, we analyzed the in vivo and in vitro effect of an O-PS-defective transposon mutant serotype b strain, characterized by the deletion of the rmlC gene encoding the α-L-rhamnose sugar biosynthetic enzyme. Induction of experimental periodontitis using the O-PS-defective rmlC mutant strain resulted in lower tooth-supporting bone resorption, infiltration of Th1, Th17, and Th22 lymphocytes, and expression of Ahr, Il1b, Il17, Il23, Tlr4, and RANKL (Tnfsf11) in the periodontal lesions as compared with the wild-type A. actinomycetemcomitans strain. In addition, the O-PS-defective rmlC mutant strain led to impaired activation of antigen-presenting cells, with less expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD80 in B lymphocytes and dendritic cells, and downregulated expression of Tnfa and Il1b in splenocytes. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that the O-PS from the serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans plays a key role in the capacity of the bacterium to prime oral innate and adaptive immune responses, by triggering the Th1 and Th17-driven tooth-supporting bone resorption during periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisca Castillo
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Astorga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anilei Hoare
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Terraza-Aguirre
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapies (IRMB), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rojas L, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Díaz-Zúñiga J, Alvarez C, Monasterio G, Rojas C, Cafferata EA, Hernández M, Cortéz C, Carvajal P, Vernal R. Inhibitory effect of serotype a of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans on the increased destructive potential of serotype b. Oral Dis 2019; 26:409-418. [PMID: 31738464 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serotype b of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) induces higher cytokine production in dendritic cells (DCs) compared with the other serotypes. However, this increased immunostimulatory potential was modified when DCs were co-infected with the other A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. This study aimed to analyze whether the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), C-reactive protein (CRP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9, as well as the activity of osteoclasts, also varies when DCs are co-infected with the A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human DCs were stimulated with the A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes using the following stimulatory conditions: serotype a/b/c/a+b/a+c/b+c/a+b+c. The IFN-γ, CRP, and MMP-2 levels were quantified by ELISA. The active form of MMP-9 was quantified using fluorescent functional assays. The MMP-2 gelatinolytic activity was identified by zymogram. The osteoclast activity was determined by quantifying the TRAP expression and resorption-pit formation using cytochemistry and osteoassays. RESULTS Higher levels of IFN-γ, CRP, MMP-2, MMP-9, and osteoclast activity were detected when DCs were stimulated with the serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans compared with the others. This increased immunostimulatory potential attributed to serotype b diminished when DCs were co-infected with the serotype a. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the virulence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and reveals important differences in the immunostimulatory and pro-destructive potential among its serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Cortéz
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Carvajal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Monasterio G, Budini V, Fernández B, Castillo F, Rojas C, Alvarez C, Cafferata EA, Vicencio E, Cortés BI, Cortez C, Vernal R. IL-22-expressing CD4 + AhR + T lymphocytes are associated with RANKL-mediated alveolar bone resorption during experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2019; 54:513-524. [PMID: 31032952 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Over the past few years, the importance of interleukin-22 (IL-22) and T-helper (Th)22 lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of periodontitis has become apparent; however, there are still aspects that are not addressed yet. Cells expressing IL-22 and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), transcription factor master switch gene implicated in the differentiation and function of Th22 lymphocytes, have been detected in periodontal tissues of periodontitis-affected patients. In addition, IL-22 has been associated with osteoclast differentiation and their bone resorptive activity in vitro. However, the destructive potential of IL-22-expressing AhR+ Th22 lymphocytes over periodontal tissues during periodontitis has not been demonstrated in vivo yet. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze whether IL-22-expressing CD4+ AhR+ T lymphocytes detected in periodontal lesions are associated with alveolar bone resorption during experimental periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using a murine model of periodontitis, the expression levels of IL-22 and AhR, as well as the Th1-, Th2-, Th17- and T regulatory-associated cytokines, were analyzed in periodontal lesions using qPCR. The detection of CD4+ IL-22+ AhR+ T lymphocytes was analyzed in periodontal lesions and cervical lymph nodes that drain these periodontal lesions using flow cytometry. In addition, the expression of the osteoclastogenic mediator called receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) was analyzed by qPCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Finally, alveolar bone resorption was analyzed using micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy, and the bone resorption levels were correlated with IL-22 and RANKL expression. RESULTS Higher levels of IL-22, AhR, and RANKL, as well as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, and TNF-α, were expressed in periodontal lesions of infected mice compared with periodontal tissues of sham-infected and non-infected controls. Similarly, high RANKL immunoreaction was observed in periodontal tissues of infected mice; however, few or absent RANKL immunoreaction was observed in controls. This association between RANKL and periodontal infection was ratified by western blot. Furthermore, a higher detection of CD4+ IL-22+ AhR+ T lymphocytes was found in periodontal lesions and cervical lymph nodes that drain these periodontal lesions in infected mice compared with non-infected controls. Finally, the increased IL-22 and RANKL expression showed positive correlation between them and with the augmented alveolar bone resorption observed in experimental periodontal lesions. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the increase of IL-22-expressing CD4+ AhR+ T lymphocytes in periodontitis-affected tissues and shows a positive correlation between IL-22, RANKL expression, and alveolar bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Monasterio
