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Podgórska A, Kicman A, Naliwajko S, Wacewicz-Muczyńska M, Niczyporuk M. Zinc, Copper, and Iron in Selected Skin Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3823. [PMID: 38612631 PMCID: PMC11011755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Trace elements are essential for maintaining the body's homeostasis, and their special role has been demonstrated in skin physiology. Among the most important trace elements are zinc, copper, and iron. A deficiency or excess of trace elements can be associated with an increased risk of skin diseases, so increasing their supplementation or limiting intake can be helpful in dermatological treatment. In addition, determinations of their levels in various types of biological material can be useful as additional tests in dermatological treatment. This paper describes the role of these elements in skin physiology and summarizes data on zinc, copper, and iron in the course of selected, following skin diseases: psoriasis, pemphigus vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris and seborrheic dermatitis. In addition, this work identifies the potential of trace elements as auxiliary tests in dermatology. According to preliminary studies, abnormal levels of zinc, copper, and iron are observed in many skin diseases and their determinations in serum or hair can be used as auxiliary and prognostic tests in the course of various dermatoses. However, since data for some conditions are conflicting, clearly defining the potential of trace elements as auxiliary tests or elements requiring restriction/supplement requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Podgórska
- Department of Aesthetic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-267 Bialystok, Poland; (A.P.); (A.K.); (M.N.)
| | - Aleksandra Kicman
- Department of Aesthetic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-267 Bialystok, Poland; (A.P.); (A.K.); (M.N.)
| | - Sylwia Naliwajko
- Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | | | - Marek Niczyporuk
- Department of Aesthetic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-267 Bialystok, Poland; (A.P.); (A.K.); (M.N.)
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Karisma VW, Wu W, Lei M, Liu H, Nisar MF, Lloyd MD, Pourzand C, Zhong JL. UVA-Triggered Drug Release and Photo-Protection of Skin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:598717. [PMID: 33644041 PMCID: PMC7905215 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.598717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Light has attracted special attention as a stimulus for triggered drug delivery systems (DDS) due to its intrinsic features of being spatially and temporally tunable. Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation has recently been used as a source of external light stimuli to control the release of drugs using a "switch on- switch off" procedure. This review discusses the promising potential of UVA radiation as the light source of choice for photo-controlled drug release from a range of photo-responsive and photolabile nanostructures via photo-isomerization, photo-cleavage, photo-crosslinking, and photo-induced rearrangement. In addition to its clinical use, we will also provide here an overview of the recent UVA-responsive drug release approaches that are developed for phototherapy and skin photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vega Widya Karisma
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huawen Liu
- Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Muhammad Farrukh Nisar
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CUVAS), Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Matthew D. Lloyd
- Drug and Target Discovery, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Charareh Pourzand
- Medicines Design, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Medicines Development, Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Li Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Reelfs O, Abbate V, Hider RC, Pourzand C. A Powerful Mitochondria-Targeted Iron Chelator Affords High Photoprotection against Solar Ultraviolet A Radiation. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1692-1700. [PMID: 27109868 PMCID: PMC4946793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the principal destination for labile iron, making these organelles particularly susceptible to oxidative damage on exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA, 320–400 nm), the oxidizing component of sunlight. The labile iron-mediated oxidative damage caused by UVA to mitochondria leads to necrotic cell death via adenosine triphosphate depletion. Therefore, targeted removal of mitochondrial labile iron via highly specific tools from these organelles may be an effective approach to protect the skin cells against the harmful effects of UVA. In this work, we designed a mitochondria-targeted hexadentate (tricatechol-based) iron chelator linked to mitochondria-homing SS-like peptides. The photoprotective potential of this compound against UVA-induced oxidative damage and cell death was evaluated in cultured primary skin fibroblasts. Our results show that this compound provides unprecedented protection against UVA-induced mitochondrial damage, adenosine triphosphate depletion, and the ensuing necrotic cell death in skin fibroblasts, and this effect is fully related to its potent iron-chelating property in the organelle. This mitochondria-targeted iron chelator has therefore promising potential for skin photoprotection against the deleterious effects of the UVA component of sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Reelfs
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
| | - Robert C Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
| | - Charareh Pourzand
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK.
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Wright JA, Richards T, Srai SKS. The role of iron in the skin and cutaneous wound healing. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:156. [PMID: 25071575 PMCID: PMC4091310 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article we discuss current knowledge about iron in the skin and the cutaneous wound healing process. Iron plays a key role in both oxidative stress and photo-induced skin damage. The main causes of oxidative stress in the skin include reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the skin by ultraviolet (UVA) 320-400 nm portion of the UVA spectrum and biologically available iron. We also discuss the relationships between iron deficiency, anemia and cutaneous wound healing. Studies looking at this fall into two distinct groups. Early studies investigated the effect of anemia on wound healing using a variety of experimental methodology to establish anemia or iron deficiency and focused on wound-strength rather than effect on macroscopic healing or re-epithelialization. More recent animal studies have investigated novel treatments aimed at correcting the effects of systemic iron deficiency and localized iron overload. Iron overload is associated with local cutaneous iron deposition, which has numerous deleterious effects in chronic venous disease and hereditary hemochromatosis. Iron plays a key role in chronic ulceration and conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Lupus Erythematosus are associated with both anemia of chronic disease and dysregulation of local cutaneous iron hemostasis. Iron is a potential therapeutic target in the skin by application of topical iron chelators and novel pharmacological agents, and in delayed cutaneous wound healing by treatment of iron deficiency or underlying systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Wright
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, University College & Royal Free Hospitals London, UK
| | - Toby Richards
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, University College & Royal Free Hospitals London, UK
| | - Surjit K S Srai
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London London, UK
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Moser JC, Rawal M, Wagner BA, Du J, Cullen JJ, Buettner GR. Pharmacological ascorbate and ionizing radiation (IR) increase labile iron in pancreatic cancer. Redox Biol 2013; 2:22-7. [PMID: 24396727 PMCID: PMC3881203 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Labile iron, i.e. iron that is weakly bound and is relatively unrestricted in its redox activity, has been implicated in both the pathogenesis as well as treatment of cancer. Two cancer treatments where labile iron may contribute to their mechanism of action are pharmacological ascorbate and ionizing radiation (IR). Pharmacological ascorbate has been shown to have tumor-specific toxic effects due to the formation of hydrogen peroxide. By catalyzing the oxidation of ascorbate, labile iron can enhance the rate of formation of hydrogen peroxide; labile iron can also react with hydrogen peroxide. Here we have investigated the magnitude of the labile iron pool in tumor and normal tissue. We also examined the ability of pharmacological ascorbate and IR to change the size of the labile iron pool. Although a significant amount of labile iron was seen in tumors (MIA PaCa-2 cells in athymic nude mice), higher levels were seen in murine tissues that were not susceptible to pharmacological ascorbate. Pharmacological ascorbate and irradiation were shown to increase the labile iron in tumor homogenates from this murine model of pancreatic cancer. As both IR and pharmacological ascorbate may rely on labile iron for their effects on tumor tissues, our data suggest that pharmacological ascorbate could be used as a radio-sensitizing agent for some radio-resistant tumors. EPR can detect chelatable iron in tissue as ferrioxamine. Chelatable iron varies widely with type of tissue. Pharmacological ascorbate increases the amount of chelatable iron in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Moser
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program and ESR Facility, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Malvika Rawal
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program and ESR Facility, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Brett A Wagner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program and ESR Facility, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Juan Du
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program and ESR Facility, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joseph J Cullen
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program and ESR Facility, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA ; Department of Surgery, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA ; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Garry R Buettner
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program and ESR Facility, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA ; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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