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Horowitz J, Entwisle B. Life Course Events and Migration in the Transition to Adulthood. SOCIAL FORCES; A SCIENTIFIC MEDIUM OF SOCIAL STUDY AND INTERPRETATION 2021; 100:29-55. [PMID: 34334827 PMCID: PMC8320714 DOI: 10.1093/sf/soaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Do life course events stimulate migration during the transition to adulthood? We identify nine specific life events in the family, education, and employment domains and test whether they lead to migration in the short term, using fixed-effects models that remove the influence of all stable individual-level characteristics and controlling for age. Marital and school completion events have substantively large effects on migration compared to individual work transitions, although there are more of the latter over the young adult years. Furthermore, young adults who are white and from higher class backgrounds are more likely to migrate in response to life events, suggesting that migration may be a mechanism for the reproduction of status attainment. Overall, the results demonstrate a close relationship between life course events and migration, and suggest a potential role for migration in explaining the effect of life course events on well-being and behavior.
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2
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Fervers L, Ilg L. Can we get them moving? The impact of mobility assistance on cross‐country migration of young adults in Europe. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/imig.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Fervers
- University of Cologne ‐ Institute for Sociology and Social Psychology Institute for Applied Economic Research (Tübingen) DIE ‐ Leibniz Centre for Life‐long Learning Köln Germany
| | - Lena Ilg
- Porsche AG ‐ Advanced Analytics and Smart Data Department Bietigheim‐Bissingen Germany
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3
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Ziller C, Wright M, Hewstone M. Immigration, social trust, and the moderating role of value contexts. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2019; 79:115-126. [PMID: 30857657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examines whether the values prevalent in one's social environment moderate the link between immigration-related ethnic diversity and social trust. Drawing on arguments related to intergroup relations and anomie, we expect that contexts characterized by a comparatively high degree of openness mitigate a trust-eroding effect of immigration. In contrast, we expect that contexts of low openness or high conservation may reinforce a trust-eroding effect. We test these propositions using survey data from Europe and the United States merged with regional indicators on immigration and value contexts. The results show that high levels of contextual openness attenuate trust-eroding consequences of immigration growth. With regard to mechanisms, we find that contextual openness moderates how change in immigration relates to generalized forms of trust rather than outgroup trust. This points to an overall anomie-reducing function of openness norms, especially in times of ethnic change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miles Hewstone
- University of Oxford, UK; University of Newcastle, Australia
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4
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Tesfai R. Does Country Context Matter? Sub‐Saharan and North African Immigrants’ Labour Market Outcomes in France and Spain. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/imig.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Dinesen PT, Hooghe M. When in Rome, Do as the Romans Do: The Acculturation of Generalized Trust among Immigrants in Western Europe. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to examine whether an acculturation of trust takes place among non-western immigrants upon migrating to Western Europe and whether inclusionary integration policies have an effect on this process. Building on the second and third wave of the European Social Survey (ESS) we show that an acculturation of trust does take place, but that integration policy does not affect this process. In spite of some variation across destination countries, we also find that second generation immigrants tend to adapt more to the level of trust of natives in the destination country than first generation immigrants do. This indicates that the acculturation of trust is strengthened with the second generation in the country. The results hold up when controlling for confounding variables including the trust in the country of origin of immigrants.
