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Rewthamrongsris P, Phothichailert S, Chokechanachaisakul U, Kornsuthisopon C, Osathanon T. Simvastatin Induces Apoptosis but Attenuates Migration in SCAPs. Int Dent J 2024; 74:352-358. [PMID: 38220513 PMCID: PMC10988248 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM Simvastatin has emerged as having a promising role in controlling stem cell behaviours. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of simvastatin on the viability, growth, and migration of stem cells isolated from apical papillae (SCAPs) in vitro. METHODS SCAPs were isolated and characterised. The viability and proliferation were assessed using live/dead and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays, respectively. Cell migration was evaluated using scratch assays. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were examined using flow cytometry analysis. RESULTS Simvastatin at a concentration of 100 to 1000 nM did not exhibit cytotoxicity. Simvastatin reduced cell numbers at days 3 and 7. In addition, simvastatin markedly decreased colony formation in both colony number and cell density in a dose-dependent manner. An increase in apoptosis was observed at day 7. There was statistically significant increased in sub G0 population. An in vitro cell migration was attenuated in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Simvastatin affects SCAPs' viability, proliferation, and cell migration. The reduction of cell viability at day 7 could be due to apoptotic induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paak Rewthamrongsris
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suphalak Phothichailert
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Chatvadee Kornsuthisopon
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Center of Excellence for Dental Stem Cell Biology and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Bueno MR, Ishikawa KH, Almeida-Santos G, Ando-Suguimoto ES, Shimabukuro N, Kawamoto D, Mayer MPA. Lactobacilli Attenuate the Effect of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Infection in Gingival Epithelial Cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:846192. [PMID: 35602018 PMCID: PMC9116499 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.846192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics may be considered as an additional strategy to achieve a balanced microbiome in periodontitis. However, the mechanisms underlying the use of probiotics in the prevention or control of periodontitis are still not fully elucidated. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of two commercially available strains of lactobacilli on gingival epithelial cells (GECs) challenged by Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. OBA-9 GECs were infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans strain JP2 at an MOI of 1:100 and/or co-infected with Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 (La5) or Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Lr32 (Lr32) at an MOI of 1:10 for 2 and 24 h. The number of adherent/internalized bacteria to GECs was determined by qPCR. Production of inflammatory mediators (CXCL-8, IL-1β, GM-CSF, and IL-10) by GECs was determined by ELISA, and the expression of genes encoding cell receptors and involved in apoptosis was determined by RT-qPCR. Apoptosis was also analyzed by Annexin V staining. There was a slight loss in OBA-9 cell viability after infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans or the tested probiotics after 2 h, which was magnified after 24-h co-infection. Adherence of A. actinomycetemcomitans to GECs was 1.8 × 107 (± 1.2 × 106) cells/well in the mono-infection but reduced to 1.2 × 107 (± 1.5 × 106) in the co-infection with Lr32 and to 6 × 106 (± 1 × 106) in the co-infection with La5 (p < 0.05). GECs mono-infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans produced CXCL-8, GM-CSF, and IL-1β, and the co-infection with both probiotic strains altered this profile. While the co-infection of A. actinomycetemcomitans with La5 resulted in reduced levels of all mediators, the co-infection with Lr32 promoted reduced levels of CXCL-8 and GM-CSF but increased the production of IL-1β. The probiotics upregulated the expression of TLR2 and downregulated TLR4 in cells co-infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans. A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced the upregulation of NRLP3 was attenuated by La5 but increased by Lr32. Furthermore, the transcription of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 was upregulated, whereas the pro-apoptotic BAX was downregulated in cells co-infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans and the probiotics. Infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans induced apoptosis in GECs, whereas the co-infection with lactobacilli attenuated the apoptotic phenotype. Both tested lactobacilli may interfere in A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization of the oral cavity by reducing its ability to interact with gingival epithelial cells and modulating cells response. However, L. acidophilus La5 properties suggest that this strain has a higher potential to control A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis than L. rhamnosus Lr32.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela R Bueno
