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Miralda I, Vashishta A, Rogers MN, Lamont RJ, Uriarte SM. The emerging oral pathogen, Filifactor alocis, extends the functional lifespan of human neutrophil. Mol Microbiol 2022; 117:1340-1351. [PMID: 35437843 PMCID: PMC9233153 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory infectious disease that affects the integrity of tooth‐supporting tissues and has adverse systemic consequences. Advances in sequencing technologies have uncovered organisms that are exclusively found in high numbers in periodontal lesions, such as the gram‐positive anaerobic rod, Filifactor alocis. F. alocis can manipulate neutrophil effector functions, which allows the organism to survive within these granulocytes. Several neutrophil functions have been tested in the context of F. alocis challenge, but the effect of the organism on neutrophil apoptosis is still unknown. RNA sequencing of human neutrophils challenged with F. alocis showed that apoptosis pathways were differentially regulated. Compared to media‐cultured controls, F. alocis‐challenged neutrophils maintain their nuclear morphology, do not stain for Annexin V or 7‐AAD, and have decreased DNA fragmentation. Inhibition of apoptosis by F. alocis involved reduced caspase‐3, −8, and − 9 activation and upregulation of important anti‐apoptotic proteins. Prolonged lifespan was dependent on contact through TLR2/6, and F. alocis‐challenged neutrophils retained their functional capacity to induce inflammation for longer timepoints. This is the first in‐depth characterization of neutrophil apoptotic programs in response to an oral pathogen and provides key information on how bacteria manipulate immune cell mechanisms to maintain a dysregulated inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Miralda
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Present address: Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aruna Vashishta
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Max N Rogers
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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2
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Miralda I, Uriarte SM. Periodontal Pathogens' strategies disarm neutrophils to promote dysregulated inflammation. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 36:103-120. [PMID: 33128827 PMCID: PMC8048607 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is an irreversible, chronic inflammatory disease where inflammophilic pathogenic microbial communities accumulate in the gingival crevice. Neutrophils are a major component of the innate host response against bacterial challenge, and under homeostatic conditions, their microbicidal functions typically protect the host against periodontitis. However, a number of periodontal pathogens developed survival strategies to evade neutrophil microbicidal functions while promoting inflammation, which provides a source of nutrients for bacterial growth. Research on periodontal pathogens has largely focused on a few established species: Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. However, advances in culture-independent techniques have facilitated the identification of new bacterial species in periodontal lesions, such as the two Gram-positive anaerobes, Filifactor alocis and Peptoanaerobacter stomatis, whose characterization of pathogenic potential has not been fully described. Additionally, there is not a full understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms used against neutrophils by organisms that are abundant in periodontal lesions. This presents a substantial barrier to the development of new approaches to prevent or ameliorate the disease. In this review, we first summarize the neutrophil functions affected by the established periodontal pathogens listed above, denoting unknown areas that still merit a closer look. Then, we review the literature on neutrophil functions and the emerging periodontal pathogens, F. alocis and P. stomatis, comparing the effects of the emerging microbes to that of established pathogens, and speculate on the contribution of these putative pathogens to the progression of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Miralda
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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3
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Jones MM, Vanyo ST, Ibraheem W, Maddi A, Visser MB. Treponema denticola stimulates Oncostatin M cytokine release and de novo synthesis in neutrophils and macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1527-1541. [PMID: 32678942 PMCID: PMC8265777 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0620-072rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine elevated in a number of inflammatory conditions including periodontal disease. OSM is produced by a variety of immune cells and has diverse functionality such as regulation of metabolic processes, cell differentiation, and the inflammatory response to bacterial pathogens. The oral cavity is under constant immune surveillance including complementary neutrophil and macrophage populations, due to a persistent symbiotic bacterial presence. Periodontal disease is characterized by a dysbiotic bacterial community, with an abundance of Treponema denticola. Despite strong associations with severe periodontal disease, the source and mechanism of the release of OSM have not been defined in the oral cavity. We show that OSM protein is elevated in the gingival epithelium and immune cell infiltrate during periodontal disease. Furthermore, salivary and oral neutrophil OSM is elevated in correlation with the presence of T. denticola. In an air pouch infection model, T. denticola stimulated higher levels of OSM than the oral pathogen Porphorymonas gingivalis, despite differential recruitment of innate immune cells suggesting T. denticola has distinct properties to elevate OSM levels. OSM release and transcription were increased in isolated human blood, oral neutrophils, or macrophages exposed to T. denticola in vitro as measured by ELISA, qPCR, and microscopy. Using transcription, translation, and actin polymerization inhibition, we found that T. denticola stimulates both OSM release through degranulation and de novo synthesis in neutrophils and also OSM release and synthesis in macrophages. Differential induction of OSM by T. denticola may promote clinical periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Jones
