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Carneiro RK, Matos AS, Giustina RD, Dos Santos KA, Rovaris BC, da Cruz ICK, de Moraes AN. B-mode, Doppler, and Elastography abdominal ultrasound in Tamandua tetradactyla. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10520-y. [PMID: 39212811 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the normal B-mode, Doppler, and 2D Shear Wave Elastography ultrasonographic findings of some abdominal structures in a six-month-old male Southern Tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla). The animal was found and rescued by the environmental police after being discovered in the wild near its mother, who had died in a car accident. For the ultrasonographic exams, the animal's abdominal region was shaved, and only physical restraint was used. In the B-mode exam, the urinary bladder, small intestine, kidneys, left adrenal gland, stomach, liver, and gallbladder were located and evaluated. Doppler examination obtained spectral tracings of the arcuate and renal arteries of both kidneys. Elastography assessed the stiffness of the renal cortex, liver, and spleen. The ultrasound examination provided an adequate evaluation and novel findings of the Southern Tamandua abdominal structures without invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Sofia Matos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Della Giustina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Igor Cezar Kniphoff da Cruz
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Prédio 97, Cidade Universitária - Av Roraima, Prédio 97, 1000 - Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-90, Brazil.
| | - Aury Nunes de Moraes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brazil
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Lim S, Hennig GS, Niedzwecki A, Yankin I. Uroabdomen secondary to spontaneous bladder rupture in a dog with dystocia. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2024. [PMID: 39185780 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the development of uroabdomen secondary to spontaneous bladder rupture in a dog with dystocia. CASE SUMMARY A 2-year-old intact female Boston Terrier was referred for prolonged labor of 72 hours. At presentation, the dog had delivered 8 puppies at home, with the last pup being stillborn. The dog was in hypovolemic shock and had free abdominal effusion. Abdominal radiographs showed no evidence of remaining fetuses. Abdominal fluid analysis revealed a fluid potassium that was 1.8 times higher than the peripheral blood potassium. Retrograde positive contrast cystography identified leakage of contrast into the abdomen, consistent with uroabdomen secondary to bladder rupture. Bloodwork abnormalities included a mild monocytic leukocytosis with a left shift, moderate azotemia, mild hyperbilirubinemia, mild increase of alkaline phosphatase activity, moderate hyponatremia, and moderate hypochloremia. The dog was resuscitated with IV fluids and received IV antimicrobials out of concerns for septic peritonitis and sepsis. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a moderate volume abdominal effusion, uterine enlargement with no identifiable fetuses, and a small rupture of the urinary bladder wall apex. The bladder wall defect was repaired, and the dog underwent an ovariohysterectomy. Perioperative systemic hypotension was treated with a norepinephrine constant rate infusion and resolved within 24 hours. The dog was discharged 5 days later. The combined peritoneal fluid and uterine fluid culture and sensitivity testing revealed Enterococcus spp. and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, both susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and enrofloxacin. Bladder wall histopathology revealed severe mural congestion, edema, and hemorrhage, without evidence of neoplasia, cystitis, or urolithiasis. UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED This is the first case report of a dog with uroabdomen secondary to a bladder wall rupture associated with dystocia. Early recognition of this rare phenomenon and vigilance in treatment is essential for a good prognosis and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukjung Lim
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College Station, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Igor Yankin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College Station, Texas, USA
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Reyes BC, Scharf VF. Feasibility of laparoscopic stapled partial cystectomy in canine cadavers. Vet Surg 2024; 53:477-484. [PMID: 37888770 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a technique for laparoscopic partial cystectomy and evaluate sealing of canine urinary bladder tissue with an endoscopic stapler. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, cadaveric study. SAMPLE POPULATION Eleven canine cadavers. METHODS Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was performed with an endoscopic gastrointestinal anastomosis (GIA) stapler. Leak testing and urodynamic evaluation was performed to measure intravesical pressure at initial leakage and catastrophic failure or the maximum pressure at which intravesical pressure plateaued. Surgical time, complications, and site of leakage were also recorded. RESULTS Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was successfully performed in 10 of 11 cadavers. Median procedure time was 13.6 min (10.1-15.2 min). Median intravesical pressure at initial leakage was 31 mmHg (28-56 mmHg) with a median increase from initial pressure of 15 mmHg (11-37 mmHg). No catastrophic failure of the cystectomy site was observed during leak testing. Intravesical pressure plateaued at a median of 52 mmHg (39-73 mmHg), which was a median of 13 mmHg (8-23 mmHg) higher than intravesical pressure at initial leakage. The median total volume infused at the time of plateau of intravesical pressure was 89 mL (58-133 mL). CONCLUSION Laparoscopic stapled partial cystectomy was feasible in canine cadavers. Endoscopic GIA staplers appear to seal the canine urinary bladder with minimal leakage. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Use of an endoscopic GIA stapler may provide a minimally invasive option for partial cystectomy in dogs. Further evaluation for application to clinical cases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C Reyes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valery F Scharf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Gülersoy E, Maden M, Parlak TM, Sayin Z. Diagnostic effectiveness of stress biomarkers in cats with feline interstitial and bacterial cystitis. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:88-96. [PMID: 36436835 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although bacterial cystitis (BC) and feline interstitial cystitis (FIC) are categorized under feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) due to their similar clinical manifestations, stress is an important factor for FIC. Therefore, the investigation of stress biomarkers might be important in the differentiation and elucidation of these conditions. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of serum and urine cortisol, serotonin, and dopamine concentrations and their relationship with stress in cats with FIC and BC. METHODS Twelve healthy cats (Control group) and 24 cats with FLUTD were used. The cats with FLUTD were divided into FIC and BC groups. RESULTS Multimodal environmental modification (MEMO) scores were found to be higher in the FIC group than in the BC and Control groups (P < .001). Urine serotonin concentrations were higher in cats with FIC and BC compared with those in the Control group. Based on ROC analyses, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of urine serotonin and dopamine were found to be statistically significant in being able to differentially diagnose cats in the FIC group vs the Control group. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of serum dopamine were also found to be statistically significant for the differential diagnosis of FIC and BC. CONCLUSIONS High urine serotonin concentrations were found in cats with FLUTD compared with healthy controls and interpreted as the presence of stress not only in cats with FIC but also in cats with BC. Also, based on the ROC-based diagnostic performance evaluation of these stress biomarkers, urine serotonin, and dopamine concentrations can be used to diagnose FIC, and serum dopamine concentrations can be used to differentiate FIC and BC in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Gülersoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Maden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Melike Parlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Faculty, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zafer Sayin
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Faculty, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Gülersoy E, Maden M, Parlak TM, Sayin Z. Comparative evaluation of selected serum and urine biomarkers in cats with interstitial and bacterial cystitis. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:79-87. [PMID: 36345051 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although feline urine is increasingly submitted for bacterial culture and susceptibility testing in veterinary practice, bacterial cystitis (BC) is relatively uncommon compared with feline interstitial cystitis (FIC), which shares similar clinical manifestations. Therefore, an investigation of certain urothelial (glycosaminoglycan [GAG], tissue inhibition metalloproteinase-2 [TIMP-2]), cytokine (interleukin 12 [IL-12]), and neurotrophic factor (nerve growth factor [NGF]) markers may aid diagnosis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic effectiveness of selected serum/urine biomarkers in the diagnosis of cats with FIC and BC. METHODS Twelve healthy cats (Control group) and 24 cats with feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) were used, and the cats with FLUTD were divided into FIC and BC groups. RESULTS When comparing the three groups, serum GAG, IL-12, NGF, and TIMP-2 concentrations were highest in the FIC group; urine GAG, IL-12, NGF, and TIMP-2 concentrations were higher in the FIC and BC groups than those in the Control group. Serum NGF concentrations were higher in the FIC group than in all other groups. Also, serum GAG, IL-12, NGF, and TIMP-2 concentrations were found to be effective in the differential diagnosis of FIC vs BC. CONCLUSIONS We showed that serum NGF is a candidate biomarker that could be used in the diagnosis and differentiation of FIC. Urine GAG, IL-12, NGF, and TIMP-2 concentrations might be helpful in determining urinary bladder inflammation and/or damage in cats with FIC and BC. ROC analyses revealed that serum and urine biomarkers were effective for diagnosing FIC and that serum biomarkers rather than urine biomarkers were effective for the differential diagnosis of FIC and feline BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Gülersoy
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Maden
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Melike Parlak
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Zafer Sayin
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Microbiology, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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Kim G, Ji Y, Choo D, Kim SS, Lee K, Yoon H. Evaluation of urethral thickness using ultrasonography in healthy small-breed dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1051898. [PMID: 36570510 PMCID: PMC9768329 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1051898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Urethral thickness measurements can be indicative of the pathological state of a patient; however to the best of our knowledge, no measurement reference range has been established in small-breed dogs. This study aimed to establish reference ranges for total urethral thickness and urethral wall thickness in healthy small-breed dogs; "urethral wall thickness" was assumed to be 1/2 of the "total urethral thickness." Methods Total urethral