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Webb KL, Gorman EK, Morkeberg OH, Klassen SA, Regimbal RJ, Wiggins CC, Joyner MJ, Hammer SM, Senefeld JW. The relationship between hemoglobin and [Formula: see text]: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292835. [PMID: 37824583 PMCID: PMC10569622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is widespread agreement about the key role of hemoglobin for oxygen transport. Both observational and interventional studies have examined the relationship between hemoglobin levels and maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) in humans. However, there exists considerable variability in the scientific literature regarding the potential relationship between hemoglobin and [Formula: see text]. Thus, we aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the diverse literature and examine the relationship between hemoglobin levels (hemoglobin concentration and mass) and [Formula: see text] (absolute and relative [Formula: see text]) among both observational and interventional studies. METHODS A systematic search was performed on December 6th, 2021. The study procedures and reporting of findings followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Article selection and data abstraction were performed in duplicate by two independent reviewers. Primary outcomes were hemoglobin levels and [Formula: see text] values (absolute and relative). For observational studies, meta-regression models were performed to examine the relationship between hemoglobin levels and [Formula: see text] values. For interventional studies, meta-analysis models were performed to determine the change in [Formula: see text] values (standard paired difference) associated with interventions designed to modify hemoglobin levels or [Formula: see text]. Meta-regression models were then performed to determine the relationship between a change in hemoglobin levels and the change in [Formula: see text] values. RESULTS Data from 384 studies (226 observational studies and 158 interventional studies) were examined. For observational data, there was a positive association between absolute [Formula: see text] and hemoglobin levels (hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin mass, and hematocrit (P<0.001 for all)). Prespecified subgroup analyses demonstrated no apparent sex-related differences among these relationships. For interventional data, there was a positive association between the change of absolute [Formula: see text] (standard paired difference) and the change in hemoglobin levels (hemoglobin concentration (P<0.0001) and hemoglobin mass (P = 0.006)). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that [Formula: see text] values are closely associated with hemoglobin levels among both observational and interventional studies. Although our findings suggest a lack of sex differences in these relationships, there were limited studies incorporating females or stratifying results by biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin L. Webb
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ellen K. Gorman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Olaf H. Morkeberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Klassen
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Riley J. Regimbal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chad C. Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shane M. Hammer
- Department of Kinesiology, Applied Health, and Recreation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Jonathon W. Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Hasanpour Dehkordi A, Hasani T, Fekri K, Deris F, Etemadifar S. Effects of Aquatic Exercise on Dimensions of Quality of Life and Blood Indicators in Patients with Beta-Thalassemia Major. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:128. [PMID: 33088456 PMCID: PMC7554436 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_290_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Thalassemia is considered as a group of genetic blood disorders, characterized by anemia. The present research aimed at evaluating the effects of aquatic exercise on quality of life and blood indices in patients with beta-thalassemia major. Methods: A clinical trial study involving 40 patients with thalassemia major, divided into two groups: experimental and control. The tools used to collect the data included demographic information questionnaire, blood indicators questionnaire, and SF-36 quality of life questionnaire. The experimental group performed exercise in water three times per week for 8 weeks in the pool after obtaining the consent. In this research, the quality of life questionnaire was filled out 24 h before the intervention, 24 h after the last session of the exercise program, and 2 months after the end of the exercise program. Results: The current research revealed that exercise in water affected the quality of life, hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron and ferritin of serum such that the mean score of quality of life and blood indicators in the study showed a significant difference in the experimental group. Conclusions: The use of a regular exercise program combined with drug therapy and blood transfusion can be useful in the treatment of beta-thalassemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hasanpour Dehkordi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Toba Hasani
- Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kiavash Fekri