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Stephen T Vanyo
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Wael Ibraheem
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Abhiram Maddi
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michelle B Visser
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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4
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Borroni EM, Qehajaj D, Farina FM, Yiu D, Bresalier RS, Chiriva-Internati M, Mirandola L, Štifter S, Laghi L, Grizzi F. Fusobacterium nucleatum and the Immune System in Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-019-00442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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5
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Eivazi M, Falahi N, Eivazi N, Eivazi MA, Raygani AV, Rezaei F. The Effect of Scaling and Root Planning on Salivary TNF-α and IL-1α Concentrations in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis. Open Dent J 2017; 11:573-580. [PMID: 29238418 PMCID: PMC5712651 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601711010573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontitis is one of the main diseases in the oral cavity that causes tooth loss. The host immune response and inflammatory factors have important role in periodontal tissue. The current study was done with the objective to determine the effect of scaling and root planning on the salivary concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1-alpha (IL-1α). METHODS In this quasi-experimental clinical trial, 29 patients with chronic periodontitis and 29 healthy subjects without periodontitis were studied. Clinical examination findings and salivary TNF-α and IL-1α (using ELISA method) were compared before and after scaling, root planning. RESULTS Before starting treatment, salivary TNF-α and IL-1α concentrations were higher in healthy control group than in periodontitis group (P< 0.05). Non-surgical treatment increased the concentration of these two biomarkers in the saliva. However, increase in IL-1α concentration was not statistically significant (P= 0.056). There was a negative relationship between TNF-α and IL-1α levels with pocket depth and attachment loss (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION Scaling and root planning improved periodontal disease indices and salivary TNF-α and IL-1α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoome Eivazi
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Negar Falahi
- School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Nastaran Eivazi
- Department of ENT, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Eivazi
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,, Iran
| | - Asad Vaisi Raygani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, , Iran
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Jones MM, Vanyo ST, Visser MB. The C-terminal region of the major outer sheath protein of Treponema denticola inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2017; 32:375-389. [PMID: 28296262 PMCID: PMC5585023 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Treponema denticola is an oral spirochete strongly associated with severe periodontal disease. A prominent virulence factor, the major outer sheath protein (Msp), disorients neutrophil chemotaxis by altering the cellular phosphoinositide balance, leading to impairment of downstream chemotactic events including actin rearrangement, Rac1 activation, and Akt activation in response to chemoattractant stimulation. The specific regions of Msp responsible for interactions with neutrophils remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of truncated Msp regions on neutrophil chemotaxis and associated signaling pathways. Murine neutrophils were treated with recombinant protein truncations followed by assessment of chemotaxis and associated signal pathway activation. Chemotaxis assays indicate sequences within the C-terminal region; particularly the first 130 amino acids, have the strongest inhibitory effect on neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophils incubated with the C-terminal region protein also demonstrated the greatest inhibition of Rac1 activation, increased phosphoinositide phosphatase activity, and decreased Akt activation; orchestrating impairment of chemotaxis. Furthermore, incubation with antibodies specific to only the C-terminal region blocked the Msp-induced inhibition of chemotaxis and denaturing the protein restored Rac1 activation. Msp from the strain OTK, with numerous amino acid substitutions throughout the polypeptide, including the C-terminal region compared with strain 35405, showed increased ability to impair neutrophil chemotaxis. Collectively, these results indicate that the C-terminal region of Msp is the most potent region to modulate neutrophil chemotactic signaling and that specific sequences and structures are likely to be required. Knowledge of how spirochetes dampen the neutrophil response is limited and Msp may represent a novel therapeutic target for periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Jones
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Stephen T. Vanyo
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Michelle B. Visser