thickness was measured by ultrasonography in 240 healthy small-breed dogs. In both female and male dogs, the thickness was measured in the mid-sagittal plane. In female dogs, it was measured immediately before the pelvic bone. In male dogs, it was measured caudal to the prostate and cranial to the pelvic bone. The total urethral thickness we measured is the total thickness of the collapsed urethra, which is the sum of the thicknesses of the dorsal and ventral urethral wall. Results The mean value of total urethral thickness was 3.15 ± 0.83 mm (urethral wall thickness, 1.58 ± 0.41 mm) in 240 small-breed dogs. The total urethral thickness was significantly greater in male dogs than in female dogs (p < 0.001), even when compared among the same breeds (p < 0.05). The mean value of the total urethral thickness in females was 2.78 ± 0.60 mm (urethral wall thickness, 1.39 ± 0.30 mm), and 3.53 ± 0.86 mm (urethral wall thickness, 1.76 ± 0.43 mm) in males. There was very weak positive correlation between body weight (BW) and total urethral thickness (R2 = 0.109; β = 0.330; p < 0.001). Intraobserver reliability measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.986 (p < 0.001) and interobserver reliability measured by ICC was 0.966 (p < 0.001). Discussion This study described the differences in total urethral thickness between breeds, sexes, and sterilization status, and the correlation between BW and total urethral thickness. Furthermore, this is the first study to provide reference ranges of total urethral thickness and urethral wall thickness in small-breed dogs using ultrasonography, and is expected to be useful for urethral evaluation in veterinary diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geunha Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Yewon Ji
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | | | | | - Kichang Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Hakyoung Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea,*Correspondence: Hakyoung Yoon
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Seiler GS, Cohen EB, d'Anjou MA, French J, Gaschen L, Knapp S, Salwei RM, Saunders HM. ACVR and ECVDI Consensus Statement for the Standardization of the Abdominal Ultrasound Examination. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:661-674. [PMID: 36189784 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This consensus statement is designed to provide a standard of care document and describes the ACVR and ECVDI definition for performing a standard abdominal ultrasound examination in dogs and cats. The ACVR and ECVDI define a standard abdominal ultrasonographic examination as a complete exam of the abdominal organs which is appropriately documented. The consensus statement intends to provide guidance to veterinary sonographers and veterinarians for the performance and documentation of high-quality diagnostic ultrasound examination. The document may also serve as a teaching aid for veterinary students, veterinarians, and residents in diagnostic imaging who seek proficiency in diagnostic ultrasound. Finally, it may serve an additional role in educating the public as to what a high-quality abdominal ultrasound examination should entail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Seiler
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eli B Cohen
- Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - John French
- Antech Imaging Services, Fountain Valley, California, USA
| | - Lorrie Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stephanie Knapp
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners of North Carolina, Cary, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - H Mark Saunders
- Lynks Group, PLC Veterinary Imaging, Shelburne, Vermont, USA
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Lee D, Yoon S, Kim C, Choi J. A comparative study of sono-urethrography using saline, agitated saline, and an ultrasound contrast agent in normal beagles. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2021; 62:342-349. [PMID: 33476091 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sono-urethrography is a technique used to evaluate the integrity of the urethra utilizing fluid dilation of the urethral lumen. The purpose of this prospective, method comparison, pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of sono-urethrography in male dogs and to compare the quality of the images obtained using three different contrast solutions. The prostatic, membranous, and penile urethra was evaluated using saline, agitated saline, and ultrasound contrast agent (Sonovue) in 10 adult, male Beagles. Visibility of the urethral wall was better with sono-urethrography than with conventional ultrasonography, and the conspicuity of urethra could be assessed using all solutions. Hyperechoic lines created by agitated saline and Sonovue were more useful than anechoic saline in allowing identification of the urethra. Visibility scores for the internal margin of the urethral wall using sono-urethrography were significantly higher with saline and one-minute post agitated saline injection. However, the individual layers of the urethral wall could not be observed, regardless of the contrast solution used. Shadowing created by the pelvic bone deteriorated the window through which the urethra could be visualized, and this could not be overcome using sono-urethrography. The results of this study indicated that sono-urethrography is a feasible option for the visualization of the male urethra in dogs. The authors recommend sono-urethrography using saline or agitated saline infusion to evaluate the urethral wall and lumen. Sono-urethrography using ultrasound contrast agent can be applied to assess the integrity of the urethra by improving its conspicuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahae Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sooa Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Cheolhyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and BK 21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Griffin S. Feline abdominal ultrasonography: What's normal? What's abnormal? Renal pelvis, ureters and urinary bladder. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:847-865. [PMID: 32845227 PMCID: PMC11135665 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20941786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. Ultrasound examination of the urinary tract provides important information useful in the investigation of several conditions including ureteral obstruction and cystitis. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even for the experienced ultrasonographer, differentiating between incidental findings, such as lipid droplets in the bladder, and pathological changes can be challenging. AIM This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, discusses the ultrasonographic examination of the normal and diseased renal pelvis, ureters and urinary bladder. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge of and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material. Ultrasound examination of the kidneys and perinephric space was discussed in an article published in May 2020. EQUIPMENT Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. EVIDENCE BASE Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author's own clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Griffin
- Radiology Department, Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service, Highlands Road, Shirley, Solihull B90 4NH, UK
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DiFazio MR, Thomason JD, Cernicchiaro N, Biller D, Thomason S, Harness P. Evaluation of a 3-dimensional ultrasound device for noninvasive measurement of urinary bladder volume in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1488-1495. [PMID: 32463540 PMCID: PMC7379002 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The BladderScan Prime Plus (BPP; Verathon, Bothell, Washington) is an application‐specific, three‐dimensional ultrasound device used for human, point‐of‐care volumetry of the urinary bladder. Objective To estimate the BPP's accuracy, repeatability, and optimized settings for assessing urinary bladder volumes in dogs, a variable utilized in assessing micturition disorders. Animals Twenty‐four, client‐owned, healthy, male dogs presenting for routine examination. Methods Prospective examinations were conducted by an experienced ultrasonographer and a novice, selecting the BPP's “man” or “child” setting, and were compared to urine volume obtained by catheterization. Results Mean urine volume significantly varied by operator (P = .05), device setting (P < .001), and weight (P = .01); the “man” setting produced mean volumes nearer to catheterized volumes. The mean difference between BPP's “man” setting and catheterized volume was 0.88 mL, with maximal positive and negative disagreement of +23.2 mL to −55.3 mL (SD 19.0). Percent disagreement between BPP and catheterized volumes demonstrated a mean of −4.5%, with maximal positive and negative disagreement of +58.1% to −74.1% (SD 34.9). The experienced operator recorded volumes significantly (P = .05) higher than the novice, with difference in means of 3.2 mL. In dogs weighing >5.5 kg (n = 18/24), mean difference between BPP's “man” setting and catheterized measurements, regardless of operator, was not significant. Conclusions Although small magnitude interuser variability is present in BPP examinations, the device provides accurate, though imprecise quantification of bladder volume in canids weighing >5.5 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R DiFazio
- Department of Clinical Sciences: Radiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Justin D Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences: Cardiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - David Biller
- Department of Clinical Sciences: Radiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Sasha Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences: Small Animal Emergency Medicine, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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Mariano AD, Penninck DG, Sutherland-Smith J, Kudej RK. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the canine urinary bladder following cystotomy for treatment of urolithiasis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2018; 252:1090-1096. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.9.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sonet J, Barthélemy A, Goy-Thollot I, Pouzot-Nevoret C. Prospective evaluation of abdominal ultrasonographic findings in 35 dogs with leptospirosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 59:98-106. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Sonet
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Univ Lyon; VetAgro Sup; F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Anthony Barthélemy
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Univ Lyon; VetAgro Sup; APCSe F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Isabelle Goy-Thollot
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Univ Lyon; VetAgro Sup; APCSe F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - Céline Pouzot-Nevoret
- Intensive Care Unit (SIAMU), Univ Lyon; VetAgro Sup; APCSe F-69280 Marcy l'Etoile France