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karin H Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislane Almeida-Santos
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen S Ando-Suguimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natali Shimabukuro
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dione Kawamoto
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia P A Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Chen X, Li J, Zhang Z, Yu H. Effects of statins on cytokines levels in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva and on clinical periodontal parameters of middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244806. [PMID: 33417619 PMCID: PMC7793287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze the effect of statins on cytokines levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva and on clinical periodontal parameters of middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Systemically healthy controls (C group, n = 62), T2DM patients not taking statins (D group, n = 57) and T2DM patients taking statins (S group, n = 24) were recruited. In each group, subjects (40–85 years) were subclassified into the h (periodontal health)group, the g (gingivitis)group or the p (periodontitis) group according to different periodontal conditions. 17 cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva samples of each subject were measured utilizing the Luminex technology kit. Further, HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin), FPG (fasting plasma glucose), PD (probing depth), CAL (clinical attachment level), BOP (bleeding on probing), GI (gingival index) and PI (periodontal index) were recorded. Data distribution was tested through the Shapiro-Wilk test, upon which the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied followed by Mann-Whitney U test and Bonferroni’s correction. Results Levels of IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-13 in the saliva of the Dh group were significantly lower than those in the Ch group, while factor IL-4 was higher (p<0.05). Levels of MIP-3α, IL-7 and IL-2 in GCF of the Dh group were considerably higher than those in the Ch group (p<0.05), while that of IL-23 was considerably lower. Compared with the Cg group, levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 were significantly lower in the saliva of the Dg group (p<0.05). Lower levels of IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-10 were detected in the Sg group than those in the Cg group (p<0.05). At the same time, levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, IL-13, IL-17, IL-21 and MIP-3α in the gingival crevicular fluid of the Sg group were lower in comparison with the Dg group. In addition, lower levels of IL-4 and higher levels of IL-7 in GCF were identified in the Dg group than those in the Cg group, while in the Sg group, lower levels of IL-4, MIP-1αand MIP-3αwere observed than those in the Cg group (p<0.05). Lower levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and I-TAC were found in the Sp group compared with those in the Cp group. The IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were lower in the Dp group than those in the Cp group (p<0.05). Meanwhile, in the Sp group, lower levels of pro-inflammatory factors IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-21 and TNF-α, in addition to higher levels of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-5 in gingival crevicular fluid, were identified than those in the Dp group. Higher levels of IFN-γ,IL-1β,IL-2,IL-7,IL-21 and TNF-α and a lower level of IL-5 in the Dp group were identified than those in the Cp group (p<0.05). Moreover, statins were able to substantially reduce PD in T2DM patients with periodontitis, indicating an obvious influence on the levels of cytokines secreted by Th1 cells, Th2 cells and Th17 cells, as revealed by PCA (principal component analysis). Conclusion Statins are associated with reduced PD and cytokines levels in the GCF and saliva of T2DM patients with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yameng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juhong Li
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail:
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Chello C, Nenna A, Chello M, Satriano UM, Cardetta F, Lusini M, Nappi F, Dianzani C. Statin treatment and hypertrophic scarring after cardiac surgery. Wound Repair Regen 2020; 29:129-133. [PMID: 33236817 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing process after surgical procedure plays a crucial role to prevent blood loss and infections. Hypertrophic scars might occur after surgery and are generally associated with an inflammatory burden. Cardiac surgery is intrinsically related to a strong systemic inflammatory state that might favor hypertrophic scarring. Besides lipid-lowering effects, statins are known for their pleiotropic and anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of statins in the healing process after median sternotomy in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. All patients undergoing major cardiac surgery with median sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass, and subsequently evaluated in the outpatient clinic after discharge, were included in this study. A total of 930 Caucasian patients were retrospectively reviewed. At outpatient visit, 276 patients (29.7%) showed the formation of hypertrophic scars. Patients with hypertrophic scars