- State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Kurgan Ş, Kansal S, Nguyen D, Stephens D, Koroneos Y, Hasturk H, Van Dyke TE, Kantarci A. Strain-Specific Impact of Fusobacterium nucleatum on Neutrophil Function. J Periodontol 2016; 88:380-389. [PMID: 27762731 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil function is critical for initiation and progression of infecto-inflammatory diseases. Key quorum-sensing plaque bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, act as bridging species between early and late colonizer pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, as the biofilm ages and periodontal inflammation increases. This study is designed to determine impact of different F. nucleatum strains on neutrophil function. METHODS Cells of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line-60 were differentiated into neutrophil-like cells and cultured with F. nucleatum strains of subspecies (ssp.) nucleatum ATCC 25586, ssp. polymorphum ATCC 10953, and ssp. vincentii ATCC 49256. Neutrophil phagocytosis of F. nucleatum strains and neutrophil apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Superoxide generation was measured by cytochrome C reduction in the presence and absence of N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) (1 μM) stimulation. Proinflammatory cytokine release was determined after 2, 6, and 24 hours of culture in the presence/absence of different F. nucleatum strains. Expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B mRNA levels were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Each experiment was repeated at least three times in triplicate. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by post hoc Bonferroni correction. RESULTS All strains of F. nucleatum significantly increased phagocytic capacity of neutrophils. Neutrophil phagocytosis of F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum was significantly greater than that of F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii and ssp. nucleatum (P <0.001). F. nucleatum ssp. nucleatum and ssp. polymorphum significantly blocked fMLP-induced superoxide generation (P <0.001). Although F. nucleatum vincentii also reduced superoxide generation (25%), the impact was not as strong as that of ssp. nucleatum (83%) and ssp. polymorphum (100%). All F. nucleatum strains stimulated significant increase in neutrophil apoptosis compared with control (P <0.001) and significantly increased expression of NF-κB mRNA in neutrophils (P <0.05). Levels of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α produced by neutrophils were significantly increased in all F. nucleatum groups compared with control (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that different strains of F. nucleatum impact neutrophil function in different ways. Two of three subspecies blocked neutrophil superoxide generation in response to a secondary stimulus, preventing oxidative killing by neutrophils. The direct role of bridging species in pathogenesis of periodontitis may be greater than previously suspected in which they create a favorable environment for pathogenic transition of the dental ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şivge Kurgan
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Shevali Kansal
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Danielle Stephens
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Yannis Koroneos
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas E Van Dyke
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Alpdogan Kantarci
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA
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Kim YJ, Choi YS, Baek KJ, Yoon SH, Park HK, Choi Y. Mucosal and salivary microbiota associated with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16 Suppl 1:57. [PMID: 27036492 PMCID: PMC4818471 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral mucosal disorder of unclear etiopathogenesis. Although recent studies of the oral microbiota by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes have suggested that imbalances in the oral microbiota may contribute to the etiopathogenesis of RAS, no specific bacterial species associated with RAS have been identified. The present study aimed to characterize the microbiota in the oral mucosa and saliva of RAS patients in comparison with control subjects at the species level. RESULTS The bacterial communities of the oral mucosa and saliva from RAS patients with active lesions (RAS, n = 18 for mucosa and n = 8 for saliva) and control subjects (n = 18 for mucosa and n = 7 for saliva) were analyzed by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. There were no significant differences in the alpha diversity between the controls and the RAS, but the mucosal microbiota of the RAS patients showed increased inter-subject variability. A comparison of the relative abundance of each taxon revealed decreases in the members of healthy core microbiota but increases of rare species in the mucosal and salivary microbiota of RAS patients. Particularly, decreased Streptococcus salivarius and increased Acinetobacter johnsonii in the mucosa were associated with RAS risk. A dysbiosis index, which was developed using the relative abundance of A. johnsonii and S. salivarius and the regression coefficients, correctly predicted 83 % of the total cases for the absence or presence of RAS. Interestingly, A. johnsonii substantially inhibited the proliferation of gingival epithelial cells and showed greater cytotoxicity against the gingival epithelial cells than S. salivarius. CONCLUSION RAS is associated with dysbiosis of the mucosal and salivary microbiota, and two species associated with RAS have been identified. This knowledge may provide a diagnostic tool and new targets for therapeutics for RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ji Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Seoul, Jongno-gu, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sik Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Seoul, Jongno-gu, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Jin Baek
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Seoul, Jongno-gu, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hwan Yoon
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Kyung Park
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Seoul, Jongno-gu, 110-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101 Daehak-ro, Seoul, Jongno-gu, 110-744, Republic of Korea.