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Zou L, Mao S, Liu S, Zhang L, Yang T, Hu Y, Ding Q, Jiang H. Ureteral reconstruction using a tapered non-vascularized bladder graft: an experimental study in a canine animal model. BMC Urol 2017; 17:97. [PMID: 29058592 PMCID: PMC5651644 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-017-0287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reconstruction of ureteral defects and strictures remains problematic for urologists. We aimed to investigate the possibility of a tapered non-vascularized bladder graft as a novel substitute for ureteral reconstruction. Methods This experimental study was conducted on nine beagles. Under general anesthesia, a full-thickness graft with 5–6 cm in length was disassociated from the anterior upper wall of the bladder, and tapered into 1/3 to 1/2 thickness, remaining the urothelial surface. After removal of 5 cm of right-sided mid-ureter, the tapered bladder graft was tubularized along the long axis and then respectively anastomosed to the upper and lower stumps of the ureter. A retrograde urography through a cystostomy was performed 8 weeks after the ureteral reconstruction. The animals were euthanized, and histopathologic examinations of the neoureters were performed. Results There were no severe complications during postoperative follow-up. The urography indicated patent urine excretion and no fistula or stenosis. Histopathologic examinations of the neoureters showed open lumen with urothelial lining. Nutrient vessels were observed in healthy submucosa, lamina muscularis and peripheral connective tissue. Conclusions Our study implied that ureteral reconstruction by a tapered non-vascularized bladder graft was anatomically possible in our animal model. Further studies are expected to confirm long-term and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Zou
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanhua Mao
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghua Liu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Yang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Hu
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Haowen Jiang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No.12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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Müller TR, Marcelino RS, de Souza LP, Teixeira CR, Mamprim MJ. Ultrasonographic anatomy of the healthy southern tigrina ( Leopardus guttulus) abdomen: comparison with domestic cat references. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:132-140. [PMID: 26620650 PMCID: PMC10816571 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15617498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to describe the normal abdominal echoanatomy of the tigrina and to compare it with the abdominal echoanatomy of the domestic cat. Reference intervals for the normal abdominal ultrasonographic anatomy of individual species are important for accurate diagnoses and interpretation of routine health examinations. The hypothesis was that the echoanatomy of the tigrina was similar to that of the domestic cat. Methods Eighteen clinically healthy tigrina were selected for abdominal ultrasound examination, in order to obtain normal parameters of the bladder, spleen, adrenal gland, kidney, gastrointestinal tract, liver and gall bladder, and Doppler parameters of liver and kidney vessels. Results The splenic parenchyma was consistently hyperechoic to the kidneys and liver. The liver, kidneys and spleen had similar echotexture, shape and dimensions when compared with the domestic cat. The gall bladder was lobulated and surrounded by a clearly visualized thin, smooth, regular echogenic wall. The adrenal glands had a bilobulated shape. The urinary bladder had a thin echogenic wall. The Doppler parameters of the portal vein and renal artery were similar to the domestic cat. Conclusions and relevance The results support the hypothesis that the ultrasonographic parameters of the abdominal viscera of the southern tigrina are similar to those of the domestic cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago R Müller
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – FMVZ, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel S Marcelino
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – FMVZ, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia P de Souza
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – FMVZ, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – FMVZ, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria J Mamprim
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science – FMVZ, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ABDOMINAL ANATOMY IN CAPTIVE RING-TAILED LEMURS (LEMUR CATTA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:573-85. [PMID: 27468031 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0046.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) is primarily distributed in south and southwestern Madagascar. It is classified as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Various abdominal diseases, such as hepatic lipidosis, intestinal ulcers, cystitis, urinary tract obstruction, and neoplasia (e.g., colonic adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma), have been reported in this species. The aim of this study was to describe the normal radiographic and ultrasonographic abdominal anatomy in captive ring-tailed lemurs to provide guidance for clinical use. Radiography of the abdomen and ultrasonography of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and urinary bladder were performed in 13 and 9 healthy captive ring-tailed lemurs, respectively, during their annual health examinations. Normal radiographic and ultrasonographic reference ranges for abdominal organs were established and ratios were calculated. The majority (12/13) of animals had seven lumbar vertebrae. The sacrum had mainly (12/13) three segments. Abdominal serosal detail was excellent in all animals, and hypaxial muscles were conspicuous in the majority (11/13) of animals. The spleen was frequently (12/13) seen on the ventrodorsal (VD) view and rarely (3/13) on the right lateral (RL) view. The liver was less prominent and well contained within the ribcage. The pylorus was mostly (11/13) located to the right of the midline. The right and left kidneys were visible on the RL and VD views, with the right kidney positioned more cranial and dorsal to the left kidney. On ultrasonography, the kidneys appeared ovoid on transverse and longitudinal views. The medulla was hypoechoic to the renal cortex. The renal cortex was frequently (8/9) isoechoic and rarely (1/9) hyperechoic to the splenic parenchyma. The liver parenchyma was hypoechoic (5/5) to the renal cortex. Knowledge of the normal radiographic and ultrasonographic abdominal anatomy of ring-tailed lemurs may be useful in the diagnosis of diseases and in routine health examinations.
