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Blohm KO, Hittmair KM, Tichy A, Nell B. Quantitative, noninvasive assessment of intra- and extraocular perfusion by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and its clinical applicability in healthy dogs. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:767-777. [PMID: 30773789 PMCID: PMC6899557 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To assess quantitative perfusion of intra‐ and extraocular regions of interest (ROIs) in conscious, healthy dogs utilizing contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS); to compare varying enhancement with the first and second bolus injection and in the right and left eye; and to determine the most appropriate examination time. Procedures Gray scale ultrasonography and contrast harmonic imaging using sulfur hexafluoride were performed randomly assigned in both eyes in 10 university‐owned beagles. Perfusion parameters including slope time, time to peak (TTP), peak intensity (PI), and area under the curve (AUC) were measured at individually drawn ROIs (retrobulbar cone = ROI 1, choroid‐retina complex = ROI 2, medial = ROI 3, and lateral anterior uvea = ROI 4). Results Time‐intensity curve parameters revealed no significant differences in eyes examined by the first or second bolus injection (P > 0.05) or in the right or left eye (P > 0.05). Pooled data from all eyes were analyzed. Peak intensity of ROI 2 was significantly higher compared to all other ROIs (P < 0.001). Area under the curve at ROI 2 was significantly higher compared to all other ROIs (P < 0.05), and AUC at ROI 1 was significantly higher than at ROI 4 (P < 0.05). No significant differences in TTP were observed between different ROIs (P > 0.05). Ratios relative to different ROI sizes showed fastest enhancement in the retrobulbar cone and most intense perfusion in the anterior uveal regions. The first minute after contrast injection provided the highest diagnostic value. Conclusion Quantitative perfusion in nondiseased canine eyes revealed consistent parameters. Application of standardized CEUS protocols may be a promising diagnostic tool to differentiate ocular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas-Ole Blohm
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Ophthalmology Service, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina M Hittmair
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Nell
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Ophthalmology Service, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Fischer MC, Busse C, Adrian AM. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in dogs with orbital inflammation. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:107-115. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Fischer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dick White Referrals; Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH UK
| | - C. Busse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dick White Referrals; Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH UK
| | - A. M. Adrian
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Dick White Referrals; Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH UK
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Housley D, Caine A, Cherubini G, Taeymans O. Evaluation of T2-weighted versus short-tau inversion recovery sagittal sequences in the identification and localization of canine intervertebral disc extrusion with low-field magnetic resonance imaging. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:433-443. [PMID: 28429414 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sagittal T2-weighted sequences (T2-SAG) are the foundation of spinal protocols when screening for the presence of intervertebral disc extrusion. We often utilize sagittal short-tau inversion recovery sequences (STIR-SAG) as an adjunctive screening series, and experience suggests that this combined approach provides superior detection rates. We hypothesized that STIR-SAG would provide higher sensitivity than T2-SAG in the identification and localization of intervertebral disc extrusion. We further hypothesized that the parallel evaluation of paired T2-SAG and STIR-SAG series would provide a higher sensitivity than could be achieved with either independent sagittal series when viewed in isolation. This retrospective diagnostic accuracy study blindly reviewed T2-SAG and STIR-SAG sequences from dogs (n = 110) with surgically confirmed intervertebral disc extrusion. A consensus between two radiologists found no significant difference in sensitivity between T2-SAG and STIR-SAG during the identification of intervertebral disc extrusion (T2-SAG: 92.7%, STIR-SAG: 94.5%, P = 0.752). Nevertheless, STIR-SAG accurately identified intervertebral disc extrusion in 66.7% of cases where the evaluation of T2-SAG in isolation had provided a false negative diagnosis. Additionally, one radiologist found that the parallel evaluation of paired T2-SAG and STIR-SAG series provided a significantly higher sensitivity than T2-SAG in isolation, during the identification of intervertebral disc extrusion (T2-SAG: 78.2%, paired T2-SAG, and STIR-SAG: 90.9%, P = 0.017). A similar nonsignificant trend was observed when the consensus of both radiologists was taken into consideration (T2-SAG: 92.7%, paired T2-SAG, and STIR-SAG = 97.3%, P = 0.392). We therefore conclude that STIR-SAG is capable of identifying intervertebral disc extrusion that is inconspicuous in T2-SAG, and that STIR-SAG should be considered a useful adjunctive sequence during preliminary sagittal screening for intervertebral disc extrusion in low-field magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Housley
- Dick White Referrals, Diagnostic Imaging, Newmarket, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Abby Caine
- Dick White Referrals, Diagnostic Imaging, Newmarket, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Giunio Cherubini
- Dick White Referrals, Diagnostic Imaging, Newmarket, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Olivier Taeymans
- Dick White Referrals, Diagnostic Imaging, Newmarket, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Abstract
A 13 mo old mixed-breed dog was referred for acute lateralized forebrain signs. MRI of the brain demonstrated abnormalities consistent with severe meningitis and subdural empyema secondary to a retrobulbar abscess. The dog’s clinical signs improved with antibiotic therapy, and repeat imaging showed resolution of subdural fluid accumulation presumed to be empyema with mild residual meningeal enhancement. Subdural empyema is an infrequent cause of encephalopathy in small animals and usually develops through direct extension of a pericranial infection. This report presents a case of presumptive subdural empyema in a dog that was successfully treated without surgical intervention. MRI is the preferred imaging modality for diagnosis of subdural empyema, and the characteristic imaging features are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taemi Horikawa
- Animal Eye Center, Rocklin, CA (T.H.); Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center, Pittsburgh, PA (E.M.); and PetRays Veterinary Radiology Consultants, The Woodlands, TX (A.B.)