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Jayaprakash K, Demirel I, Khalaf H, Bengtsson T. The role of phagocytosis, oxidative burst and neutrophil extracellular traps in the interaction between neutrophils and the periodontal pathogenPorphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 30:361-75. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Jayaprakash
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - I. Demirel
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - H. Khalaf
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - T. Bengtsson
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
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10
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Ji S, Choi YS, Choi Y. Bacterial invasion and persistence: critical events in the pathogenesis of periodontitis? J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:570-85. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ji
- Department of Periodontology Anam Hospital Korea University Seoul Korea
| | - Y. S. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and Dental Research Institute School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea
| | - Y. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology and Dental Research Institute School of Dentistry Seoul National University Seoul Korea
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LPS from P. gingivalis and hypoxia increases oxidative stress in periodontal ligament fibroblasts and contributes to periodontitis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:986264. [PMID: 25374447 PMCID: PMC4211166 DOI: 10.1155/2014/986264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is characterized by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plays a key role in the progression of inflammatory diseases. We hypothesize that hypoxic and inflammatory events induce oxidative stress in the periodontal ligament (PDL) by activating NOX4. Human primary PDL fibroblasts were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis (LPS-PG), a periodontal pathogen bacterium under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. By quantitative PCR, immunoblot, immunostaining, and a specific ROS assay we determined the amount of NOX4, ROS, and several redox systems. Healthy and inflamed periodontal tissues were collected to evaluate NOX4 and redox systems by immunohistochemistry. We found significantly increased NOX4 levels after hypoxic or inflammatory stimulation in PDL cells (P < 0.001) which was even more pronounced after combination of the stimuli. This was accompanied by a significant upregulation of ROS and catalase (P < 0.001). However, prolonged incubation with both stimuli induced a reduction of catalase indicating a collapse of the protective machinery favoring ROS increase and the progression of inflammatory oral diseases. Analysis of inflamed tissues confirmed our hypothesis. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the interplay of NOX4 and redox systems is crucial for ROS formation which plays a pivotal role during oral diseases.
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12
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Magalhaes MAO, Glogauer JE, Glogauer M. Neutrophils and oral squamous cell carcinoma: lessons learned and future directions. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:695-702. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ru0614-294r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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13
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Ji S, Choi Y. Innate immune response to oral bacteria and the immune evasive characteristics of periodontal pathogens. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2013; 43:3-11. [PMID: 23507986 PMCID: PMC3596631 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2013.43.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammation of periodontal tissue caused by subgingival plaque-associated bacteria. Periodontitis has long been understood to be the result of an excessive host response to plaque bacteria. In addition, periodontal pathogens have been regarded as the causative agents that induce a hyperinflammatory response from the host. In this brief review, host-microbe interaction of nonperiodontopathic versus periodontopathic bacteria with innate immune components encountered in the gingival sulcus will be described. In particular, we will describe the susceptibility of these microbes to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and phagocytosis by neutrophils, the induction of tissue-destructive mediators from neutrophils, the induction of AMPs and interleukin (IL)-8 from gingival epithelial cells, and the pattern recognition receptors that mediate the regulation of AMPs and IL-8 in gingival epithelial cells. This review indicates that true periodontal pathogens are poor activators/suppressors of a host immune response, and they evade host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ji
- Department of Periodontology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Shin J, Kho SA, Choi YS, Kim YC, Rhyu IC, Choi Y. Antibody and T cell responses to Fusobacterium nucleatum and Treponema denticola in health and chronic periodontitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53703. [PMID: 23335969 PMCID: PMC3546045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the T cell response to the members of oral flora are poorly understood. We characterized the antibody and T cell responses to FadA and Td92, adhesins from Fusobacterium nucleatum, an oral commensal, and Treponema denticola, a periodontal pathogen, respectively. Peripheral blood and saliva were obtained from healthy individuals and patients with untreated chronic periodontitis (CP, n = 11 paris) and after successful treatment of the disease (n = 9). The levels of antigen-specific antibody were measured by ELISA. In plasma, IgG1 was the most abundant isotype of Ab for both Ags, followed by IgA and then IgG4. The levels of FadA-specific salivary IgA (sIgA) were higher than Td92-specific sIgA and the FadA-specific IgA levels observed in plasma. However, the periodontal health status of the individuals did not affect the levels of FadA- or Td92-specific antibody. Even healthy individuals contained FadA- and Td92-specific CD4+ T cells, as determined by the detection of intracytoplasmic CD154 after short-term in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with the antigens. Patients with CP tended to possess increased numbers of FadA- and Td92-specific CD4+ T cells but reduced numbers of Td92-specific Foxp3+CD4+ Tregs than the healthy subjects. Both FadA and Td92 induced the production of IFNγ and IL-10 but inhibited the secretion of IL-4 by PBMCs. In conclusion, F. nucleatum induced Th3 (sIgA)- and Th1 (IFNγ and IgG1)-dominant immune responses, whereas T. denticola induced a Th1 (IFNγ and IgG1)-dominant response. This IFNγ-dominant cytokine response was impaired in CP patients, and the Td92-induced IFNγ levels were negatively associated with periodontal destruction in patients. These findings may provide new insights into the homeostatic interaction between the immune system and oral bacteria and the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Shin