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16
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17
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de Brito Galvao JF, Chew DJ, Drost WT. What is your diagnosis? Pyelonephritis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2013; 243:1251-3. [PMID: 24134573 DOI: 10.2460/javma.243.9.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joao Felipe de Brito Galvao
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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18
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Hanazono K, Fukumoto S, Endo Y, Ueno H, Kadosawa T, Uchide T. ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS RELATED TO PROGNOSIS IN CANINE TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 55:79-84. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hanazono
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi Ebetsu Hokkaido 069-0851 Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi Ebetsu Hokkaido 069-0851 Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Endo
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi Ebetsu Hokkaido 069-0851 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi Ebetsu Hokkaido 069-0851 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kadosawa
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi Ebetsu Hokkaido 069-0851 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchide
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; Rakuno Gakuen University; 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi Ebetsu Hokkaido 069-0851 Japan
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19
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Guimarães LD, Hage MCF, Paula TA, Borges AP, Carretta Júnior M, Oliveira AR, Carneiro FT, Silva VH. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound study of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000200022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was the ultrasound characterization of the abdominal and pelvic regions of five maned wolves kept in captivity at the Triage Center of Wild Animals of the Federal University of Viçosa (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Universidade Federal de Viçosa). This characterization included descriptions of ultrasonographic aspects and measurements of various structures using B-mode ultrasound. Biometric data were collected to assess the existence of significant linear correlations between these measurements and the measurements obtained by ultrasound. Additionally, hematological and serum biochemistry evaluations of the animals were performed. The ultrasound findings were similar to those available in the literature on domestic dogs, which were used for comparison as a result of the lack of published data regarding maned wolves. The latter species showed characteristics closely resembling those of the former, differing in the spleen and left renal cortex echogenicities, in the appearance of the prostatic and testicular regions and in the hepatic portal vein morphology. In the current study, the biometric values were similar to those previously published; however, no data regarding thoracic perimeter, modified crown-rump length or thoracic depth were found in the literature for this Canidae species. Statistical analysis showed the existence of a strong negative correlation between the modified crown-rump length and left renal length, between the modified crown-rump length and the right renal volume, between the thoracic perimeter and the height at the cranial pole of the left adrenal gland and between the thoracic perimeter and the height at the caudal pole of the left adrenal gland. Laboratory findings, including segmented neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte and lymphocyte counts and the serum levels of glucose, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, urea, total protein, globulin, creatine phosphokinase, triglyceride, sodium, phosphate, potassium and chloride, were inconsistent with values found by other authors. The ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging method that must be further explored in the medicine of wild animals; therefore, additional research in this area is required.
