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Greco A, Meomartino L, Gnudi G, Brunetti A, Di Giancamillo M. Imaging techniques in veterinary medicine . Part II: Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine. Eur J Radiol Open 2022; 10:100467. [PMID: 36570419 PMCID: PMC9768321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2022.100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiography and ultrasonography are the most used techniques in veterinary clinical practice, due to organizational, managerial and, mostly, economic reasons. However, in the last decades, Computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and, to a lesser extent, Nuclear Medicine (MN) are increasingly used. As we said in the previous article, all the Diagnostic Imaging techniques are actually "indispensable" in Veterinary Medicine, where many patients do not show any symptoms.This second part describes Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance (MRI) and Nuclear Medicine techniques in Veterinary Medicine are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide Greco
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Radiologia Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Leonardo Meomartino
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Radiologia Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy,Corresponding author.
| | - Giacomo Gnudi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono, 7, 20122 Milano, Italy
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Abdel Maksoud MKM, Halfaya FM, Mahmoud HH, Ibrahim AAH. Morphological characteristics of the forebrain in the donkey (Equus asinus): A compared atlas of magnetic resonance imaging and cross-sectional anatomy. Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 50:974-984. [PMID: 34558730 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the most essential part of the central nervous system which regulates and coordinates all body activities. Based on its phylogenetic development from the neural tube, the brain is divided into rhombencephalon (hindbrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) and prosencephalon (forebrain). The present study is achieved to describe the morphological characteristics of the normal forebrain in the donkey using the matched magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cross-sectional anatomy. Ten cadaveric heads of healthy adult donkeys of both sexes were used. Two heads were examined using a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, and the brains of the other heads were gently extracted; six brains were sectioned into transverse, dorsal and sagittal slices, and two brains were grossly inspected. MR images were selected in correlation to their closely corresponding gross sections. Both cross-sectional anatomy and MRI scans showed extensive gyration of the neocortex. The forebrain structures appeared with variable intensities on three sequences, Flair, T1-weighted and T2-weighted MRI, enabling comprehensive evaluation of the relevant neuroanatomical structures. The present study provided a precise neuroanatomical atlas of the forebrain in the donkey which could help in the quick and efficient interpretation of clinical diseases of the forebrain, localization of the forebrain functions and evolutionary neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K M Abdel Maksoud
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Fatma M Halfaya
- Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - HebatAllah H Mahmoud
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Azza A H Ibrahim
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Przyborowska P, Adamiak Z, Zhalniarovich Y. Quantification of cerebral lateral ventricular volume in cats by low- and high-field MRI. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 19:1080-1086. [PMID: 27827800 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16676434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate variations in lateral ventricles in the examined feline population with the use of quantitative analysis methods to determine whether sex or body weight influenced the size of the ventricles, and to identify any significant differences in the results of low- and high-field MRI. Methods Twenty healthy European Shorthair cats, aged 1-3 years, with body weights ranging from 2.85-4.35 kg, were studied. MRI of brain structures was performed in a low- and a high-field MRI system. The height of the brain and lateral ventricles at the level of the interthalamic adhesion, and volume of the lateral ventricles were determined in T2-weighted images in the transverse plane. The degree of symmetry of lateral ventricles was analysed based on the ratio of right to left ventricular volume. The measured parameters were processed statistically to determine whether sex and body weight were significantly correlated with variations in ventricular anatomy. The results of low- and high-field MRI were analysed to evaluate for any significant differences. Results The average brain height was determined to be 27.79 mm, and the average height of the left and right ventricles were 2.98 mm and 2.89 mm, respectively. The average ventricle/brain height ratio was 10.61%. The average volume of the left ventricle was 134.12 mm3 and the right ventricle was 130.49 mm3. Moderately enlarged ventricles were observed in two cats. Moderate ventricular asymmetry was described in four cats. Sex and body weight had no significant effect on the evaluated parameters. The differences in the results of low- and high-field MRI were not statistically significant. Conclusions and relevance This study has determined reference intervals for ventricular volume in a population of European Shorthair cats without brain disease, which will facilitate the interpretation of MRI images and the characterisation of brain abnormalities in cats with neurological disease. Further research involving larger animal populations, including other breeds, is required to compare the measured parameters between breeds and to determine reference values for other breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Przyborowska
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Adamiak
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Yauheni Zhalniarovich
- Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Park WK, Kim SG, Park HM. Suspected pituitary gland double adenoma in a cat with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. J Biomed Res 2014. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2014.15.4.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Alsafy MA, El-gendy SA, Abumandour MM. Computed Tomography and Gross Anatomical Studies on the Head of One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:630-42. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A.M. Alsafy
- Anatomy Department; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Samir A.A. El-gendy
- Anatomy Department; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University; Alexandria Egypt
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Mogicato G, Conchou F, Layssol-Lamour C, Raharison F, Sautet J. Normal feline brain: clinical anatomy using magnetic resonance imaging. Anat Histol Embryol 2011; 41:87-95. [PMID: 21919951 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to provide a clinical anatomy atlas of the feline brain using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Brains of twelve normal cats were imaged using a 1.5 T magnetic resonance unit and an inversion/recovery sequence (T1). Fourteen relevant MRI sections were chosen in transverse, dorsal, median and sagittal planes. Anatomic structures were identified and labelled using anatomical texts and Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, sectioned specimen heads, and previously published articles. The MRI sections were stained according to the major embryological and anatomical subdivisions of the brain. The relevant anatomical structures seen on MRI will assist clinicians to better understand MR images and to relate this neuro-anatomy to clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mogicato
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, Unité d'Anatomie - Imagerie - Embryologie, Toulouse, France.