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victoria Budini
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Baltasar Fernández
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Castillo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Pathology Laboratory, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Emiliano Vicencio
- Faculty of Sciences, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Sciences, Center for Genomic and Bioinformatic, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bastián I Cortés
- Faculty of Sciences, Center for Integrative Biology, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Sciences, Center for Genomic and Bioinformatic, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Cortez
- Faculty of Sciences, Center for Genomic and Bioinformatic, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Dentistry Unit, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Monasterio G, Fernández B, Castillo F, Rojas C, Cafferata EA, Rojas L, Alvarez C, Fernández A, Hernández M, Bravo D, Vernal R. Capsular-defective Porphyromonas gingivalis mutant strains induce less alveolar bone resorption than W50 wild-type strain due to a decreased Th1/Th17 immune response and less osteoclast activity. J Periodontol 2018; 90:522-534. [PMID: 30397909 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Encapsulation of Porphyromonas gingivalis has been demonstrated as responsible of several host immunological changes, which have been associated with the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Using a murine model of periodontitis and two isogenic non-capsulated mutants of P. gingivalis, this study aimed to analyze whether P. gingivalis encapsulation induces more severe alveolar bone resorption, and whether this bone loss is associated with a T-helper (Th)1 and Th17-pattern of immune response. METHODS Experimental periodontal infections were generated by oral inoculation with the encapsulated W50 wild-type strain or isogenic non-encapsulated ΔPG0116-PG0120 (GPA) and ΔPG0109-PG0118 (GPC) mutants of P. gingivalis. Periodontal infections induced with the encapsulated HG184 or non-encapsulated ATCC 33277 strains of P. gingivalis were used as controls. Alveolar bone resorption was analyzed using microcomputed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. The expression levels of Th1, Th2, Th17, or T regulatory-associated cytokines and RANKL, as well as the periodontal bacterial load, were quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The detection of Th1 and Th17 lymphocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS In the periodontal lesions, both capsular-defective knockout mutant strains of P. gingivalis induced less alveolar bone resorption than the encapsulated W50 wild-type strain. This decreased bone loss was associated with a dismissed RANKL expression, decreased Th1- and Th17-type of cytokine expression, reduced Th1 and Th17 lymphocyte detection, and low osteoclast finding. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that encapsulation of P. gingivalis plays a key role in the alveolar bone resorption induced during periodontitis, and this bone loss is associated with a Th1- and Th17-pattern of immune response triggered in the periodontal lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Baltasar Fernández
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Francisca Castillo
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Leticia Rojas
- Translational Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Oral Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile
| | - Alejandra Fernández
- Oral Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Denisse Bravo
- Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Monasterio G, Guevara J, Ibarra JP, Castillo F, Díaz-Zúñiga J, Alvarez C, Cafferata EA, Vernal R. Immunostimulatory activity of low-molecular-weight hyaluronan on dendritic cells stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Porphyromonas gingivalis. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1887-1894. [PMID: 30225677 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by tooth-supporting tissue destruction, which is elicited by the host's immune response triggered against periodonto-pathogen bacteria. During periodontal tissue destruction, extracellular matrix components are metabolized and fragmented. Some extracellular matrix component-derived fragments, such as low-molecular-weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA), have potent immunogenic potential, playing a role as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) during activation of immune cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the host's immune response displayed during periodontitis; thus, this study aimed to analyze whether LMW-HA has an immunostimulatory activity on DCs when stimulated with periodonto-pathogen bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS LMW-HA-treated and non-treated DCs were stimulated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Porphyromonas gingivalis and the mRNA expression for cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1β (IL-1B), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-23 (IL-23A) was quantified by RT-qPCR. In addition, transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 (NOTCH2), and basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 3 (BATF3), involved in DC activation, were analyzed. RESULTS Higher expression levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1B, IL-6, and IL-23A were detected in LMW-HA-treated DCs after bacterial infection, as compared with non-treated DCs. When LMW-HA-treated DCs were infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans, higher levels of IRF4, NOTCH2, and BATF3 were detected compared with non-treated cells; whereas against P. gingivalis infection, increased levels of IRF4 and NOTCH2 were detected. CONCLUSION LMW-HA plays an immunostimulatory role on the immune response triggered by DCs during infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Detection of extracellular matrix component-derived fragments produced during periodontal tissue destruction, such as LMW-HA, could explain at least partly unsuccessful periodontal treatment and the chronicity of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, 8380492, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Guevara
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, 8380492, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Ibarra
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, 8380492, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Castillo