- Cancer Research Development Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Deris
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences (SKUMS), Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shahram Etemadifar
- Department of Adult and Elderly Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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SCHMIDT WALTERFJ, HOFFMEISTER TORBEN, HAUPT SANDRA, SCHWENKE DIRK, WACHSMUTH NADINEB, BYRNES WILLIAMC. Chronic Exposure to Low-Dose Carbon Monoxide Alters Hemoglobin Mass and V˙O2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:1879-1887. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang J, Ji Y, Zhou L, Xiang Y, Heinonen I, Zhang P. A New Method to Improve Running Economy and Maximal Aerobic Power in Athletes: Endurance Training With Periodic Carbon Monoxide Inhalation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:701. [PMID: 31244675 PMCID: PMC6562501 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Altitude training stimulates erythropoietin hormone (EPO) release and increases blood hemoglobin (Hb) mass, which may result in improved oxygen (O2) transport capacity. It was hypothesized in the present study that periodic inhalation of carbon monoxide (CO) might elicit similar physiological adaptations compared to altitude training. Methods Twelve male college student athletes, who were well-trained soccer players, participated. They performed a 4-week treadmill-training program, five times a week. Participants were randomly assigned into an experimental group with inhaling CO (INCO) (1 mL/kg body weight for 2 min) in O2 (4 L) before all training sessions and a control group without inhaling CO (NOCO). CO and EPO concentrations in venous blood were first measured acutely at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th hour after INCO, and total hemoglobin mass (tHb), running economy and VO2max were measured before and after the 4 weeks training intervention. Results HbCO% increased from 0.7 to 4.4% (P < 0.05) after 1 h of CO inhalation and EPO increased from 1.9 to 2.7 mIU/mL after 4 h post CO inhalation (P < 0.05) acutely before the intervention. After the training, the tHb and VO2max in the INCO group increased significantly by 3.7 and 2.7%, respectively, while no significant differences were observed in the NOCO condition. O2 uptake at given submaximal speeds declined by approximately 4% in the INCO group. Conclusion Acutely, EPO increased sharply post CO inhalation, peaking at 4 h post inhalation. 4-weeks of training with CO inhalation before exercise sessions improved tHb and VO2max as well as running economy, suggesting that moderate CO inhalation could be a new method to improve the endurance performance in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- The Belt and Road Joint Laboratory for Winter Sports, Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhui Ji
- Department of Physical Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Zhou
- The Belt and Road Joint Laboratory for Winter Sports, Department of Exercise Physiology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- School of Physical Education, Yan'an University, Yan'an, China
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, Department of Environmental and Biosciences, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Exercise Science, East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, East Stroudsburg, PA, United States
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Zhao K, Hohmann A, Chang Y, Zhang B, Pion J, Gao B. Physiological, Anthropometric, and Motor Characteristics of Elite Chinese Youth Athletes From Six Different Sports. Front Physiol 2019; 10:405. [PMID: 31105576 PMCID: PMC6499036 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several talent selection programs in elite sport schools are based on motor diagnostics for the purpose of recommending or transferring promising talents to general groups of sports; game sports, combat sports or endurance sports, and to more concrete sports such as gymnastics, skiing, or tennis. However, the predictive value of such testing is unclear. This study evaluated the concurrent validity of physiological performance prerequisites, body dimensions, as well as specific motor performances. The sample consisted of N = 97 youth athletes from all ninth grade classes of a Shanghai Elite Sport school belonging to six different sports including basketball (n = 7), fencing (n = 23), judo (n = 20), swimming (n = 10), table tennis (n = 15), and volleyball (n = 22). The performance diagnosis took place between September 2016 and March 2017, and comprised five physiological measurements of the heart rate at rest, vital capacity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and hemoglobin concentration in the blood, eighteen anthropometric parameters, and two motor tests on back strength and complex reaction speed. The aim of the study was to investigate whether U15 age group athletes participating in six different sports already at this age show a sport specific anthropometric, motor performance, and physiological profile which is in line with the specific requirements of each of the sports. A discriminant analysis and a Neural Network (Multilayer Perceptron) were used to test whether it is possible to discriminate between athletes of the six sports and to assign each individual of the Under-15 athletes to his own sport on the basis of a unique profile of the morphological, motor, and physiological prerequisites. All diagnostic methods exhibited medium to high validity to discriminate between the six different sports. The relevance of the eighteen body dimensions, five physiological measures, and two motor tests for talent identification was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Zhao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Andreas Hohmann
