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Salaga M, Mokrowiecka A, Zielinska M, Malecka-Panas E, Kordek R, Kamysz E, Fichna J. New Peptide Inhibitor of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV, EMDB-1 Extends the Half-Life of GLP-2 and Attenuates Colitis in Mice after Topical Administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:92-103. [PMID: 28724693 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibition has become a possible new approach in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. A serine exopeptidase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), is responsible for the inactivation of incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), a potent stimulator of intestinal epithelium regeneration and growth. Recently, we showed that the novel peptide analog of endomorphin-2, Tyr-Pro-D-ClPhe-Phe-NH2 (EMDB-1) is a potent blocker of DPP IV and has an inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle contractility. The aim of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of action of EMDB-1 in the mouse GI tract. We used two models of experimental colitis (induced by TNBS and DSS). The anti-inflammatory effect of EMDB-1 was assessed by the determination of macroscopic score, ulcer score, colonic wall thickness, as well as myeloperoxidase activity. Additionally, we measured the expression of GLP-2, GLP2R, and DPP IV in the colon of control and colitic animals treated with the test compound. The expression of GLP-2 and GLP2R in the serum and colon of IBD patients and healthy control subjects has been assessed. We showed that EMDB-1 elevates the half-life of GLP-2 in vitro and attenuates acute, semichronic, and relapsing TNBS as well as DSS-induced colitis in mice after topical administration. The anti-inflammatory action of EMDB-1 is associated with changes in the level of colonic GLP-2 but not DPP IV expression. Our results validate DPP IV as a pharmacological target for the anti-IBD drugs, and its inhibitors based on natural substrates, such as EMDB-1, have the potential to become valuable anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Salaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Anna Mokrowiecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Marta Zielinska
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Ewa Malecka-Panas
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Radzislaw Kordek
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Elzbieta Kamysz
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
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Varamini P, Toth I. Lipid- and sugar-modified endomorphins: novel targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:155. [PMID: 24379782 PMCID: PMC3862115 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endomorphins are endogenous opioid peptides that cause potent antinociception in rodent models of acute and neuropathic pain with less undesirable side effects than opioid alkaloids. However, endomorphins are poorly suited to clinical applications because of low membrane permeability and a susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Glycosylation and lipidation have proven to be two of the most robust approaches for the generation of new therapeutic endomorphin derivatives. Conjugation with lipoamino acids (LAA) confers an amphipathic character to the peptide, which improved interaction between the peptide and the lipid bilayer of the cell membranes, increasing permeability. Glycosylation can also improve peptide stability and blood brain barrier (BBB) transport. It is believed that an endocytotic mechanism (transcytosis) is responsible for the systemic delivery of water-soluble glycopeptides. This review discusses the application of glycosylation and lipidation strategies to improve the drug-like properties of endomorphins. Pharmacologically active endomorphin analogs with less adverse effects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Varamini
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; Medicinal Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-third consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2010 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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Perlikowska R, Fichna J, do-Rego JC, Gach K, Janecka A. Kinetic studies of novel inhibitors of endomorphin degrading enzymes. Med Chem Res 2011; 21:1445-1450. [PMID: 22707871 PMCID: PMC3359464 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endomorphins (EMs), two endogenous μ-opioid receptor selective ligands, are attractive lead compounds for opioid-based pain management studies. However, these peptides are quickly degraded by peptidases, in particular by dipeptidylpeptidase IV (DPP IV) and aminopeptidase M (APM). Targeting enzymatic degradation is one approach to prolong endomorphin activity. In this study we characterized the action of two new inhibitors of similar to endomorphins structure, Tyr-Pro-Ala-NH2 (EMDB-2) and Tyr-Pro-Ala-OH (EMDB-3), which were designed earlier in our laboratory. The presented data give evidence that EMDB-2 and EMDB-3 are potent inhibitors of enzymes responsible for endomorphin cleavage. These compounds are stable and easily synthesized. EMDB-2 and EMDB-3 are competitive inhibitors of both, DPP IV and APM, with Ki values in micromolar range. They are less potent than diprotin A in protecting EMs against DPP IV but more potent than actinonin in protecting these peptides against APM.
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