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, 8380492, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, 8380492, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, 8380492, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emilio A Cafferata
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, 8380492, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.,Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, 8380492, Independencia, Santiago, Chile. .,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Serotype a of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans down-regulates the increased serotype b-induced cytokine and chemokine production in dendritic cells. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 93:155-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
15
|
Monasterio G, Castillo F, Ibarra JP, Guevara J, Rojas L, Alvarez C, Fernández B, Agüero A, Betancur D, Vernal R. Alveolar bone resorption and Th1/Th17-associated immune response triggered duringAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced experimental periodontitis are serotype-dependent. J Periodontol 2018; 89:1249-1261. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Francisca Castillo
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Ibarra
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - José Guevara
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Leticia Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Baltasar Fernández
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Amaru Agüero
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Daniel Betancur
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory; Faculty of Biological Sciences; Universidad de Concepción; Concepción Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Dentistry Unit; Faculty of Health Sciences; Universidad Autónoma de Chile; Santiago Chile
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hernández-Caldera A, Vernal R, Paredes R, Veloso-Matta P, Astorga J, Hernández M. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts synthesize C-reactive protein and Th-related cytokines in response to interleukin (IL)-6 trans-signalling. Int Endod J 2017; 51:632-640. [PMID: 29106735 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To characterize the potential of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLF) to synthesize CRP and Th-related cytokines in response to IL-6 in periodontal health and apical inflammation. METHODOLOGY Primary HPLF stimulated with IL-6, soluble(s) IL-6 receptor (R) and controls were assayed for CRP, Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg-related cytokines by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. IL-6R mRNA expression and its soluble protein levels were screened in HPLF cultures, and ex vivo samples of healthy periodontal ligaments (n = 5) and apical lesions (n = 13). Data were analysed with ANOVA or unpaired t-test. RESULTS 0.5 ng mL-1 IL-6 plus 1 ng mL-1 of its soluble receptor (sIL-6R) for 24 h was effective in inducing CRP production. IL-6 alone had a mild dose-dependent effect; co-stimulation with sIL-6R significantly enhanced this effect, whereas it was completely abolished by the addition of IL-6R blocking antibody (P < 0.05). Similarly, higher mRNA expression and protein levels of Th1, Th17 and partially Treg-related cytokines were found for IL-6 combined with its soluble receptor versus the nonstimulated group and IL-6R antibody (P < 0.05). IL-6R mRNA expression was slightly induced by IL-6 compared to THP-1 cells, but sILR-6 protein could not be detected in HPLF. High sIL-6R levels were detected in apical lesions and were immunolocalized to mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating epithelium. CONCLUSION IL-6 trans-signalling induced Th1 and Th17-related cytokines and represents an extra-hepatic mechanism for PCR synthesis in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts, contributing to explain the bone-destructive phenotype of apical lesions and eventually its systemic complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hernández-Caldera
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Vernal
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Paredes
- Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Veloso-Matta
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Astorga
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Hernández
- Laboratory of Periodontal Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pujol M, Castillo F, Alvarez C, Rojas C, Borie C, Ferreira A, Vernal R. Variability in the response of canine and human dendritic cells stimulated with Brucella canis. Vet Res 2017; 48:72. [PMID: 29096717 PMCID: PMC5667440 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella canis is a small intracellular Gram-negative bacterium whose primary host is the dog, but it also can cause mild human brucellosis. One of the main causes of an inefficient immune response against other species of Brucella is their interaction with dendritic cells (DCs), which affects antigen presentation and impairs the development of an effective Th1 immune response. This study analysed the cytokine pattern production, by RT-qPCR and ELISA, in human and canine DCs against whole B. canis or its purified LPS. Human and canine DCs produced different patterns of cytokines after stimulation with B. canis. In particular, while human DCs produced a Th1-pattern of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-12, and TNF-α), canine cells produced both Th1 and Th17-related cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, and IFN-γ). Thus, differences in susceptibility and pathogenicity between these two hosts could be explained, at least partly, by the distinct cytokine patterns observed in this study, where we propose that human DCs induce an effective Th1 immune response to control the infection, while canine DCs lead to a less effective immune response, with the activation of Th17-related response ineffective to control the B. canis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Pujol
- Doctoral Program in Agronomy Forestry and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Castillo
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Borie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Animal Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arturo Ferreira