- Department of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Yu Chang
- Shanghai Sports School, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Shanghai Sports School, Shanghai, China
| | - Johan Pion
- Hogeschool Arnhem and Nijmegen, Faculty of Education, Institute of Sport and Exercise Studies, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Falz R, Busse M. Determination of hemoglobin mass in humans by measurement of CO uptake during inhalation of a CO-air mixture: a proof of concept study. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13849. [PMID: 30178548 PMCID: PMC6121115 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) using the carbon monoxide (CO) bolus rebreathing method is frequently used in research but has yet to be widely used in the clinical practice. The estimation of an adequate CO bolus may be difficult in patients with unknown Hbmass. In the present pilot study, a progressive inhalation technique for CO that leads to a linear individual adjusted COHb increase was evaluated. Sixteen healthy test subjects participated in the study (preliminary investigation: six; main study: ten). The reliability and validity of the new method were evaluated using multiple measurements of Hbmass with and without a defined blood donation and compared to a CO bolus method. The participants inhaled a CO-air mixture (CO concentration: 1500 ppm) for a specific breathing duration. The CO uptake and COHb change were determined simultaneously. The typical error (reliability) in the repeated measurements was 2.4% (CI ± 4.7). The mean difference between the new method and the bolus method was 34 g (±41; P = 0.026). The measured hemoglobin loss in 490 mL of blood was 74 g (±35), and the calculated hemoglobin loss was 77 g (±4) (mean difference 3 g ± 34; P = 0.820). The new method was reliable and valid in a proof of concept study with healthy subjects. The total amount of CO and as a result the COHb increase is individually adjustable. Future studies in clinical settings are needed to determine if the method could be used in disease-specific pathologies associated with changes in Hbmass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Falz
- Institute of Sport Medicine and PreventionUniversity of LeipzigGermany
| | - Martin Busse
- Institute of Sport Medicine and PreventionUniversity of LeipzigGermany
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Prommer N, Wachsmuth N, Thieme I, Wachsmuth C, Mancera-Soto EM, Hohmann A, Schmidt WFJ. Influence of Endurance Training During Childhood on Total Hemoglobin Mass. Front Physiol 2018; 9:251. [PMID: 29618981 PMCID: PMC5871736 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite endurance athletes are characterized by markedly increased hemoglobin mass (Hbmass). It has been hypothesized that this adaptation may occur as a response to training at a very young age. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor changes in Hbmass in children aged 8–14 years following systematic endurance training. In the first study, Hbmass, VO2max, and lean body mass (LBM) were measured in 17 endurance-trained children (13 boys and 4 girls; aged 9.7 ± 1.3 years; training history 1.5±1.8 years; training volume 3.5 ± 1.6 h) twice a year for up to 3.5 years. The same parameters were measured once in a control group of 18 age-matched untrained children. Hbmass and blood volume (BV) were measured using the optimized CO-rebreathing technique, VO2max by an incremental test on a treadmill, and LBM by skin-fold measurements. In the second pilot study, the same parameters were measured in 9 young soccer athletes (aged 7.8 ± 0.2 years), and results were assessed in relation to soccer performance 2.5 years later. The increase in mean Hbmass during the period of study was 50% which was closely related to changes in LBM (r = 0.959). A significant impact of endurance training on Hbmass was observed in athletes exercising more than 4 h/week [+25.4 g compared to the group with low training volume (<2 h/week)]. The greatest effects were related to LBM (11.4 g·kg−1 LBM) and overlapped with the effects of age. A strong relationship was present between absolute Hbmass and VO2max (r = 0.939), showing that an increase of 1 g hemoglobin increases VO2max by 3.6 ml·min−1. Study 2 showed a positive correlation between Hbmass and soccer performance 2.5 years later at age 10.3 ± 0.3 years (r = 0.627, p = 0.035). In conclusion, children with a weekly training volume of more than 4 h show a 7% higher Hbmass than untrained children. Although this training effect is significant and independent of changes in LBM, the major factor driving the increase in Hbmass is still LBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Prommer
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, Sports Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nadine Wachsmuth
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, Sports Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ina Thieme
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, Sports Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Wachsmuth
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, Sports Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Erica M Mancera-Soto