tended to be younger (P = .001) and nonstatin users (P = .001). Logistic regression analysis confirmed the protective role of statins (odds ratio 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.53, P = .001), after adjustment for age. A dose-dependent effect was confirmed, showing a more intensive protective effect for higher doses of statins. Statin use might be correlated with reduced hypertrophic scars after cardiac surgery through median sternotomy. A dose-dependent effect has been shown, and statin effect seems to be independent of age in a selected population undergoing surgery with an elevated inflammatory burden. Although further studies are warranted to elucidate the biologic mechanisms, the concept of using statins as anti-scarring agents is novel and should be investigated with tailored studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Chello
- Department of Dermatology, Università La Sapienza di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Nenna
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Chello
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Cardetta
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Lusini
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Nappi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Centre Cardiologique du Nord de Saint Denis, Paris, France
| | - Caterina Dianzani
- Department of Reconstructive Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
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5
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Yaghobee S, Panjnoush M, Chokami Rafiei S, Amini Shakib P, Mahmoodi S, Rasouli-Ghahroudi AAR, Poursafar F. Effect of Simvastatin on Bone Regeneration: A Histologic and Histomorphometric Analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 78:927-934. [PMID: 32084353 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of simvastatin administration as an osteoinductive agent combined with bovine bone material (BBM) for augmentation of human maxillary sinuses. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present randomized clinical trial with a split-mouth design, 24 maxillary sinuses in 12 patients were augmented using BBM alone or BBM combined with simvastatin. Biopsy samples were taken 9 months after maxillary sinus floor augmentation for histologic and histomorphometric analyses. A total of 44 implants were placed in the augmented bone. RESULTS The results of the microscopic assessment of most samples revealed no inflammation or only mild chronic inflammation. Lamellation was detectable in old bone trabeculae under polarized light microscopy but was not observed in newly formed bone. Osteocytes were found with a lower frequency in the lacunae of newly formed bone compared with normal bone. No significant differences were found in the amount of newly formed bone and the amount of residual particles between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Despite the greater mean percentage of newly formed bone in the test group, the histomorphometric analysis results did not show a significant positive effect for the use of simvastatin in maxillary sinus augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Yaghobee
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontology, Dental Implant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Panjnoush
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Chokami Rafiei
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Pouyan Amini Shakib
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Mahmoodi
- PhD in Pharmaceutics, Private Practitioner, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Reza Rasouli-Ghahroudi
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontology, Dental Implant Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Poursafar
- Resident, Department of Periodontology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Olivetti CE, Alvarez Echazú MI, Perna O, Perez CJ, Mitarotonda R, De Marzi M, Desimone MF, Alvarez GS. Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride modified collagen hydrogels loaded with simvastatin as skin wound dressings. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1999-2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oriana Perna
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Claudio J. Perez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Grupo Ciencia y Tecnología de PolímerosUniversidad Nacional de Mar del Plata Mar del Plata Argentina
| | - Romina Mitarotonda
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
- Laboratorio de InmunologíaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) CONICET‐UNLu Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Mauricio De Marzi
- Laboratorio de InmunologíaInstituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES) CONICET‐UNLu Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Martín F. Desimone
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Gisela S. Alvarez
- Facultad de Farmacia y BioquímicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco (IQUIMEFA) Buenos Aires Argentina
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7