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, BK21 CLS, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-A Kho
- Department of Periodontology, BK21 CLS, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun S. Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, BK21 CLS, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong C. Kim
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, BK21 CLS, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Chul Rhyu
- Department of Periodontology, BK21 CLS, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngnim Choi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, BK21 CLS, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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15
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Molecular analysis of microbiota associated with peri-implant diseases. J Dent 2012; 40:989-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Izakovicova Holla L, Hrdlickova B, Vokurka J, Fassmann A. Matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP8) gene polymorphisms in chronic periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:188-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Neutrophils (also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes) are the most abundant leukocytes whose primary purpose as anti-microbial professional phagocytes is to kill extracellular pathogens. Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytic cell types that along with other cells effectively link the innate and adaptive arms of the immune response, and help promote inflammatory resolution and tissue healing. Found extensively within the gingival crevice and epithelium, neutrophils are considered the key protective cell type in the periodontal tissues. Histopathology of periodontal lesions indicates that neutrophils form a 'wall' between the junctional epithelium and the pathogen-rich dental plaque which functions as a robust anti-microbial secretory structure and as a unified phagocytic apparatus. However, neutrophil protection is not without cost and is always considered a two-edged sword in that overactivity of neutrophils can cause tissue damage and prolong the extent and severity of inflammatory periodontal diseases. This review will cover the innate and inflammatory functions of neutrophils, and describe the importance and utility of neutrophils to the host response and the integrity of the periodontium in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Scott
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Bencurova E, Mlynarcik P, Bhide M. An insight into the ligand-receptor interactions involved in the translocation of pathogens across blood-brain barrier. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:297-318. [PMID: 22092557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traversal of pathogen across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an essential step for central nervous system (CNS) invasion. Pathogen traversal can occur paracellularly, transcellularly, and/or in infected phagocytes (Trojan horse mechanism). To trigger the translocation processes, mainly through paracellular and transcellular ways, interactions between protein molecules of pathogen and BBB are inevitable. Simply, it takes two to tango: both host receptors and pathogen ligands. Underlying molecular basis of BBB translocation of various pathogens has been revealed in the last decade, and a plethora of experimental data on protein-protein interactions has been created. This review compiles these data and should give insights into the ligand-receptor interactions that occur during BBB translocation. Further, it sheds light on cell signaling events triggered in response to ligand-receptor interaction. Understanding of the molecular principles of pathogen-host interactions that are involved in traversal of the BBB should contribute to develop new vaccine and drug strategies to prevent CNS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bencurova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
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Steeves CH, Potrykus J, Barnett DA, Bearne SL. Oxidative stress response in the opportunistic oral pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum. Proteomics 2011; 11:2027-37. [PMID: 21563313 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus Fusobacterium nucleatum plays a vital role in oral biofilm formation and the development of periodontal disease. The organism plays a central bridging role between early and late colonizers within dental plaque and plays a protective role against reactive oxygen species. Using a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry approach, we have annotated 78 proteins within the proteome of F. nucleatum subsp. nucleatum and identified those proteins whose apparent intracellular concentrations change in response to either O(2)- or H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress. Three major protein systems were altered in response to oxidative stress: (i) proteins of the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase/thioredoxin reductase system were increased in intracellular concentration; (ii) glycolytic enzymes were modified by oxidation (i.e. D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and fructose 6-phosphate aldolase) or increased in intracellular concentration, with an accompanying decrease in ATP production; and (iii) the intracellular concentrations of molecular chaperone proteins and related proteins (i.e. ClpB, DnaK, HtpG, and HrcA) were increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig H Steeves
