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Yilmaz BS, Kara M, Seker ED, Yenidünya D. Do we know how much force we apply with latex intermaxillary elastics? APOS TRENDS IN ORTHODONTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.25259/apos_68_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
The aim of our study was to evaluate the variation of the forces provided by different branded elastics and to compare the force diminution that occurs after 24-h of use in wet environment.
Materials and Methods:
Elastics from four different manufacturer (American Orthodontics [AO], USA; Dentaurum [DENT], Germany; Ormco, USA; RMO, USA) with 3/16-inch (4.8 mm) lumen diameter, and two different force degrees (medium/heavy) were included in the study with a total of eight groups of elastics. First force measurements were performed with 50 elastics of each group at various stretching distances; lumen diameter ×2 (9.52 mm), ×3 (14.28 mm), the average canine-first molar length (22.3 mm), and the canine-second molar length (38.7 mm) under room temperature and dry air conditions. In addition, ten the elastics from each group were stretched at 22.3 mm distance in a custom-made plate and kept in 37°C distilled water. Twenty-four hours later, the force measurements were repeated.
Results:
Regardless of the brand and type (medium-heavy), all the tested elastics showed variations in matter of generated forces at different stretching distances. The variation amount increased as the length of elongation increased. The lowest standard deviation values were observed for both medium and heavy DENT elastic groups. When stretched to 3 times of their lumen size, the medium and heavy elastics both produced either lower or higher forces compared to the levels of force indicated by the manufacturers. The closest mean force to the force level stated by the manufacturer was provided with medium AO (3.6 g difference) elastics and heavy RMO counterparts (7.9 g difference). A significant 20–23% reduction of force was observed in all brands, both in medium and heavy elastics after passing 24-h in aqueous environment. No significant difference was observed in matter of force degradation between groups for both medium and heavy elastics (P < 0.05).
Conclusion:
The forces exerted by intermaxillary elastics were not found to be standard and the force stated on the package is not always provided precisely. A significant force loss around 20% was observed with all the elastics after 24-h of use in wet environment at 37°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berza Sen Yilmaz
- Department of Orthodontics, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Mihriban Kara
- Department of Orthodontics, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Elif Dilara Seker
- Department of Orthodontics, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Deniz Yenidünya
- Department of Orthodontics, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey,
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Martínez-Colomer S, Gaton-Hernández P, Romano FL, De Rossi A, Fukada SY, Nelson-Filho P, Consolaro A, Silva RAB, Silva LAB. Latex and nonlatex orthodontic elastics: In vitro and in vivo evaluations of tissue compatibility and surface structure. Angle Orthod 2015; 86:278-84. [DOI: 10.2319/111714-823.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between latex and nonlatex orthodontic elastics with respect to tissue compatibility and surface structure.
Materials and Methods:
Latex and nonlatex elastics were implanted in the subcutaneous connective tissue of 45 Wistar rats. In the control groups, no material was implanted (sham). After 24 hours, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days, the animals were euthanized; tissue samples were processed and analyzed by descriptive and semi-quantitative microscopic analysis and quantification of plasma extravasation. The surface structure of elastics was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis test at 5% significance level.
Results:
Peri-implant plasma extravasation was significantly higher (P < .05) in the animals that received latex elastics compared with those with nonlatex elastics and those that were control animals. The microscopic analysis revealed a more intense inflammatory infiltrate in the initial periods without statistically significant difference (P > .05) between the experimental and control groups. The SEM analysis revealed that the latex elastics presented microspheres and porosities, while the nonlatex elastics exhibited crystals on their surface and absence of porosities.