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Ekinci A, Koc S, Erdoğan AS, Kesici H. Profilactic role of simvastatin and mitomycin C in tracheal stenosis after tracheal damage: Study in rats. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 105:79-84. [PMID: 29447825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the prophylactic effect simvastatin of and mitomycin C (MMC) on laryngeal and tracheal stenosis in tracheotomised rats by histopathological evaluation of laryngotracheal segment. Randomized prospective single-blind. MATERIAL AND METHOD Standard vertical tracheotomy was performed on 24 rats. Then the animals were randomly divided into three groups as A, B and C. In group A 0.4 mg/day once daily mitomycin C was injected to the paratracheal region for 14 days. In group B daily 30 mg/kg/day simvastatin was given via gavage to rats for 14 days. In group C 2 cc/day intraperitoneal saline given to rats and the created control group by 14 days follow up. After 10 days, tracheal cannulas were removed. Three weeks later, all animals were euthanized and trachea specimens were harvested. The present study investigates the effects of MMC and Simvastatin on fibrosis, inflammation, stenosis index and tracheal wall thickness in a tracheal injury model. RESULTS The difference between the groups in terms of degree of inflammation scores was statistically insignificant (P = 0,187). Differences between the groups were found to be insignificant in terms of the preventionof fibrosis (P = 0,993). There was no significant difference between groups in terms of stenosis index (P = 0.645). In terms of wall thickness, control, simvastatin and mitomycin C groups were statistically different (p = 0.038). The difference between post-hoc test results was between Mitomycin C and control groups (p = 0.036). Maximum wall thickness in the MMC group (0,299 mm) was significantly lower compared to the control group (0,382 mm)(P < 0,0001). Maximum wall thickness was statistically lower in the simvastatin (0.324 mm) group compared with the control group (0.382 mm) (P < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the simvastatin group (0,198 mm) and control group (0,200 mm) with respect to minimum wall thickness (P = 0.982). Minimum wall thickness was significantly lower in the mitomycin-C group (0,160 mm) comparison to the control group (0,200 mm) (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION It was detected that the simvastatin and MMC is not effective in preventing the tracheal stenosis, inflammation and fibrosis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Ekinci
- HititUniversity, Faculty of Medicine, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Çorum, Turkey.
| | - Sema Koc
- Antalya Research and Training Hospital Department of Otolaryngology, Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Serhat Erdoğan
- Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Otorhinolaryngology Department, Tokat, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Kesici
- Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Histology and Embryology Department, Tokat, Turkey.
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8
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Bertl K, Steiner I, Pandis N, Buhlin K, Klinge B, Stavropoulos A. Statins in nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical in vivo trials. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:267-287. [PMID: 29211309 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins, possess anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and pro-osteogenic properties, and thus have been tested as an adjunct to periodontal treatment. The present systematic review aimed to answer the following focused research question: What is the effect of local and/or systemic statin use on periodontal tissues in preclinical in vivo studies of experimentally induced periodontitis (EIP) and/or acute/chronified periodontal defect (ACP) models? A literature search (of Medline/PubMed, Embase/Ovid, CENTRAL/Ovid) using the following main eligibility criteria was performed: (i) English or German language; (ii) controlled preclinical in vivo trials; (iii) local and/or systemic statin use in EIP and/or ACP models; and (iv) quantitative evaluation of periodontal tissues (i.e., alveolar bone level/amount, attachment level, cementum formation, periodontal ligament formation). Sixteen studies in EIP models and 7 studies in ACP models evaluated simvastatin, atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. Thirteen of the EIP (81%) and 2 of the ACP (29%) studies presented significantly better results in terms of alveolar bone level/amount in favor of statins. Meta-analysis based on 14 EIP trials confirmed a significant benefit of local and systemic statin use (P < .001) in terms of alveolar bone level/amount; meta-regression revealed that statin type exhibited a significant effect (P = .014) in favor of atorvastatin. Three studies reported a significantly higher periodontal attachment level in favor of statin use (P < .001). Complete periodontal regeneration was never observed; furthermore, statins did not exert any apparent effect on cementum formation. Neither local nor systemic use of statins resulted in severe adverse effects. Statin use in periodontal indications has a positive effect on periodontal tissue parameters, supporting the positive results already observed in clinical trials. Nevertheless, not all statins available have been tested so far, and further research is needed to identify the maximum effective concentration/dose and optimal carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bertl