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20
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Ultrasonographic abdominal anatomy of healthy captive caracals (Caracal caracal). J Zoo Wildl Med 2012; 43:522-9. [PMID: 23082516 DOI: 10.1638/2011-0255r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal ultrasonography was performed in six adult captive caracals (Caracal caracal) to describe the normal abdominal ultrasonographic anatomy. Consistently, the splenic parenchyma was hyperechoic to the liver and kidneys. The relative echogenicity of the right kidney's cortex was inconsistent to the liver. The gall bladder was prominent in five animals and surrounded by a clearly visualized thin, smooth, regular echogenic wall. The wall thickness of the duodenum measured significantly greater compared with that of the jejunum and colon. The duodenum had a significantly thicker mucosal layer compared with that of the stomach. Such knowledge of the normal abdominal ultrasonographic anatomy of individual species is important for accurate diagnosis and interpretation of routine health examinations.
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Marconato L, Zini E, Lindner D, Suslak-Brown L, Nelson V, Jeglum AK. Toxic effects and antitumor response of gemcitabine in combination with piroxicam treatment in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:1004-10. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.8.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Kauffold J, Gmeiner K, Sobiraj A, Richter A, Failing K, Wendt M. Ultrasonographic characterization of the urinary bladder in sows with and without urinary tract infection. Vet J 2008; 183:103-108. [PMID: 18976940 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 06/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The urinary bladders of sows (n=10) without urinary tract infection (UTI) were longitudinally transrectally scanned after emptying and refilling with 200, 400, 600 and 800mL saline, and a volume dependence was found for bladder depth (BD), dorsal (dWT) and ventral wall thicknesses (vWT), wall regularity (WR) and mucosal wall surface (mWS). When another 31 sows without and 15 with UTI (as defined on the basis of high bacterial count and macroscopic/biochemical urine abnormalities) were compared for these parameters using BD as volume equivalent, no differences were found. Sows with UTI more often had moderate to high amounts of sediment than animals without UTI. Ultrasonographic assessment of dWT, vWT, WR and mWS of the urinary bladder of sows requires knowledge of bladder volume, and BD may be used as a volume equivalent. However, the parameters are inappropriate for the diagnosis of UTI as defined in this study, while moderate/high amounts of sediment seem to be indicative. Sediment can be visualized by transrectal scanning, but this is also possible using the transcutaneous route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kauffold
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Gmeiner
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Axel Sobiraj
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Large Animal Clinic for Theriogenology and Ambulatory Services, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit of Biomathematics, University of Giessen, Frankfurterstrasse 95, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Wendt
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, School of Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Widmer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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24
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Liptak JM, Brutscher SP, Monnet E, Dernell WS, Twedt DC, Kazmierski KJ, Walter CU, Mullins MN, Larue SM, Withrow SJ. Transurethral Resection in the Management of Urethral and Prostatic Neoplasia in 6 Dogs. Vet Surg 2004; 33:505-16. [PMID: 15362989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess cystoscopic transurethral resection (TUR) for the palliative management of dogs with neoplastic infiltration of the urethra. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS Six client-owned dogs. METHODS Cystoscopic examination and electrosurgical TUR were performed in dogs with urination difficulties caused by prostatic or urethral neoplasia. TUR was performed in a retrograde manner in female dogs and antegrade in male dogs via exploratory celiotomy and ventral cystotomy. Cystoscopic examination was used to determine the extent of neoplastic involvement of the urethra. TUR involved piecemeal removal of neoplastic tissue from the urethral lumen using an electrocautery cutting loop. Hemorrhage was controlled with a cystoscopic cauterized roller-ball. In 2 male dogs, intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) was used to treat both prostatic neoplasia and the sublumbar lymph node bed. Surgical technique, complications, adjuvant treatment, and outcome were recorded. RESULTS TUR was performed in 3 male dogs with prostatic carcinoma and 2 female dogs with urethral transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). In 1 female dog, TUR was attempted but not successful because of cystoscope diameter. Iatrogenic urethral perforation occurred during TUR in 3 dogs. In 2 dogs, prolonged exposure to lavage fluid resulted in clinical and biochemical abnormalities consistent with TUR syndrome. Dysuria resolved in 5 dogs within 10 days of TUR. Treatment-related complications included urinary tract infection and tumor seeding. Local tumor progression and metastasis occurred in all dogs. CONCLUSIONS TUR (in combination with chemotherapy+/-IORT) resulted in rapid palliation of urination difficulties in male dogs with prostatic carcinoma. In female dogs with urethral TCC, however, electrosurgical TUR cannot be recommended because of a high intra- and postoperative complication rate with no improvement in postoperative management compared with historical reports of tube cystostomy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE TUR is a novel alternative for the palliation of male dogs with prostatic carcinoma. In female dogs with urethral TCC, electrosurgical TUR does not provide any advantages compared with tube cystostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius M Liptak
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Abstract
OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um modelo biológico que seja viável para o estudo sistemático do transplante de bexiga. MÉTODOS: Cães mestiços vivos são usados como doadores e receptores do segmento supra-trigonal da bexiga. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes tansplantados só fizeram uso de imunossupressão por 15 dias, estão vivos e sadios com 18 meses de transplante. Desde o primeiro mês de transplante os cães apresentam controle funcional da micção, inclusive sem urina residual importante. CONCLUSÃO: Transplante de bexiga em cães é um modelo viável, fisiológico e simples.