Conclusion:
The null hypothesis was rejected since the latex elastics were more irritating to the connective tissue than the nonlatex elastics in the initial periods and presented a more porous surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martínez-Colomer
- Associate Professor, Department of Integrated Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrícia Gaton-Hernández
- Associate Professor, Department of Integrated Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fábio Lourenço Romano
- Professor, Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Andiara De Rossi
- Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Yasuyo Fukada
- Professor, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Full Professor and Chairman, Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alberto Consolaro
- Full Professor, Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra Silva
- Associate Professor, Department of Pediatric Clinics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lea Assed Bezerra Silva
- Full Professor, Department of Pediatric Clinic, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Pithon MM, Mendes JL, da Silva CA, Lacerda Dos Santos R, Coqueiro RDS. Force decay of latex and non-latex intermaxillary elastics: a clinical study. Eur J Orthod 2015; 38:39-43. [PMID: 25740601 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjv005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Melo Pithon
- *Department of Health I, Southwest Bahia State University - UESB, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil,
| | - Jéssica Lima Mendes
- **Department of Health and Technology Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Camila Anselmo da Silva
- **Department of Health and Technology Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rogério Lacerda Dos Santos
- **Department of Health and Technology Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
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Pithon MM. Cytotoxicity of orthodontic materials: the search for the perfect orthodontic material. Dental Press J Orthod 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s2176-94512012000400002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Lacerda Dos Santos R, Pithon MM, Romanos MTV. The influence of pH levels on mechanical and biological properties of nonlatex and latex elastics. Angle Orthod 2011; 82:709-14. [PMID: 22149622 DOI: 10.2319/082811-552.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of pH levels on interarch elastics with regard to force decay and cytotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS One nonlatex (NLAO) group and one latex (LAO) group were tested (n = 10). Elastics were stretched to 25 mm and were held for 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours in artificial saliva solutions with pH levels of 5.0, 6.0, and 7.5. Force magnitudes were measured at 25 mm of activation. The cytotoxicity assay was performed using cell cultures (L929 mouse fibroblast cell line), which were subjected to the cell viability test with neutral red ("dye-uptake"). Force decay and cytotoxicity were assessed using analysis of variance, the Sidak method, and a Tukey's test. RESULTS The interactions between group, pH, and time showed no statistically significant differences (P = .29). When pH per time (P = .032) and group per time (P = .0009) were considered, these interactions showed statistically significant differences (P < .05). The pH did not interfere directly in the degradation results of the tested elastics. The cytotoxicity test showed that group LAO presented lower cell viability when compared with group NLAO over the course of the entire experiment. There was a gradual reduction in cell viability from 1 hour to 24 hours. A significant difference (P < .05) was found between the interactions group pH and the control group of cells, except between group NLAO at the time point of 1 hour at different pH values and at the time points of 6 and 12 hours with pH 5 (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS No significant correlation between pH, force decay, and cytotoxicity was observed.
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Santos RLD, Pithon MM, Martins FO, Romanos MTV, Ruellas ACDO. Cytotoxicity of latex and non-latex orthodontic elastomeric ligatures on L929 mouse fibroblasts. Braz Dent J 2010; 21:205-10. [PMID: 21203701 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402010000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the cytotoxicity exists between latex and non-latex Orthodontic elastomeric ligatures. Six elastomeric ligatures (1 latex, 2 latex-free and 3 polyurethane) from different manufacturers were divided into 6 groups of 15 elastics each: A (Latex-free, American Orthodontics), M (Polyurethane, Morelli), G (Polyurethane,GAC International), Te (Polyurethane, Tecnident), TP (Natural latex,TP Orthodontics) and U (Latex-free,3M Unitek). The cytotoxicity assay was performed using cell cultures (L929 mouse fibroblast cell line), which were subjected to the cell viability test with neutral red ("dye-uptake") at 1, 2, 3, 7 and 28 days. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). No statistically significant differences (p>0.05) were observed between Groups M and Te in all experimental periods, except at 2 days. No significant differences (p>0.05) in cell viability were found either among Groups A, G, TP and U or between Groups M and Te at 24 h or among Groups CC, A, G, TP and U at 2 and 28 days. It may be concluded that latex-free elastomeric ligatures from American Orthodontics and Unitek trademarks induced less cell lysis compared to latex and polyurethane ligatures.
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