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden.,Division of Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - I Steiner
- Private Practice, Taiskirchen, Austria.,Postgraduate Course Periodontology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Pandis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Dental School/Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - K Buhlin
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - B Klinge
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - A Stavropoulos
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
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9
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Geller FC, Teixeira MR, Pereira ABD, Dourado LPA, Souza DG, Braga FC, Simões CMO. Evaluation of the Wound Healing Properties ofHancornia speciosaLeaves. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1887-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Cristina Geller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Campus Trindade Florianópolis SC 88.040-900 Brazil
| | - Marina Rodrigues Teixeira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Campus Trindade Florianópolis SC 88.040-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Bárbara Dias Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Luana Pereira Antunes Dourado
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Campus Pampulha Belo Horizonte MG 31.270-901 Brazil
| | - Danielle G. Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Campus Pampulha Belo Horizonte MG 31.270-901 Brazil
| | - Fernão Castro Braga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Cláudia Maria Oliveira Simões
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; Campus Trindade Florianópolis SC 88.040-900 Brazil
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10
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Zhang J, Zhu LX, Cheng X, Lin Y, Yan P, Peng B. Promotion of Dental Pulp Cell Migration and Pulp Repair by a Bioceramic Putty Involving FGFR-mediated Signaling Pathways. J Dent Res 2015; 94:853-62. [PMID: 25724555 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515572020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mineral trioxide aggregate is the currently recommended material of choice for clinical pulp repair despite several disadvantages, including handling inconvenience. Little is known about the signaling mechanisms involved in bioceramic-mediated dental pulp repair-particularly, dental pulp cell (DPC) migration. This study evaluated the effects of iRoot BP Plus, a novel ready-to-use nanoparticulate bioceramic putty, on DPC migration in vitro and pulp repair in vivo, focusing on possible involvement of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)-related signaling, including mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt pathways. Treatment with iRoot BP Plus extracts enhanced horizontal and vertical migration of DPCs, which was comparable with the effects induced by mineral trioxide aggregate extracts. The DPCs exposed to iRoot BP Plus extracts demonstrated no evident apoptosis. Importantly, treatment with iRoot BP Plus extracts resulted in rapid activation of FGFR, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and Akt signaling in DPCs. Confocal immunofluorescence staining revealed that iRoot BP Plus stimulated focal adhesion formation and stress fiber assembly in DPCs, in addition to upregulating the expression of focal adhesion molecules, including p-focal adhesion kinase, p-paxillin, and vinculin. Moreover, activation of FGFR, ERK, JNK, and Akt were found to mediate the upregulated expression of focal adhesion molecules, stress fiber assembly, and enhanced DPC migration induced by iRoot BP Plus. Consistent with the in vitro results, we observed induction of homogeneous dentin bridge formation and expression of p-focal adhesion kinase, p-FGFR, p-ERK 1/2, p-JNK, and p-Akt near injury sites by iRoot BP Plus in an in vivo pulp repair model. These data demonstrate that iRoot BP Plus can promote DPC migration and pulp repair involving the FGFR-mediated ERK 1/2, JNK, and Akt pathways. These findings provide valuable insights into the signaling mechanisms underlying nanoparticulate bioceramic-mediated pulp repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - L X Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - X Cheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Lin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - P Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - B Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Efficacy of Simvastatin in Bone Regeneration After Surgical Removal of Mandibular Third Molars: A Clinical Pilot Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2014. [PMID: 26225047 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-014-0697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Simvastatin, a common cholesterol-lowering drug that inhibits hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, increases expression of the BMP-2 gene and thus promotes bone regeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS A study was conducted in mandibular third molar sockets to study the efficacy of the drug by implanting it into sockets (experimental group) and observations were made over 3 months to compare the healing with the (control group). CONCLUSION The results showed faster regeneration of the bone in the simvastatin site using the gray level histogram values.