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Hage MCF, Iwasaki M, Rabbani SR, Kamikawa L, Cervantes HJ, Bombonato PP, Sterman FA, Otaduy MC. Imagem por ressonância magnética na investigação da cabeça de cães. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2010000700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A imagem por ressonância magnética (IRM) é o método de diagnóstico por imagem não invasivo mais sensível para avaliar as partes moles, particularmente o encéfalo, porém trata-se de uma técnica onerosa. O método fundamenta-se no fenômeno da ressonância magnética nuclear que ocorre quando núcleos atômicos com propriedades magnéticas presentes no corpo são submetidos a um campo magnético intenso, sendo posteriormente excitados por energia de radiofrequência e gerando, por sua vez, um sinal de onda de radiofrequência capaz de ser captado por uma antena receptora, passando por um processo matemático, chamado Transformada de Fourier, para posterior formação da imagem. Esse estudo objetivou realizar 10 exames completos da cabeça em cadáveres de cães normais à IRM e confeccionar um Atlas com as estruturas identificadas. As imagens foram adquiridas em um aparelho de ressonância magnética Gyroscan S15/HP Philips com campo magnético de 1,5Tesla. Os cadáveres foram posicionados com a cabeça no interior de uma bobina de cabeça humana e foram submetidos a cortes iniciais sagitais a partir de onde se planejou os cortes transversais e dorsais nas sequências de pulso spin-eco T1, T2 e DP. Em T1 utilizou-se TR=400ms e TE=30ms, T2 utilizou-se TR=2000ms e TE=80ms e na DP utilizou-se TR=2000ms e TE=30ms. A espessura do corte foi de 4mm, o número de médias foi igual a 2, a matriz foi de 256x256, o fator foi igual a 1,0 e o campo de visão foi de 14cm. A duração do exame completo da cabeça foi de 74,5minutos. As imagens obtidas com as sequências utilizadas e com a bobina de cabeça humana foram de boa qualidade. Em T1 a gordura tornou-se hiperintensa e o líquido hipointenso. Em T2 a gordura ficou menos hiperintensa e o líquido hiperintenso. A cortical óssea e o ar foram hipointensos em todas as sequências utilizadas devido a baixa densidade de prótons. A sequência DP mostrou o melhor contraste entre a substância branca e cinzenta quando comparada a T2 e a T1. T2 evidenciou o líquido cefalorraquidiano tornando possível a distinção dos sulcos e giros cerebrais. Através do exame de IRM foi possível, pelo contraste, identificar as estruturas ósseas componentes da arquitetura da região, músculos, grandes vasos venosos e arteriais e estruturas do sistema nervoso central, além de elementos do sistema digestório, respiratório e estruturas dos olhos entre outras. Nesse estudo as IRM adquiridas nas sequências T1, DP e T2 foram complementares para o estudo dos aspectos anatômicos da cabeça de cães demonstrando-os com riqueza de detalhes. O tempo requerido para o exame completo da cabeça é compátivel para uso em animais vivos desde que devidamente anestesiados e controlados. Os resultados obtidos por esse trabalho abrem caminho em nosso meio, para o estudo de animais vivos e para o início da investigação de doenças, principalmente as de origem neurológica, visto ser esta técnica excelente para a visibilização do encéfalo.