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Díaz-Zúñiga J, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Monasterio G, Pujol M, Rojas L, Alvarez C, Carvajal P, Vernal R. Differential human Th22-lymphocyte response triggered by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 78:26-33. [PMID: 28189882 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, different serotypes have been described based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigenicity. When T lymphocytes were stimulated with these serotypes, different patterns of T-helper (Th)1 and Th17-type of immune responses were reported. Recently, two new Th phenotypes have been described and named Th9 and Th22 lymphocytes; however, their role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential Th9 and/or Th22 lymphocyte responses when stimulated with autologous dendritic cells infected with different A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes. METHODS Monocyte-derived dendritic cells and naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes were obtained from healthy donors and stimulated with different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans at a multiplicity of infection MOI=102 or their purified LPS (10-50ng/ml). The levels for the Th9 and Th22-associated cytokines, as well as the transcription factor master-switch genes implied in their differentiation Spi-B and AhR, were quantified by qPCR and ELISA. RESULTS When stimulated with the serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans, higher levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected in dendritic cells, as well as higher levels of IL-22 and AhR were detected in T lymphocytes, when compared with stimulation with the other serotypes. CONCLUSIONS The serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans has a higher capacity of trigger Th22-type of immune response in both dendritic cells and T lymphocytes. These data allow us to suggest that, when the serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans is a significant part of the subgingival biofilm, the Th22 polarization might be triggered within the periodontal lesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Myriam Pujol
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leticia Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Carvajal
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Díaz-Zúñiga J, Monasterio G, Alvarez C, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Benítez A, Ciuchi P, García M, Arias J, Sanz M, Vernal R. Variability of the dendritic cell response triggered by different serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans or Porphyromonas gingivalis is toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) or TLR4 dependent. J Periodontol 2016; 86:108-19. [PMID: 25224175 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2014.140326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different serotypes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis have been shown to induce differential dendritic cell (DC) responses. This study investigates whether cytokine and CC-chemokine receptor (CCR) production by DCs stimulated with different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis is Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and/or TLR4 dependent. METHODS DCs were obtained from healthy individuals and primed at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10(2) with different A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis serotypes in the presence or absence of anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 blocking antibodies. TLR2 and TLR4 expression, CCR5 and CCR6 expression, and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23 expression and secretion were quantified by flow cytometry, real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS When DCs were stimulated with serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans or serotype K1 of P. gingivalis, higher levels of TLR2 or TLR4, respectively, were detected compared to DCs stimulated with the other serotypes. Similarly, higher levels of cytokines and CCRs were detected in serotype b- or serotype K1-primed DCs compared to the others, and these increased levels positively correlated with levels of TLR2 or TLR4. When TLR2 signaling was blocked using a specific anti-TLR2 monoclonal antibody, serotype b-induced cytokine and CCR expression was inhibited; when TLR4 signaling was blocked, serotype K1-induced response was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the variability of secretion of cytokines and expression of CCRs detected in DCs stimulated with different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis is TLR2 or TLR4 dependent, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Melgar-Rodríguez S, Díaz-Zúñiga J, Alvarez C, Rojas L, Monasterio G, Carvajal P, Escobar A, Sanz M, Vernal R. Serotype b of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans increases osteoclast and memory T-lymphocyte activation. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:162-74. [PMID: 26172400 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During periodontitis, alveolar bone resorption is associated with activation of T helper type 17 (Th17) lymphocytes and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) -induced osteoclasts. We previously reported that serotype b of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has a higher capacity to trigger Th17-type differentiation and function in activated T lymphocytes and its lipopolysaccharide is a more potent immunogen compared with the other serotypes. This study aimed to investigate whether serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans induces higher Th17-associated RANKL production, RANKL-induced osteoclast activation, and antigen-specific memory T lymphocyte proliferation. On naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes stimulated with autologous dendritic cells primed with different A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes, RANKL production, T-bet, GATA-3, RORC2 and Foxp3 expression, RORC2/RANKL intracellular double-expression, TRAP(+) osteoclast activation, and bone resorption were quantified. The frequency of proliferating memory T lymphocytes in response to A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes was determined in periodontitis and healthy subjects. Naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes stimulated by serotype b-primed dendritic cells elicited higher levels of RANKL, RORC2, TRAP(+) osteoclasts, and bone resorption than the same cells stimulated with the other serotypes. RANKL positively correlated and co-expressed with RORC2. Memory T lymphocytes responding to serotype b were more frequently detected in periodontitis patients than healthy subjects. These results indicate that serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans is associated with higher production of RANKL and these increased levels are associated with Th17 lymphocyte induction, osteoclast activation, and bone resorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Rojas
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - G Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Carvajal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Escobar
- Dental Sciences Institute, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Sanz
- Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases (ETEP) Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Retamal P, Fresno M, Dougnac C, Gutierrez S, Gornall V, Vidal R, Vernal R, Pujol M, Barreto M, González-Acuña D, Abalos P. Genetic and phenotypic evidence of the Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis human-animal interface in Chile. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:464. [PMID: 26029196 PMCID: PMC4432690 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis is a worldwide zoonotic agent that has been recognized as a very important food-borne bacterial pathogen, mainly associated with consumption of poultry products. The aim of this work was to determine genotypic and phenotypic evidence of S. Enteritidis transmission among seabirds, poultry and humans in Chile. Genotyping was performed using PCR-based virulotyping, pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Pathogenicity-associated phenotypes were determined with survival to free radicals, acidic pH, starvation, antimicrobial resistance, and survival within human dendritic cells. As result of PCR and PFGE assays, some isolates from the three hosts showed identical genotypic patterns, and through MLST it was determined that all of them belong to sequence type 11. Phenotypic assays show diversity of bacterial responses among isolates. When results were analyzed according to bacterial host, statistical differences were identified in starvation and dendritic cells survival assays. In addition, isolates from seabirds showed the highest rates of resistance to gentamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin. Overall, the very close genetic and phenotypic traits shown by isolates from humans, poultry, and seabirds suggest the inter-species transmission of S. Enteritidis bacteria between hosts, likely through anthropogenic environmental contamination that determines infection of seabirds with bacteria that are potentially pathogenic for other susceptible organism, including humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Retamal
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Fresno
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Catherine Dougnac
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Sindy Gutierrez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Vanessa Gornall
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Emerging and Remerging Zoonosis Research Network Santiago, Chile ; Programa de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Departamento de Odontología Conservadora, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Myriam Pujol
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Marlen Barreto
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel González-Acuña
- Emerging and Remerging Zoonosis Research Network Santiago, Chile ; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción Chillán, Chile
| | - Pedro Abalos
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile Santiago, Chile ; Emerging and Remerging Zoonosis Research Network Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Díaz-Zúñiga J, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Alvarez C, Monasterio G, Benítez A, Ciuchi P, Díaz C, Mardones J, Escobar A, Sanz M, Vernal R. T-lymphocyte phenotype and function triggered by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is serotype-dependent. J Periodontal Res 2015; 50:824-35. [PMID: 25824938 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Based on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigenicity, different Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes have been described. Serotype b strains have demonstrated a stronger capacity to trigger cytokine production on dendritic cells (DCs). As DCs regulate the development of T-lymphocyte lineages, the objective of this investigation was to study the response of T lymphocytes after being stimulated with autologous DCs primed with different bacterial strains belonging to the most prevalent serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans in humans: a-c. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human DCs were primed with increasing multiplicity of infection (10(-1) -10(2) ) or the purified LPS (10-50 ng/mL) of A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes a-c and then used to stimulate autologous naïve CD4(+) T lymphocytes. The T-helper (Th) type 1, Th2, Th17 and T-regulatory transcription factors T-bet, GATA-3, RORC2 and Foxp3, which are the master-switch genes implied in their specific differentiation, as well as T-cell phenotype-specific cytokine patterns were quantified by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the intracellular expression of T-bet/interferon-γ, GATA-3/interleukin-4, RORC2/interleukin-17A and Foxp3/transforming growth factor-β1 was analysed by double staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS All the A. actinomycetemcomitans serotypes led to T-lymphocyte activation; however, when T lymphocytes were stimulated with DCs primed with the A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b strain or their purified LPS, higher levels of Th1- and Th17-associated transcription factors and cytokines were detected compared with similar experiments with the other serotypes. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that serotype b of A. actinomycetemcomitans has a higher capacity of trigger Th1 and Th17 phenotype and function and it was demonstrated that their LPS is a more potent immunogen compared with the other serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - S Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - C Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - G Monasterio
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - A Benítez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - P Ciuchi
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - C Díaz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - J Mardones
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - A Escobar