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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20
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Kim YC, Shin JE, Lee SH, Chung WJ, Lee YS, Choi BK, Choi Y. Membrane-bound proteinase 3 and PAR2 mediate phagocytosis of non-opsonized bacteria in human neutrophils. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1966-74. [PMID: 21700341 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the non-opsonic phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils are poorly understood. We previously reported the efficient uptake of Streptococcus sanguinis by human neutrophils in the absence of opsonins. To characterize the phagocytosis receptor, protein lysates from neutrophils and HL-60 cells were subjected to affinity chromatography using epoxy beads coated with S. sanguinis. Denaturing electrophoresis of the eluted proteins and subsequent mass spectrometry revealed that one of the proteins eluted from neutrophils was proteinase 3 (PR3). Enzymatic cleavage of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol linker of NB1, a co-receptor for membrane-bound PR3 (mPR3), significantly reduced the phagocytosis of S. sanguinis. In addition, the neutralization of mPR3 with antibody reduced both binding and phagocytosis of S. sanguinis. Treatment of neutrophils with a serine proteinase inhibitor indicated that protease activity is required for phagocytosis. Thus, we studied whether protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is involved in signal transmission from mPR3 during this process. Indeed, neutralizing antibodies against PAR2 inhibited phagocytosis and S. sanguinis-induced calcium mobilization desensitized PAR2. Furthermore, the phagocytosis of S. sanguinis and the concomitant activation of Rho family GTPases were inhibited by the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM. Collectively, mPR3 acts as a non-opsonic phagocytosis receptor for bacteria probably by activating PAR2 in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong C Kim
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Immunology and BK21 CLS Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Republic of Korea
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21
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Grant MM, Kolamunne RT, Lock FE, Matthews JB, Chapple ILC, Griffiths HR. Oxygen tension modulates the cytokine response of oral epithelium to periodontal bacteria. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:1039-48. [PMID: 20955352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an inverse relationship between pocket depth and pocket oxygen tension with deep pockets being associated with anaerobic bacteria. However, little is known about how the host tissues respond to bacteria under differing oxygen tensions within the periodontal pocket. AIM To investigate the effect of different oxygen tensions upon nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and the inflammatory cytokine response of oral epithelial cells when exposed to nine species of oral bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS H400 oral epithelial cells were equilibrated at 2%, 10% or 21% oxygen. Cells were stimulated with heat-killed oral bacteria at multiplicity of infection 10:1, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (15 μg/ml) or vehicle control. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and NF-κB activation was measured by reporter vector or by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Tannerella forsythensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia elicited the greatest epithelial NF-κB activation and cytokine responses. An oxygen-tension-dependent trend in cytokine production was observed with the highest IL-8 and TNF-α production observed at 2% oxygen and lowest at 21% oxygen. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a greater pro-inflammatory host response and cell signalling response to bacteria present in more anaerobic conditions, and hypersensitivity of epithelial cells to pro-inflammatory stimuli at 2% oxygen, which may have implications for disease pathogenesis and/or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Grant
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Lima HR, Gelani V, Fernandes AP, Gasparoto TH, Torres SA, Santos CF, Garlet GP, da Silva JS, Campanelli AP. The essential role of toll like receptor-4 in the control of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans infection in mice. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:248-54. [PMID: 20149215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral Gram-negative bacterium that contributes to periodontitis progression. Isolated antigens from A. actinomycetemcomitans could be activating innate immune cells through Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this study, we evaluated the role of TLR4 in the control of A. actinomycetemcomitans infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS We examined the mechanisms that modulate the outcome of A. actinomycetemcomitans-induced periodontal disease in TLR4(-/-) mice. The production of cytokines was evaluated by ELISA. The bacterial load was determined by counting the number of colony-forming units per gram of tissue. RESULTS The results showed that TLR4-deficient mice developed less severe periodontitis after A. actinomycetemcomitans infection, characterized by significantly lower bone loss and inflammatory cell migration to periodontal tissues. However, the absence of TLR4 facilitated the A. actinomycetemcomitans dissemination. Myeloperoxidase activity was diminished in the periodontal tissue of TLR4(-/-) mice. We observed a significant reduction in the production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-1beta in the periodontal tissue of TLR4(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION The results of this study highlighted the role of TLR4 in controlling A. actinomycetemcomitans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayana Ramos Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Guan SM, Shu L, Fu SM, Liu B, Xu XL, Wu JZ. Prevotella intermediaupregulates MMP-1 and MMP-8 expression in human periodontal ligament cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 299:214-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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