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Okada M, Kitagawa M, Ito D, Itou T, Kanayama K, Sakai T. MRI of secondary cervical syringomyelia in four cats. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 71:1069-73. [PMID: 19721360 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to diagnose cervical syringomyelia in 4 cats. MRI revealed enlargement of the lateral ventricle in all the cats. Of the 4 cases, MRI revealed herniation of the cerebellum in 3 cats, an isolated fourth ventricle in 1 cat, severe hydrocephalus in 2 cats and brain masses in 1 cat. In this report, the cervical syringomyelia in these cats may have been due to formation of a secondary syrinx (enlargement of the central canal) as a result of blockage of flow in the outlet of the fourth ventricle caused by FIP encephalomyelitis or secondary cerebellar tonsillar herniation caused by increased intracranial pressure due to intracranial masses or may have been due to caudal compression of the cerebellum caused by increased intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Okada
- Nihon University Veterinary Research Center, Japan
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Schmidt MJ, Pilatus U, Wigger A, Kramer M, Oelschläger HA. Neuroanatomy of the calf brain as revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. J Morphol 2009; 270:745-58. [PMID: 19123244 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Here, we want to assess the benefit of high-resolution and high-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detailed documentation of internal brain morphology in formalin-fixed whole head specimens of the full-term calf brain (Bos taurus). Imaging was performed on a Siemens 1.5 T scanner. Optimum contrast was achieved using a 3D sequence with a flip angle of 30 degrees , repetition time (TR) of 20 ms, echo time (TE) of 6.8 ms, and an interpolated matrix of 1024 x 1024. In plane resolution was 0.25 mm. Computer-generated three-dimensional images were reconstructed from the original scans in the coronal plane. This study shows that MRI is capable to identify delicate structures in immature brain specimens. The use of MRI in comparative morphology facilitates the examination of series of brains or brain samples in a reasonable time. The comprehensive description of species- and group-specific brain features in MRI scans of Bos taurus will complement existing data for diagnostic imaging and neuromorphological research, in general, as well as for phylogenetic reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Schmidt
- Small Animal Clinic, Justus Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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GOMES EYMERIC, DEGUEURCE CHRISTOPHE, RUEL YANNICK, DENNIS RUTH, BEGON DOMINIQUE. ANATOMIC STUDY OF CRANIAL NERVE EMERGENCE AND ASSOCIATED SKULL FORAMINA IN CATS USING CT AND MRI. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:398-403. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Leigh EJ, Mackillop E, Robertson ID, Hudson LC. Clinical anatomy of the canine brain using magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2008; 49:113-21. [PMID: 18418990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to produce an magnetic resonsnce (MR) image atlas of clinically relevant brain anatomy and to relate this neuroanatomy to clinical signs. The brain of a large mixed breed dog was imaged in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes using a 1.5 T MR unit and the following pulse sequences: Turbo (fast) spin echo (TSE) T2, T1, and T2- weighted spatial and chemical shift-encoded excitation sequence. Relevant neuroanatomic structures were identified using anatomic texts, sectioned cadaver heads, and previously published atlases. Major subdivisions of the brain were mapped and the neurologic signs of lesions in these divisions were described. TSE T2-weighted images were found to be the most useful for identifying clinically relevant neuroanatomy. Relating clinical signs to morphology as seen on MR will assist veterinarians to better understand clinically relevant neuroanatomy in MR images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J Leigh
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Kitagawa M, Okada M, Sato T, Kanayama K, Sakai T. A feline case of isolated fourth ventricle with syringomyelia suspected to be related with feline infectious peritonitis. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:759-62. [PMID: 17675810 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-year-old female cat was unable to stand. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed, and an enlargement of the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles and syringomyelia were detected. The cat was diagnosed with an isolated fourth ventricle (IFV) with syringomyelia. The serum isoantibody test for the feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) virus was 1:3,200. After the cat died, a pathological examination revealed nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis. We suspected that the IFV, detected in the cat, was associated with FIP encephalomyelitis. To our knowledge, there has been no report on IFV in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kitagawa
- Laboratory Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan.