- Dental Sciences Institute, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - M Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile.,Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vernal R, Díaz-Zúñiga J, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Pujol M, Diaz-Guerra E, Silva A, Sanz M, Garcia-Sanz JA. Activation of RANKL-induced osteoclasts and memory T lymphocytes by Porphyromonas gingivalis is serotype dependant. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 41:451-9. [PMID: 24476556 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Destructive periodontitis is associated with a Th1-Th17 immune response and activation of RANKL-induced osteoclasts. In addition, Porphyromonas gingivalis K1 and K2 serotypes induce a strong Th1-Th17 response. This study aimed to investigate whether these P. gingivalis serotypes induce higher osteoclasts activation, by increased Th17-associated RANKL production, and an antigen-specific memory T-lymphocyte response. MATERIAL AND METHODS The RANKL production and TRAP(+) osteoclast induction were quantified on naïve T lymphocytes stimulated with dendritic cells primed with the P. gingivalis serotypes. The T-bet, GATA-3, RORC2 and Foxp3 expression was correlated with RANKL production. The frequency of proliferating memory T lymphocytes in response to P. gingivalis serotypes was determined in both periodontitis and healthy subjects. RESULTS T lymphocytes stimulated by K1 or K2-primed dendritic cells elicited higher levels of RANKL and TRAP(+) osteoclasts than cells stimulated with the other serotypes. RANKL positively correlated with RORC2. Whereas periodontitis patients had a higher frequency of memory T lymphocytes responding to K1 or K2, healthy subjects had a higher frequency of memory T lymphocytes responding to K4 or K(-) . CONCLUSIONS P. gingivalis serotypes K1 and K2, but not others, are associated with an increased production of the osteoclastogenesis-related factor RANKL. This important information suggests that these serotypes could elicit a greater bone resorption in vivo and have a role in the periodontitis pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Vernal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain; Periodontal Biology Laboratory, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Distinctive pathways characterize A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:441-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
25
|
Díaz-Zúñiga J, Yáñez JP, Alvarez C, Melgar-Rodríguez S, Hernández M, Sanz M, Vernal R. Serotype-dependent response of human dendritic cells stimulated withAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 41:242-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Díaz-Zúñiga
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental School; Universidad de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Yáñez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental School; Universidad de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Carla Alvarez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental School; Universidad de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Samanta Melgar-Rodríguez
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental School; Universidad de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Marcela Hernández
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Department of Pathology; Dental School; Universidad de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Rolando Vernal
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental School; Universidad de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Vernal R, Diaz-Guerra E, Silva A, Sanz M, Garcia-Sanz JA. Distinct human T-lymphocyte responses triggered by Porphyromonas gingivalis
capsular serotypes. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 41:19-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Vernal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Periodontal Biology Laboratory; Department of Conservative Dentistry; Dental School; Universidad de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Eva Diaz-Guerra
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Augusto Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Jose A. Garcia-Sanz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC); Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Castro MCM, Rocha-Silva F, Gomes LI, Zauli DAG, de Moraes Mourão M, de Castro MM, Guimarães RES, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Martins-Filho OA. Impact of mitomycin C on the mRNA expression signatures of immunological biomarkers in eosinophilic nasal polyposis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013; 27:32-41. [PMID: 23406597 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2013.27.3868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The topical application of mitomycin C has been evaluated as a complementary therapy for eosinophilic nasal polyposis (ENP). However, the mechanism underlying the additional benefits of mitomycin C for the control of eosinophilic inflammation and prevention of posttherapeutic relapse remains to be elucidated. In this work, the aim was to characterize the gene expression profile by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of proinflammatory and regulatory biomarkers that are typically associated with ENP and to assess the impact of the topical application of mitomycin C on the nasal mucosal tissue immunologic milieu after ENP surgery. METHODS We have selected 20 patients with ENP that were recommended to undergo surgical intervention. Normal mucosal tissue was obtained from healthy nasal mucosa from six patients with absence of eosinophilic infiltration. To test the effect of mitomycin C, one side of the maxillary sinus mucosa was selected for topical application of this drug and the other received no further treatment and acted as the control. The genes interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5), CCL24, colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and beta actin (ACTB) were selected for gene expression analysis by qPCR. RESULTS The data showed higher expression of proinflammatory biomarkers and lower levels of regulatory TGFB1 transcripts in ENP mucosal tissue. Surgery with topical application of mitomycin C induced a prominent transcriptional down-regulation of the immunologic biomarkers, CCL24, TNF-alpha, CSF2, and IL-5, in ENP mucosal tissue. Additionally, this treatment restored the levels of chemokines and cytokines to those observed in the nasal mucosal tissue of control subjects, except for TGFB1, which remained below the reference pattern. Moreover, CSF2 was identified as a putative biomarker with significant predictive value for complementary prophylactic purposes after surgery in ENP patients. CONCLUSION After the characterization of the expression signatures of immunologic biomarkers in ENP, we observed that the topical use of mitomycin C is important for the reestablishment of the immunologic microenvironment of a normal expression profile of biomarkers involved in ENP mucosal tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirian Cabral Moreira de Castro
- Departamento de Oftalmologia, Otorrinolaringologia e Fonoaudiologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Alfredo Balena, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Terheyden H, Stadlinger B, Sanz M, Garbe AI, Meyle J. Inflammatory reaction - communication of cells. Clin Oral Implants Res 2013; 25:399-407. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Terheyden
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery; Red Cross Hospital; Kassel Germany
| | - Bernd Stadlinger
- Clinic of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Mariano Sanz
- Faculty of Odontology; University Complutense of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - Annette I. Garbe