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Do Statins Have a Role in the Promotion of Postoperative Wound Healing in Cardiac Surgical Patients? Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98:756-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess changes in gingival status of renal transplant subjects under immunosuppressive regimens based on cyclosporine (CsA), tacrolimus (Tcr), and sirolimus (Sir). METHODS From a sample of 135 subjects (baseline examination [BE]), 89 without periodontal treatment, who maintained the immunosuppressive regimen based on the same main agent (CsA=23, Tcr=31, and Sir=35), were reexamined after 44 months (follow-up examination [FE]). Demographic, pharmacologic, and periodontal variables were collected and gingival overgrowth (GO) was assessed by visual examination. RESULTS In Tcr and CsA groups, although not significant, occurrence of GO decreased (CsA [BE=56.5% and FE=34.8%; P=0.063] and Tcr [BE=19.4% and FE=12.9%; P=0.500]). In addition, the severity of GO decreased significantly in CsA group (mean score BE=10.29 ± 7.70 and mean score FE=0.78 ± 1.38; P=0.003). In Sir group, GO decreased from 17.1% (BE) to 0.0% (FE) (P=not applicable). In total sample, GO was associated with papillary bleeding index (P=0.001) and concomitant use of calcium channel blockers (P=0.029); in CsA and Tcr groups, GO was associated with papillary bleeding index (P=0.029 and 0.033, respectively). CONCLUSIONS There was no incidence of GO, and a decrease in the occurrence and severity of GO was significant in total sample. This decrease can be attributed to changes in pharmacologic and periodontal variables over this period of time.
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Chang PC, Dovban AS, Lim LP, Chong LY, Kuo MY, Wang CH. Dual delivery of PDGF and simvastatin to accelerate periodontal regeneration in vivo. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9990-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Chang PC, Chong LY, Dovban ASM, Lim LP, Lim JC, Kuo MYP, Wang CH. Sequential platelet-derived growth factor-simvastatin release promotes dentoalveolar regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 20:356-64. [PMID: 23980713 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Timely augmentation of the physiological events of dentoalveolar repair is a prerequisite for the optimization of the outcome of regeneration. This study aimed to develop a treatment strategy to promote dentoalveolar regeneration by the combined delivery of the early mitogenic factor platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and the late osteogenic differentiation factor simvastatin. MATERIALS AND METHODS By using the coaxial electrohydrodynamic atomization technique, PDGF and simvastatin were encapsulated in a double-walled poly(D,L-lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PDLLA-PLGA) microspheres in five different modes: microspheres encapsulating bovine serum albumin (BB), PDGF alone (XP), simvastatin alone (SB), PDGF-in-core and simvastatin-in-shell (PS), and simvastatin-in-core and PDGF-in-shell (SP). The microspheres were characterized using scanning electronic microscopy, and the in vitro release profile was evaluated. Microspheres were delivered to fill large osteotomy sites on rat maxillae for 14 and 28 days, and the outcome of regeneration was evaluated by microcomputed tomography and histological assessments. RESULTS Uniform 20-μm controlled release microspheres were successfully fabricated. Parallel PDGF-simvastatin release was noted in the PS group, and the fast release of PDGF followed by the slow release of simvastatin was noted in the SP group. The promotion of osteogenesis was observed in XP, PS, and SP groups at day 14, whereas the SP group demonstrated the greatest bone fill, trabecular numbers, and thickest trabeculae. Bone bridging was evident in the PS and SP group, with significantly increased osteoblasts in the SP group, and osteoclastic cell recruitment was promoted in all bioactive molecule-treated groups. At day 28, osteogenesis was promoted in all bioactive molecule-treated groups. Initial corticalization was noted in the XP, PS, and SP groups. Osteoblasts appeared to be decreased in all groups, and significantly, a greater osteoclastic cell recruitment was noted in the SB and SP groups. CONCLUSIONS Both PDGF and simvastatin facilitate dentoalveolar regeneration, and sequential PDGF-simvastatin release (SP group) further accelerated the regeneration process through the enhancement of osteoblastogenesis and the promotion of bone maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chun Chang