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Sturges BK, Dickinson PJ, Kortz GD, Berry WL, Vernau KM, Wisner ER, LeCouteur RA. Clinical Signs, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features, and Outcome After Surgical and Medical Treatment of Otogenic Intracranial Infection in 11 Cats and 4 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Couturier L, Degueurce C, Ruel Y, Dennis R, Begon D. ANATOMICAL STUDY OF CRANIAL NERVE EMERGENCE AND SKULL FORAMINA IN THE DOG USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2005; 46:375-83. [PMID: 16250393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2005.00068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain studies of different breeds of dogs were reviewed to assess the anatomy of cranial nerve (CN) origins and associated skull foramina. These included five anatomic studies of normal brains using 2-mm-thick slices and 17 studies using conventional clinical protocols with 3- or 4-mm slices on both normal and abnormal brains. Images were obtained in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes to allow a thorough comparison between studies. CNs II, III, V (and its divisions), and VIII were observed consistently on conventional studies. On the thin-slice studies, the origins and proximal portions of CNN IV, VII, and the group of IX, X, and XI could be seen. The origins of CNN VI and XII were not observed with certainty. In parallel, a computed tomography study of an isolated skull was performed with a thin copper wire within each of the skull foramina to determine precisely each CN exit and to facilitate recognition of the course of CNs when exiting the skull on MRI images.
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Arencibia A, Rivero MA, Ramírez JA, Gil F, Gutierrez C, Orós J, Latorre R, Vázquez JM. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal brain in a newborn dromedary camel. Vet J 2005; 168:353-7. [PMID: 15501156 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2003.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Arencibia
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, Arucas, Gran Canaria 35416, Spain.
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Arencibia A, Rivero MA, Gil F, Ramírez JA, Corbera JA, Ramírez G, Vázquez JM. Anatomy of the Cranioencephalic Structures of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius L.) by Imaging Techniques: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Anat Histol Embryol 2005; 34:52-5. [PMID: 15649228 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2004.00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to define the anatomy of the cranioencephalic structures and associated formations in camel using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MR images were acquired in sagittal, transverse and oblique dorsal planes, using spin-echo techniques, a magnet of 1.5 T and a standard human body coil. MR images were compared with corresponding frozen cross-sections of the head. Different anatomic structures were identified and labelled at each level. The resulting images provided excellent soft tissue contrast and anatomic detail of the brain and associated structures of the camel head. Annotated MR images from this study are intended to be a reference for clinical imaging studies of the head of the dromedary camel.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arencibia
- Department of Morphology, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35416, Spain.
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Saunders JH, Clercx C, Snaps FR, Sullivan M, Duchateau L, van Bree HJ, Dondelinger RE. Radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomographic, and rhinoscopic features of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 225:1703-12. [PMID: 15626220 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2004.225.1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine radiographic, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and rhinoscopic features of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 15 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURE All dogs had clinical signs of chronic nasal disease; the diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis was made on the basis of positive results for at least 2 diagnostic tests (serology, cytology, histology, or fungal culture) and detection of typical intrasinusal and intranasal fungal colonies and turbinate destruction via rhinoscopy. Radiography, MRI, and CT were performed under general anesthesia. Rhinoscopy was repeated to evaluate lesions and initiate treatment. Findings of radiography, MRI, CT, and rhinoscopy were compared. RESULTS MRI and CT revealed lesions suggestive of nasal aspergillosis more frequently than did radiography. Computed tomography was the best technique for detection of cortical bone lesions; the nature of abnormal soft tissue, however, could not be identified. Magnetic resonance imaging allowed evaluation of lesions of the frontal bone and was especially useful for differentiating between a thickened mucosa and secretions or fungal colonies; however, fungal colonies could not be differentiated from secretions. Rhinoscopy allowed identification of the nature of intranasal and intrasinusal soft tissue but was not as useful as CT and MRI for defining the extent of lesions and provided no information regarding bone lesions. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The value of CT and MRI for diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis was similar and greater than that of radiography. Rhinoscopy is necessary because it is the only technique that allows direct visualization of fungal colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy H Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Mattoon JS, Wisner ER. Editorial: What's under the Cat's Hat: Feline Intracranial Neoplasia and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb00151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Jäderlund KH, Hansson K, Berg AL, Sjöström A, Narfström K. Cerebral ventricular size in developing normal kittens measured by ultrasonography. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2003; 44:581-8. [PMID: 14599173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the age of fontanelle closure of normal kittens and the size of their lateral ventricles, 50 ultrasonographic examinations using the bregmatic fontanelle as an acoustic window were made. Seven kittens, laboratory animals, were included in the study. To verify the location of the lateral ventricle, two of the kittens were sacrificed as neonates. In one of them ink was injected prior to autopsy into one lateral ventricle under sonographic guidance. In a longitudinal study of five of the kittens, the skull depth and the depth of the central part of the lateral ventricle reproduced in a longitudinal view could be measured up to the age of about 5 months. During that period, the skull depth increased from a median value of 1.95 cm (1.92-1.98) in a seven-day-old cat to 2.58 cm (2.52-2.59) in a 154-day-old cat, while the afore-mentioned ventricle values increased from 0.3 mm to 1.1 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hultin Jäderlund