- Department of Physiology, Biological Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Andreas Hohmann
- Department of Training Sciences, Sports Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Walter F J Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, Sports Science, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse, Bayreuth, Germany
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Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Orysiak J, Majorczyk E, Pokrywka A, Kaczmarski J, Szygula Z, Sitkowski D. NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN tHbmass AND POLYMORPHISMS IN THE HBB GENE IN ENDURANCE ATHLETES. Biol Sport 2014; 31:115-9. [PMID: 24899775 PMCID: PMC4042665 DOI: 10.5604/20831862.1099372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the association between tHbmass and HBB gene polymorphisms in athletes of endurance disciplines. Eighty-two well-trained athletes (female n=36, male n=46), aged 19.3 ± 2.7 years, representing cross country skiing (n=37) and middle- and long-distance running (n=45), participated in the study. Genotyping for 2 polymorphisms in the HBB gene (- 551C/T and intron 2, +16 C/G) was performed using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Total haemoglobin mass (tHbmass) was determined by the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method. Blood morphology, indices of iron status (ferritin, transferrin receptor and total iron binding capacity) and C reactive protein were also determined. No differences were found in the HBB genotype and allele frequencies between male and female athletes. Regardless of the polymorphisms, no relationships were found between HBB genotypes as well as alleles and relative values of tHbmass, expressed per body mass (g · kg-1 BM), both in female and male athletes. Our results demonstrated that -551 C/T and intron 2, +16 C/G polymorphisms of the HBB gene have no association with total haemoglobin mass in endurance athletes. It cannot be ruled out that several polymorphisms, each with a small but significant contribution, may be responsible for the amount of haemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Orysiak
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Majorczyk
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - A Pokrywka
- Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Kaczmarski
- Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Z Szygula
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland
| | - D Sitkowski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
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Turner G, Pringle JSM, Ingham SA, Fudge BW, Richardson AJ, Maxwell NS. The influence of carbon monoxide bolus on the measurement of total haemoglobin mass using the optimized CO-rebreathing method. Physiol Meas 2014; 35:N11-9. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/35/2/n11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Sitkowski D, Orysiak J, Pokrywka A, Szygula Z. Total haemoglobin mass, blood volume and morphological indices among athletes from different sport disciplines. Arch Med Sci 2013; 9:780-7. [PMID: 24273557 PMCID: PMC3832821 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2013.36926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Haemoglobin is a key determinant of maximal oxygen uptake. This study's objective was to assess total haemoglobin mass (tHb-mass), as well as blood volume and morphological indices in athletes training different sports disciplines. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted on 176 endurance and non-endurance athletes (males and females). tHb-mass, blood volume (BV), plasma volume (PV), and red cell volume (RCV) were determined by optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method. Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), haematocrit (Hct), red blood count (RBC) were also determined. RESULTS In endurance sports, gender regardless, no significant differences in relative mean values of tHb-mass (12.8-13.1 g/kg - males; 10.4-10.6 g/kg - females), BV (90.8-94.0 ml/kg - males; 82.7-86.9 ml/kg - females), RCV (36.6-38.0 ml/kg - males; 31.1-31.5 ml/kg - females) or of PV in males (54.2-56.4 ml/kg) were observed. The above indices' relative values, gender regardless, were significantly lower in judo (11.2 ±0.7 g/kg, 81.8 ±5.9 ml/kg, 48.6 ±4.5 ml/kg and 33.1 ±2.0 ml/kg - males; 9.3 ±0.7 g/kg, 74.3 ±5.6 ml/kg, 46.4 ±4.0 ml/kg and 27.9 ±2.1 ml/kg - females) compared to endurance sports (p < 0.001). No substantial differences were observed in morphological blood indices in males, whereas this differentiation was found between certain sports in female athletes. CONCLUSIONS The lack of differences in tHb-mass, BV, PV and RCV in endurance sports and presence of this differentiation between various sports shows that the types of training might affect levels of mentioned indices. Measurements of tHb-mass and BV parameters prove Hb, Hct and RBC to have limited value for haematological status evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Orysiak
- Department of Nutrition Physiology, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pokrywka
- Department of Anti-Doping Research, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Szygula
- Department of Sports Medicine, University School of Physical Education, Cracow, Poland
- University of Social Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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