- 1 Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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Saewong S, Thammasitboon K, Wattanaroonwong N. Simvastatin induces apoptosis and disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in human dental pulp cells and periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:964-74. [PMID: 23561831 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simvastatin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, and widely used as cholesterol-lowering agent, has been suggested for its beneficial effects on alveolar bone formation, regeneration of dental pulp tissue and periodontal ligament. High doses of simvastatin appear to induce apoptosis in several cell types, but little is known about its possible effect on tooth-associated cells. Therefore, the effects of simvastatin were studied on apoptosis and cell morphology of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPLFs). METHODS HDPCs/HPLFs obtained from 4 patients were cultured with or without various concentrations of simvastatin (0.1, 1, and 10μM) for 24, 48, and 72h. The 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to evaluate cell viability. The levels of apoptosis of HDPCs and HPLFs were measured by flow cytometry after Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining. Phalloidin-FITC and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining was used to examine differences in the actin cytoskeleton and nuclear morphology, respectively. RESULTS The viability of HDPCs and HPLFs was significantly reduced after simvastatin treatment in a dose- and time-dependent manner (p<0.05). The apoptosis of HDPCs and HPLFs was significantly increased in 10μM simvastatin-treated cells (p<0.05). The effect on apoptosis was comparable for HDPCs and HPLFs. Nuclear staining showed typical apoptotic nuclear condensation and fragmentation in simvastatin-treated HDPCs/HPLFs. A dose- and time-dependent simvastatin-induced disruption of the actin cytoskeleton was observed in both cell types. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that simvastatin decreases the viability of HDPCs and HPLFs, probably by inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirinart Saewong
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University PSU, 15 Karnjanavanit Road, Haad Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Bertoldi C, Bellei E, Pellacani C, Ferrari D, Lucchi A, Cuoghi A, Bergamini S, Cortellini P, Tomasi A, Zaffe D, Monari E. Non-bacterial protein expression in periodontal pockets by proteome analysis. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:573-82. [PMID: 23509886 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the proteomic profile of inter-proximal pocket tissues with inter-proximal healthy tissues in the same subject to reveal proteins associated with periodontal disease in sites where periodontopathogenic bacteria were not detectable. METHODS Twenty-five healthy patients, with moderate-to-advanced chronic periodontitis and presenting with at least one intra-bony defect next to a healthy inter-proximal site were enrolled. The periodontal defects were treated with osseous resective surgery, and the flap design included both the periodontal pockets and the neighbouring inter-proximal healthy sites. Pocket-associated and healthy tissues were harvested for proteomic analyses. RESULTS Fifteen proteins were differently expressed between pathological and healthy tissues. In particular, annexin A2, actin cytoplasmic 1, carbonic anhydrase 1 & 2; Ig kappa chain C region (two spots) and flavinreductase were overexpressed, whereas 14-3-3 protein sigma and zeta/delta, heat-shock protein beta -1 (two spots), triosephosphateisomerase, peroxiredoxin-1, fatty acid-binding protein-epidermal, and galectin-7 were underexpressed in pathological tissue. CONCLUSIONS The unbalanced functional network of proteins involved could hinder adequate tissue response to pathogenic noxa. The study of periodontal pocket tissue proteomic profile would be crucial to better understand the pathogenesis of and the therapeutic strategies for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bertoldi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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In vitro wound healing improvement by low-level laser therapy application in cultured gingival fibroblasts. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:719452. [PMID: 22844284 PMCID: PMC3403309 DOI: 10.1155/2012/719452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine adequate energy doses using specific parameters of LLLT to produce biostimulatory effects on human gingival fibroblast culture. Cells (3 × 104 cells/cm2) were seeded on 24-well acrylic plates using plain DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. After 48-hour incubation with 5% CO2 at 37°C, cells were irradiated with a InGaAsP diode laser prototype (LASERTable; 780 ± 3 nm; 40 mW) with energy doses of 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, and 7 J/cm2. Cells were irradiated every 24 h totalizing 3 applications. Twenty-four hours after the last irradiation, cell metabolism was evaluated by the MTT assay and the two most effective doses (0.5 and 3 J/cm2) were selected to evaluate the cell number (trypan blue assay) and the cell migration capacity (wound healing assay; transwell migration assay). Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests with statistical significance of 5%. Irradiation of the fibroblasts with 0.5 and 3 J/cm2 resulted in significant increase in cell metabolism compared with the nonrradiated group (P < 0.05). Both energy doses promoted significant increase in the cell number as well as in cell migration (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that, under the tested conditions, LLLT promoted biostimulation of fibroblasts in vitro.
