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Duplancic R, Kero D. Novel approach for quantification of multiple immunofluorescent signals using histograms and 2D plot profiling of whole-section panoramic images. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8619. [PMID: 33883639 PMCID: PMC8060297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel approach for quantification and colocalization of immunofluorescence (IF) signals of multiple markers on high-resolution panoramic images of serial histological sections utilizing standard staining techniques and readily available software for image processing and analysis. Human gingiva samples stained with primary antibodies against the common leukocyte antigen CD45 and factors related to heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HS GAG) were used. Expression domains and spatial gradients of IF signals were quantified by histograms and 2D plot profiles, respectively. The importance of histomorphometric profiling of tissue samples and IF signal thresholding is elaborated. This approach to quantification of IF staining utilizes pixel (px) counts and comparison of px grey value (GV) or luminance. No cell counting is applied either to determine the cellular content of a given histological section nor the number of cells positive to the primary antibody of interest. There is no selection of multiple Regions-Of-Interest (ROIs) since the entire histological section is quantified. Although the standard IF staining protocol is applied, the data output enables colocalization of multiple markers (up to 30) from a given histological sample. This can serve as an alternative for colocalization of IF staining of multiple primary antibodies based on repeating cycles of staining of the same histological section since those techniques require non standard staining protocols and sophisticated equipment that can be out of reach for small laboratories in academic settings. Combined with the data from ontological bases, this approach to quantification of IF enables creation of in silico virtual disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roko Duplancic
- Study Program of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Darko Kero
- Study Program of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia. .,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Laboratory for Early Human Development, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
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2
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Chen Y, Guan Q, Han X, Bai D, Li D, Tian Y. Proteoglycans in the periodontium: A review with emphasis on specific distributions, functions, and potential applications. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:617-632. [PMID: 33458817 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are largely glycosylated proteins, consisting of a linkage sugar, core proteins, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). To date, more than 40 kinds of PGs have been identified, and they can be classified as intracellular, cell surface, pericellular, and extracellular PGs according to cellular locations. To illustrate, extracellular PGs are known for regulating the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix; cell-surface PGs play a role in mediating cell adhesion and binding various growth factors. In the field of periodontology, PGs are implicated in cellular proliferation, migration, adhesion, contractility, and anoikis, thereby exerting a profound influence on periodontal tissue development, wound repair, the immune response, biomechanics, and pathological process. Additionally, the expression patterns of some PGs are dynamic and cell-specific. Therefore, determining the roles and spatial-temporal expression patterns of PGs in the periodontium could shed light on treatments for wound healing, tissue regeneration, periodontitis, and gingival overgrowth. In this review, close attention is paid to the distributions, functions, and potential applications of periodontal PGs. Related genetically modified animal experiments and involved signal transduction cascades are summarized for improved understanding of periodontal PGs. To date, however, there is a large amount of speculation on this topic that requires rigorous experiments for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuyue Guan
- Department of Geriatrics, People's Hospital of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Defu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Duplancic R, Roguljic M, Puhar I, Vecek N, Dragun R, Vukojevic K, Saraga-Babic M, Kero D. Syndecans and Enzymes for Heparan Sulfate Biosynthesis and Modification Differentially Correlate With Presence of Inflammatory Infiltrate in Periodontitis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1248. [PMID: 31611818 PMCID: PMC6773826 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common degenerative disease initiated by the bacteria in subgingival biofilm. The exposure to bacterial biofilm triggers host inflammatory response whose dysregulation is ultimately responsible for the destruction of hard and soft periodontal tissues resulting in tooth loss. To date, significant effort has been invested in the research of the involvement of host cells and inflammatory mediators in regulation of inflammatory response in periodontitis. Syndecans (Sdcs) belong to a four-member family of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Sdcs are compound molecules comprised of the core protein to which several heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached. The role of Sdcs in pathogenesis of periodontitis is poorly investigated despite the numerous reports from experimental studies about the critical involvement of these factors in modulation of various aspects of inflammatory response, such as the formation of inflammatory mediators gradients, leukocyte recruitment and extracellular matrix remodeling in resolution of inflammation. Most of these functions of Sdcs are HS-related and, thus, dependent upon the structure of HS. This, in turn, is determined by the combinatorial action of enzymes for biosynthesis and modification of HS such as exostosis (EXTs), sulfotransferases (NDSTs), and heparanase 1 (HPSE1). The data presented in this study clearly indicate that some Sdcs display different expression profiles in healthy and diseased periodontal tissue. Additionally, the differences in expression profiles of HS GAG biosynthesis and modification enzymes (EXTs, NDSTs, and HPSE1) in healthy and diseased periodontal tissue imply that changes in HS GAG content and structure might also take place during periodontitis. Most notably, expression profiles of Sdcs, EXTs, NDSTs, and HPSE1 differentially correlate with the presence of inflammatory infiltrate in healthy and diseased periodontal tissue, which might imply that these factors could also be involved in modulation of inflammatory response in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roko Duplancic