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, Box 7037, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Vilar JM, Arencibia A, Ramírez JA, Gil F, Latorre R, Morales I, Vázquez JM. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thorax of three dogs. Vet Rec 2003; 153:566-8. [PMID: 14627240 DOI: 10.1136/vr.153.18.566-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Vilar
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña, 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Arencibia A, Vazquez JM, Ramirez JA, Ramirez G, Vilar JM, Rivero MA, Alayon S, Gil F. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal equine brain. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001; 42:405-9. [PMID: 11678560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to define the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of the brain and associated structures of the equine head. MR images were acquired in oblique dorsal (T2-weighted), sagittal (T1-weighted), and transverse planes (T2-weighted), using a magnet of 1.5 Tesla and a human body coil. Relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled at each level. The resulting images provided excellent anatomic detail of the cranioencephalic structures. Annotated MR images from this study are intended as a reference for clinical imaging studies of the equine head, specially in the diagnosis of brain diseases in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arencibia
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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23
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Vázquez JM, Rivero M, Gil F, Ramírez JA, Ramírez G, Vilar JM, Arencibia A. Magnetic resonance imaging of two normal equine brains and their associated structures. Vet Rec 2001; 148:229-32. [PMID: 11289549 DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.8.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance images were obtained from two isolated horses' heads. Ten mm thick, T1-weighted images were taken with a 1.5 Tesla magnet and a body coil, and compared with the corresponding frozen cross-sections of the heads, relevant structures being identified and labelled at each level. The images should provide reference material for clinical magnetic imaging studies of horses' heads.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Vázquez
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
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24
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Abstracts. Vet Rec 2001. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.8.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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25
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Arencibia A, Vázquez JM, Jaber R, Gil F, Ramírez JA, Rivero M, González N, Wisner ER. Magnetic resonance imaging and cross sectional anatomy of the normal equine sinuses and nasal passages. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2000; 41:313-9. [PMID: 10955492 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb02079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to define the magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the rostral part of the equine head. 10 mm-thick, T1-weighted images of two isolated equine cadaver heads were obtained using a 1.5 Tesla magnet and a body coil. MR images were compared to corresponding frozen cross-sections of the cadaver head. Relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled at each level. The resulting images provided excellent anatomic detail of the oral and nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and associated structures. Annotated MR images from this study are intended as a reference for clinical MR imaging studies of the equine head.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arencibia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Las Palma de Gran Canaria, Spain
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26
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Elliott DA, Feldman EC, Koblik PD, Samii VF, Nelson RW. Prevalence of pituitary tumors among diabetic cats with insulin resistance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 216:1765-8. [PMID: 10844968 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.216.1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine prevalence of pituitary tumors, detectable by means of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging, in cats with insulin resistance suspected to have acromegaly or hyperadrenocorticism versus cats with well-controlled diabetes mellitus. DESIGN Case series. ANIMALS 16 cats with insulin resistance that were also suspected to have acromegaly (n = 12) or pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (4) and 8 cats with well-controlled diabetes mellitus. PROCEDURE Computed tomography was performed on all 16 cats with insulin resistance and 2 cats in which diabetes mellitus was well-controlled. The remaining 6 cats in which diabetes mellitus was well-controlled underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Images were obtained before and immediately after i.v. administration of contrast medium. RESULTS Computed tomography revealed a mass in the region of the pituitary gland in all 16 cats with insulin resistance. Maximum width of the masses ranged from 4.4 to 12.7 mm; maximum height ranged from 3.1 to 12.6 mm. Results of computed tomography performed on 2 cats with well-controlled diabetes and magnetic resonance imaging performed on the remaining 6 cats were considered normal. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that cats with insulin resistance suspected to have acromegaly or pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism are likely to have a pituitary mass detectable by means of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Elliott
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
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Vázquez JM, Arencibia A, Gil F, Ramírez JA, González N, Sosa CD, Jaber JR. Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal canine larynx. Anat Histol Embryol 1998; 27:263-70. [PMID: 9741150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1998.tb00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to define the normal anatomic structures in the canine larynx with magnetic resonance images. TI-weighted images were taken in the sagittal and transverse planes. The MR images were obtained comparing MR images to dissection planes. Magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent anatomic detail of laryngeal structures. Therefore, it is of value of diagnostic imaging of some respiratory diseases in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Vázquez
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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