| | - Edward MacKillop
- Animal Eye Center, Rocklin, CA (T.H.); Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center, Pittsburgh, PA (E.M.); and PetRays Veterinary Radiology Consultants, The Woodlands, TX (A.B.)
| | - Anne Bahr
- Animal Eye Center, Rocklin, CA (T.H.); Pittsburgh Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Center, Pittsburgh, PA (E.M.); and PetRays Veterinary Radiology Consultants, The Woodlands, TX (A.B.)
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5
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Joslyn S, Richards S, Boroffka S, Mitchell M, Hammond G, Sullivan M. Magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhancement of extra-ocular muscles in dogs with no clinical evidence of orbital disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2013; 55:63-7. [PMID: 23890158 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of extra-ocular muscles has been reported in cases of orbital pathology in both veterinary and medical magnetic resonance imaging. We have also observed this finding in the absence of orbital disease. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe extra-ocular muscle contrast enhancement characteristics in a group of dogs with no known orbital disease. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) from dogs with no clinical evidence of orbital disease and a reportedly normal MRI study were retrieved and reviewed. Contrast enhancement percentages of the medial, lateral, ventral, and dorsal rectus muscles were calculated based on signal-to-noise ratios that were in turn determined from hand-traced regions of interest in precontrast, immediate postcontrast and 10-min postcontrast scans. Comparison measurements were made in the pterygoid muscle. Contrast enhancement of the extra-ocular muscles was observed in all patients (median contrast enhancement percentage 45.0%) and was greater than that of pterygoid muscle (median contrast enhancement percentage 22.7%). Enhancement of the extra-ocular muscles persisted 10 min after contrast administration (median contrast enhancement percentage 43.4%). Findings indicated that MRI contrast enhancement of extra-ocular muscles is likely normal in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Joslyn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801
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Eminaga S, Cherubini GB, Villiers E, Targett M, Caine A. STIR muscle hyperintensity in the cervical muscles associated with inflammatory spinal cord disease of unknown origin. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:137-42. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Eminaga
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom; Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
| | - G. B. Cherubini
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom; Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - E. Villiers
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom; Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - M. Targett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus Leicestershire LE12 5RD
| | - A. Caine
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom; Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Sutton Bonington Campus Leicestershire LE12 5RD
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Terzo E, McConnell JF, Shiel RE, McAllister H, Behr S, Priestnall SL, Smith KC, Nolan CM, Callanan JJ. Unique topographic distribution of greyhound nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:636-42. [PMID: 22742427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2012.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Greyhound nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis is an idiopathic breed-associated fatal meningoencephalitis with lesions usually occurring within the rostral cerebrum. This disorder can only be confirmed by postmortem examination, with a diagnosis based upon the unique topography of inflammatory lesions. Our purpose was to describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of this disease. Four Greyhounds with confirmed Greyhound nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis were evaluated by MR imaging. Lesions predominantly affected the olfactory lobes and bulbs, frontal, and frontotemporal cortical gray matter, and caudate nuclei bilaterally. Fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2 weighted spin-echo (T2W) sequences were most useful to assess the nature, severity, extension, and topographic pattern of lesions. Lesions were predominantly T2-hyperintense and T1-isointense with minimal or absent contrast enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Terzo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University Veterinary Hospital, University College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Armour MD, Broome M, Dell’Anna G, Blades NJ, Esson DW. A review of orbital and intracranial magnetic resonance imaging in 79 canine and 13 feline patients (2004-2010). Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:215-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hoyt L, Greenberg M, MacPhail C, Eichelberger B, Marolf A, Kraft S. Imaging diagnosis--magnetic resonance imaging of an organizing abscess secondary to a retrobulbar grass awn. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2009; 50:646-8. [PMID: 19999351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hoyt
- Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 W. Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Oliver JAC, Llabrés-Diaz FJ, Gould DJ, Powell RM. Central nervous system infection withStaphylococcus intermediussecondary to retrobulbar abscessation in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2009; 12:333-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2009.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Kraijer-Huver IMG, ter Haar G, Djajadiningrat-Laanen SC, Boevé MH. Peri- and retrobulbar abscess caused by chronic otitis externa, media and interna in a dog. Vet Rec 2009; 165:209-11. [PMID: 19684348 DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.7.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I M G Kraijer-Huver
- Ophthalmology Division, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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