- Study Programme of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Roguljic
- Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Study Programme of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivan Puhar
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nika Vecek
- Study Programme of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ruzica Dragun
- Study Programme of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,Laboratory for Early Human Development, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,Laboratory for Early Human Development, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Darko Kero
- Study Programme of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia.,Laboratory for Early Human Development, School of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Jing L, Kim S, Sun L, Wang L, Mildner E, Divaris K, Jiao Y, Offenbacher S. IL-37- and IL-35/IL-37-Producing Plasma Cells in Chronic Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2019; 98:813-821. [PMID: 31050915 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519847443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases and is induced by the interaction between oral microorganisms and the host immune system. Plasma cells are of special interest in chronic periodontitis (CP), as they represent ~50% of infiltrated immune cells in periodontal lesions. Plasma cells constitute the only known cell type capable of antibody production; however, recent evidence supports an emerging role for distinct sets of plasma cells in cytokine production. However, the presence of cytokine-producing plasma cells in CP is unknown. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to detect significantly elevated levels of IL-35 and IL-37 (2 recently identified anti-inflammatory cytokines) in CP gingival tissue as compared with healthy tissue. Remarkably, we demonstrate that CD138+ CD38+ plasma cells are the major immune cell type in CP gingival tissues and that these cells produce IL-35 and IL-37. We used immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy analysis to identify a subset of plasma cells with robust cytoplasmic expression of IL-37-we denote this subset as IL-37-producing plasma cells (CD138+CD38+PIL-37). Another subset of plasma cells coproduces IL-35 and IL-37 and is denoted as IL-37/IL-35-coproducing plasma cells (CD138+CD38+PIL-35/IL-37). We determined that these 2 plasma cell subsets are IgG+plasma cells. Moreover, we show that human recombinant IL-35 and IL-37 exhibit a dose-dependent inhibition of osteoclast formation in vitro (~78.9% and 97.7% inhibition in 300 ng/mL of IL-35 and IL-37, respectively, P < 0.05). Overall, our findings suggest that PIL-37 and PIL-35/IL-37 exist as subsets of plasma cells in CP lesions and that these 2 new types of plasma cells may regulate periodontitis pathogenesis by inhibiting alveolar bone loss through directly blocking osteoclast formation. Importantly, these data suggest a novel role of plasma cells and offer potential new mechanistic and regulatory targets to be investigated in the context of periodontal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jing
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Kim
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L Sun
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - L Wang
- 2 Curriculum in Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E Mildner
- 3 Curriculum in Biology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K Divaris
- 4 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,5 Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Y Jiao
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,6 Curriculum in Doctor of Dental Surgery, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Offenbacher
- 1 Department of Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Ugale GM, Kalburgi NB, Bilichodmath S, Warad SB, Ugale MS, Koregol AC, Bijjargi SC. Betacellulin in Chronic Periodontitis Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Immunohistochemical Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC05-9. [PMID: 26673371 PMCID: PMC4668513 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/15275.6725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The host immune response to bacterial dental plaque determines periodontal disease susceptibility by increasing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The Epidermal Growth Factor family cytokines stimulate proliferation and keratinization of cells in dermis and oral epithelium. Epidermal Growth Factor family consists of Amphiregulin, Betacellulin, Epiregulin, Epigen, Heparin binding Epidermal Growth Factor like growth factor and transforming Growth Factor-alpha. AIM The current study aimed to investigate expression of Betacellulin in chronic periodontitis patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus and thereby assessing role of betacellulin in periodontal health and disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS Present study comprised of 90 participants, age ranges from 18 to 60-year-old, for the period of March 2010 to May 2011. Participants were categorized into three groups based Gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CA Loss). Group 1 consisted 30 individuals with clinically healthy periodontium, Group-2 consisted 30 individuals with GI>1, PD≥5 mm, and CA Loss>3 mm. Group-3 (Chronic Periodontitis with type 2 diabetes mellitus) consisted 30 with GI >1, PD≥5 mm, and CA Loss>3 mm. Immunohistochemical localization and quantification of Betacellulin was done in gingival tissue samples from all groups. RESULTS Data showed expression of Betacellulin were higher in chronic periodontitis as compared to healthy. A positive correlation found in Betacellulin expression and Probing Depth in chronic periodontitis. CONCLUSION This footmark study impacts the role of Betacellulin in pathogenesis and progression of periodontal disease which will help in exploration of novel immunotherapeutic strategies and immunological research activity in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri M Ugale
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontics, MIDSR Dental College and Hospital, Latur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nagaraj B. Kalburgi
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, PMNM Dental Collegeand Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivaprasad Bilichodmath
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontics, Rajarajeshwari Dental College, Bangalore, karnataka, India
| | - Shivaraj B. Warad
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahesh S. Ugale
- Professor, Department of Anatomy, MIMSR Medical College, Latur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Arati C. Koregol
- Reader, Department of Periodontics, P.M.N.M Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Shobha C. Bijjargi
- Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, MIDSR Dental College, Latur, Maharashtra, India
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