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry; Dresden University of Technology; Dresden Germany
| | - Jörg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology; University Gießen and Marburg; Giessen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nowak M, Krämer B, Haupt M, Papapanou PN, Kebschull J, Hoffmann P, Schmidt-Wolf IG, Jepsen S, Brossart P, Perner S, Kebschull M. Activation of invariant NK T cells in periodontitis lesions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2282-91. [PMID: 23365081 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent human inflammatory diseases. The major clinical phenotypes of this polymicrobial, biofilm-mediated disease are chronic and aggressive periodontitis, the latter being characterized by a rapid course of destruction that is generally attributed to an altered immune-inflammatory response against periodontal pathogens. Still, the biological basis for the pathophysiological distinction of the two disease categories has not been well documented yet. Type I NKT cells are a lymphocyte subset with important roles in regulating immune responses to either tolerance or immunity, including immune responses against bacterial pathogens. In this study, we delineate the mechanisms of NKT cell activation in periodontal infections. We show an infiltration of type I NKT cells in aggressive, but not chronic, periodontitis lesions in vivo. Murine dendritic cells infected with aggressive periodontitis-associated Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans triggered a type I IFN response followed by type I NKT cell activation. In contrast, infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, a principal pathogen in chronic periodontitis, did not induce NKT cell activation. This difference could be explained by the absence of a type I IFN response to P. gingivalis infection. We found these IFNs to be critical for NKT cell activation. Our study provides a conceivable biological distinction between the two periodontitis subforms and identifies factors required for the activation of the immune system in response to periodontal bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nowak
- Department of Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chang PC, Chien LY, Chong LY, Kuo YP, Hsiao JK. Glycated matrix up-regulates inflammatory signaling similarly to Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:184-93. [PMID: 22924807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) have been hypothesized as the etiologic factors of diabetic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to clarify in greater detail the patterns of AGE-mediated periodontal inflammation under various physiological conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS The deposition of AGEs and expression of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) were identified by immunohistochemistry in Sprague-Dawley rats with experimentally induced periodontitis or diabetes. Human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured under simulated conditions of hyperglycemia, Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and matrix glycation. Cell viability and expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), Rage, an inflammatory signaling initiator (nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activator β cells), an oxidative stressor (heme oxygenase-1) and collagen synthesis (type I and type IV) genes were evaluated. RESULTS The deposition of AGEs and the expression of Rage were evident in the inflamed periodontal tissues in all rats and appeared to be enhanced in rats with diabetes. Matrix glycation augmented cytotoxicity, up-regulated RAGE and TLRs in both PDLCs and MSCs, and significantly activated downstream inflammatory signaling in MSCs. Oxidative stress was significantly increased under matrix glycation in both PDLCs and MSCs and was significantly increased at a high-glucose concentration in MSCs. A consistent decrease in expression of type I and type IV collagens was observed in MSCs, but a delayed reduction was noted in PDLCs. CONCLUSIONS Matrix glycation modulated cell behavior to induce inflammation equivalent to that produced by incubation with P. gingivalis LPS. Periodontal inflammation also led to matrix glycation, thus demonstrating a definite interaction between diabetes and periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P-C Chang
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Sánchez-Hernández PE, Zamora-Perez AL, Fuentes-Lerma M, Robles-Gómez C, Mariaud-Schmidt RP, Guerrero-Velázquez C. IL-12 and IL-18 levels in serum and gingival tissue in aggressive and chronic periodontitis. Oral Dis 2011; 17:522-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
33
|
Kebschull M, Papapanou PN. Periodontal microbial complexes associated with specific cell and tissue responses. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 Suppl 11:17-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
34
|
Graves DT, Oates T, Garlet GP. Review of osteoimmunology and the host response in endodontic and periodontal lesions. J Oral Microbiol 2011; 3. [PMID: 21547019 PMCID: PMC3087239 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v3i0.5304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both lesions of endodontic origin and periodontal diseases involve the host response to bacteria and the formation of osteolytic lesions. Important for both is the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines that initiate and sustain the inflammatory response. Also important are chemokines that induce recruitment of leukocyte subsets and bone-resorptive factors that are largely produced by recruited inflammatory cells. However, there are differences also. Lesions of endodontic origin pose a particular challenge since that bacteria persist in a protected reservoir that is not readily accessible to the immune defenses. Thus, experiments in which the host response is inhibited in endodontic lesions tend to aggravate the formation of osteolytic lesions. In contrast, bacteria that invade the periodontium appear to be less problematic so that blocking arms of the host response tend to reduce the disease process. Interestingly, both lesions of endodontic origin and periodontitis exhibit inflammation that appears to inhibit bone formation. In periodontitis, the spatial location of the inflammation is likely to be important so that a host response that is restricted to a subepithelial space is associated with gingivitis, while a host response closer to bone is linked to bone resorption and periodontitis. However, the persistence of inflammation is also thought to be important in periodontitis since inflammation present during coupled bone formation may limit the capacity to repair the resorbed bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Teles RP, Gursky