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The biological behaviors of rat dermal fibroblasts can be inhibited by high levels of MMP9. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:494579. [PMID: 22577368 PMCID: PMC3346983 DOI: 10.1155/2012/494579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aims. To explore the effects of the high expression of MMP9 on biological behaviors of fibroblasts. Methods. High glucose and hyperhomocysteine were used to induce MMP9 expression in skin fibroblasts. Cell proliferation was detected by flow cytometry and cell viability by CCK-8. ELISA assay was used to detect collagen (hydroxyproline) secretion. Scratch test was employed to evaluate horizontal migration of cells and transwell method to evaluate vertical migration of cells. Results. The mRNA and protein expressions of MMP9 and its protease activity were significantly higher in cells treated with high glucose and hyperhomocysteine than those in control group. At the same time, the S-phase cell ratio, proliferation index, cell viability, collagen (hydroxyproline) secretion, horizontal migration rate, and the number of vertical migration cells decreased in high-glucose and hyperhomocysteine-treated group. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), which inhibits the activity of MMP9, recovered the above biological behaviors. Conclusions. High expression of MMP9 in skin fibroblasts could be induced by cultureing in high glucose and hyperhomocysteine medium, which inhibited cell biological behaviors. Inhibitions could be reversed by TIMP1. The findings suggested that MMP9 deters the healing of diabetic foot ulcers by inhibiting the biological behaviors of fibroblasts.
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Copaja M, Venegas D, Aranguiz P, Canales J, Vivar R, Avalos Y, Garcia L, Chiong M, Olmedo I, Catalán M, Leyton L, Lavandero S, Díaz-Araya G. Simvastatin disrupts cytoskeleton and decreases cardiac fibroblast adhesion, migration and viability. Toxicology 2012; 294:42-9. [PMID: 22306966 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Statins reduce the isoprenoids farnesyl and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, essential intermediates, which control a diversity of cellular events such as cytoskeleton integrity, adhesion, migration and viability. Cardiac fibroblasts are the major non-myocyte cell constituent in the normal heart, and play a key role in the maintenance of extracellular matrix. The effects of simvastatin on cardiac fibroblast processes previously mentioned remain unknown. Our aims were to investigate the effects of simvastatin on cytoskeleton structure and focal adhesion complex assembly and their relationships with cell adhesion, migration and viability in cultured cardiac fibroblasts. To this end, cells were treated with simvastatin for 24 h and changes in actin cytoskeleton, levels of vimentin and paxillin as well as their subcellular localization were analyzed by Western blot and immunocytochemistry, respectively. Cell adhesion to plastic or collagen coated dishes, migration in Transwell chambers, and cell viability were analyzed after simvastatin treatment. Our results show that simvastatin disrupts actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion complex evaluated by phalloidin stain and immunocytochemistry for paxillin and vinculin. All these effects occurred by a cholesterol synthesis-independent mechanism. Simvastatin decreased cell adhesion, migration and viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Finally, simvastatin decreased angiotensin II-induced phospho-paxillin levels and cell adhesion. We concluded that simvastatin disrupts cytoskeleton integrity and focal adhesion complex assembly in cultured cardiac fibroblasts by a cholesterol-independent mechanism and consequently decreases cell migration, adhesion and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Copaja
- Centro Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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