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Cruz-Arámbulo R, Wrigley R. Ultrasonography of the acute abdomen. CLINICAL TECHNIQUES IN SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 2003; 18:20-31. [PMID: 12772866 DOI: 10.1016/1096-2867(03)90022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For many years, ultrasonography has been considered to be one of the most valuable imaging techniques for evaluation of the abdominal cavity and its organs. In most cases, abdominal ultrasonography helps obtain information that leads to a definitive diagnosis. Ultrasonography is also valuable to narrow the list of differential diagnoses obtained with other diagnostic techniques. This article discusses the role of ultrasound for the diagnosis of the most common diseases that can produce clinical signs of acute abdominal pain. Abdominal organs that can be evaluated using ultrasound include the liver, biliary system, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, kidney, urinary bladder, uterus, and prostate. Pathologies of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space can be also diagnosed with ultrasonography. Interventional ultrasound techniques are useful to either assist in getting the definitive diagnosis or to treat certain pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cruz-Arámbulo
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Atalan G, Barr FJ, Holt PE. Estimation of bladder volume using ultrasonographic determination of cross-sectional areas and linear measurements. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39:446-50. [PMID: 9771598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if ultrasonographic measurement of multiple cross-sectional areas combined with linear dimensions of the bladder could be used as a method of estimating bladder volume in the dog, and, if so, to compare the accuracy of this estimation with that described previously using linear measurements alone. Fifty-two live dogs undergoing investigation for urological disease and 37 fresh canine cadavers were used for bladder volume determination. Maximal length, depth, width, and area were measured from the maximal longitudinal and transverse sonograms in each living animal. In cadavers, the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder was measured at one centimeter intervals, and the measurements were summed. Based on sequential partial regression analysis, the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder and length were the best predictors of actual bladder volume in living animals. However, based on the cadaver experiment, the best predictor of actual bladder volume was summed parasagittal area alone, and, in cadavers, this was a much better predictor of actual bladder volume than the combination of the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder and length. The formula derived in living dogs using the cross-sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder and length gave a less accurate estimation of bladder volume than a previously published formula where only linear measurements were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Atalan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, England
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Abstract
Ultrasonography is often recommended as the first diagnostic imaging modality in patients with hematuria or dysuria. It can provide information relative to the capacity of the urinary bladder, changes in bladder outline, changes in wall thickness, identification of mural and luminal masses, and identification of extrinsic lesions that may displace the bladder wall causing changes in its shape. Ultrasonography allows an evaluation of the entire urinary tract (except distal urethra) in both female and male dogs as well as the sublumbar region for lymphadenopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Léveillé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
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O'Brien RT, Wood EF. Urinary bladder mural hemorrhage associated with systemic bleeding disorders in three dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 1998; 39:354-6. [PMID: 9710141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonographic appearance of three dogs with diffuse bladder wall thickening due to mural hemorrhage is described. Two dogs were diagnosed with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and the third dog with vitamin K antagonist toxicity. Urinary bladder wall thickening ranged from 5 to 12 mm on initial sonographic examination. In the two surviving dogs, the bladder wall returned to normal thickness. One dog, euthanatized for refractory hematuria, had submucosal hemorrhage in the urinary bladder at necropsy. Urinary wall thickening sonographically resolved at a rate of approximately 1 mm per day. Mural hemorrhage should be considered in patients with concurrent bleeding disorder and urinary bladder wall thickening.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T O'Brien
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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