LC, Faveri M, Rosa EA, Teles FRF, Feres M, Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Relationships between subgingival microbiota and GCF biomarkers in generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:313-23. [PMID: 20447254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine relationships between subgingival biofilm composition and levels of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) cytokines in periodontal health and generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodontal parameters were measured in 25 periodontally healthy and 31 GAP subjects. Subgingival plaque and GCF samples were obtained from 14 sites from each subject. Forty subgingival taxa were quantified using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization and the concentrations of eight GCF cytokines were measured using Luminex. Cluster analysis was used to define sites with similar subgingival microbiotas in each clinical group. Significance of differences in clinical, microbiological and immunological parameters among clusters was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS GAP subjects had statistically significantly higher GCF levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) (p<0.001), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (p<0.01) and IL-1beta/IL-10 ratio (p<0.001) and higher proportions of Red and Orange complex species than periodontally healthy subjects. There were no statistically significant differences in the mean proportion of cytokines among clusters in the periodontally healthy subjects, while the ratio IL-1beta/IL-10 (p<0.05) differed significantly among clusters in the aggressive periodontitis group. CONCLUSIONS Different subgingival biofilm profiles are associated with distinct patterns of GCF cytokine expression. Aggressive periodontitis subjects were characterized by a higher IL-1beta/IL-10 ratio than periodontally healthy subjects, suggesting an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in aggressive periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo P Teles
- Department of Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vernal R, León R, Silva A, van Winkelhoff AJ, Garcia-Sanz JA, Sanz M. Differential cytokine expression by human dendritic cells in response to differentPorphyromonas gingivaliscapsular serotypes. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:823-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
37
|
Scheres N, Laine ML, de Vries TJ, Everts V, van Winkelhoff AJ. Gingival and periodontal ligament fibroblasts differ in their inflammatory response to viable Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontal Res 2009; 45:262-70. [PMID: 19778323 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen strongly associated with destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues in human periodontitis. Gingival fibroblasts (GF) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) are functionally different cell types in the periodontium that can participate in the host immune response in periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of viable P. gingivalis on the expression of genes associated with inflammation and bone degradation by these fibroblast subsets. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primary human GF and PDLF from six healthy donors were challenged in vitro with viable P. gingivalis W83 for 6 h. Gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in GF and PDLF was analyzed using real-time PCR, and protein expression was analyzed using ELISA. RESULTS Viable P. gingivalis induced a strong in vitro inflammatory response in both GF and PDLF. We found increased gene expression of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). Macrophage colony-stimulating factor was induced and the expression of osteoprotegerin was decreased in GF, but not in PDLF. In nonchallenged cells, a higher level of expression of IL-6 was observed in GF than in PDLF. Between individual donors there was large heterogeneity in responsiveness to P. gingivalis. Also, in each individual, either GF or PDLF was more responsive to P. gingivalis. CONCLUSION Considerable heterogeneity in responsiveness to P. gingivalis exists both between GF and PDLF and between individuals, which may be crucial determinants for the susceptibility to develop periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Scheres
- Departments of Oral Microbiology, Oral Cell Biology and Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Research Institute MOVE, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dutzan N, Gamonal J, Silva A, Sanz M, Vernal R. Over-expression of forkhead box P3 and its association with receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand, interleukin (IL) -17, IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta during the progression of chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:396-403. [PMID: 19419438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM T regulatory (Treg) cells have been detected in periodontitis lesions, and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression has been negatively correlated to receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL). The aim of this study was to correlate T-helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17 and Treg transcription factor expressions, in gingival tissues from patients undergoing active periodontal tissue destruction, with bone loss-associated cytokines. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 10 chronic periodontitis patients undergoing disease progression, the mRNA expressions of T-bet, GATA-3, Foxp3, RORC2, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-10, IL-17, RANKL, interferon (IFN)-gamma and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 were quantified using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The levels of these markers were compared between active and inactive periodontal lesions. RESULTS In active periodontal lesions, Foxp3, T-bet, RANKL, IL-17, IL-1beta and IFN-gamma were significantly over-expressed compared with inactive lesions. The expression of IFN-gamma was the highest within the active periodontal lesions, similar to that of TGF-beta1 within the inactive ones. There was a positive correlation between RANKL and IL-17. Additionally, RANKL and IL-17 were positively correlated with RORC2, but no correlation was detected with Foxp3. CONCLUSIONS These results lead us to speculate that Foxp3(+) cells that do not have a regulatory function might have a role in the pathogenesis of active periodontal lesions by down-regulating TGF-beta1 and IL-10 synthesis that lead to the over-expression of Th17-associated cytokines RANKL and IL-17.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Dutzan
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Dental School, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|