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6
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Reher DS, Silvestre J. Internal Migration Patterns of Foreign-Born Immigrants in a Country of Recent Mass Immigration: Evidence from New Micro Data for Spain. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper extends the literature on the internal migration patterns of the foreign-born by analyzing the situation in Spain, a country affected by recent but very significant migratory flows. We utilize a standard theoretical framework in order to assess the relative importance of human capital, economic, and social capital indicators. To this end, we take advantage of a new micro database, the National Immigrant Survey (Encuesta National de Inmigrantes – ENI-2007). Our findings suggest that the main theories explaining internal migration patterns of the foreign-born are at least partly true. Evidence is presented in support of the importance of education and knowledge of the native language, income, and networks based on the sharing of social capital among family members, though less so for those based on friends and acquaintances. Spanish citizenship and employment status seem to be less important in explaining the propensity to move within the country. We argue that the lack of significance of some indicators is due mainly to the fact that Spain has become a major destination only very recently as well as to the way different immigrant groups tend to implement strategies for promotion and integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Reher
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) and Grupo de Estudios Población y Sociedad (GEPS)
| | - Javier Silvestre
- Universidad de Zaragoza and Grupo de Estudios Población y Sociedad (GEPS)
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7
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Sabater A, Domingo A. A New Immigration Regularization Policy: The Settlement Program in Spain. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2012.00884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The topic of regularization of immigrants has occupied a position high on the agenda in Spain and elsewhere. In this paper, we contribute to this particular issue by providing an evaluative case study in Spain using administrative data from the Province of Barcelona from 2005 to 2009, which allows survival analysis, the follow-up of migrants’ trajectories after regularization and the examination of the hazard of lapsing back into irregularity. Our analysis reveals critical differences on the effectiveness of two pathways to earned legalization in Spain as a policy: the 2005 Normalisation and the Settlement Program in full operation since 2006.
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Docquier F, Peri G, Ruyssen I. The Cross-country Determinants of Potential and Actual Migration. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/imre.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we use cross-country bilateral data to quantify a two-step process of international migration and its aggregate determinants. We first analyze which country-specific factors affect the probability that individuals join the pool of potential (aspiring) migrants. Then, we consider the bilateral and destination country factors that affect the frequency at which potential migrants turn into actual migrants. Using information on potential migrants from World Gallup surveys and on actual migrants from national censuses for 138 origin countries and 30 major destinations between 2000 and 2010, we analyze economic, policy, cultural, and network determinants of each step. We find that the size of the network of previous migrants and the average income per person at destination are crucial determinants of the size of the pool of potential migrants. Economic growth in the destination country, on the other hand, is the main economic generator of migration opportunities for a given pool of potential migrants. We also find that college-educated exhibit greater actual emigration rates mainly because of better chances in realizing their immigration potentials, rather than because of higher willingness to migrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Docquier
- FNRS, Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique and IRES,
Université Catholique de Louvain
| | | | - Ilse Ruyssen
- IRES, Université Catholique de Louvain and SHERPPA, Ghent
University
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9
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10
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Dahl V. Reducing Adolescents’ Approval of Political Violence. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PSYCHOLOGIE-JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This study examines the role of peers in adolescents’ development of universalistic values and positive sentiments toward immigrants, and the extent to which a network of more universalistic or immigrant-friendly peers can reduce approval of violent political means among adolescents. Using longitudinal data on 997 adolescents, the study employed a social network approach to examine these aspects. Results showed no peer influence and peer selection effects for how adolescents develop universalistic values but that peers transfer positive immigrant sentiments to other adolescents over time and also that adolescents tend to select peers with similar sentiments toward immigrants. In addition, whereas peers’ positive sentiments toward immigrants were found not to reduce adolescents’ approval of violent political means over time, such a reducing effect was found for universalistic values. However, further studies are needed to better understand the role of peers with regard to mechanisms underlying adolescents’ development of political orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Dahl
- Youth and Society, Center for Studies on Civic Engagement, Department of Political Science, School of Humanities, Education and Social Science, Örebro University, Sweden
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11
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Flahaux ML, Vezzoli S. Examining the role of border closure and post-colonial ties in Caribbean migration. MIGRATION STUDIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laurence Flahaux
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement – Laboratoire Population, Environnement, Développement, Aix Marseille Université, 3, place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France and International Migration Institute, Oxford Department of International Development, University of Oxford, 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3T, UK
| | - Simona Vezzoli
- University of Amsterdam, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nieuwe Achtergracht 166, 1018 WV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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van der Linden M, Hooghe M, de Vroome T, Van Laar C. Extending trust to immigrants: Generalized trust, cross-group friendship and anti-immigrant sentiments in 21 European societies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177369. [PMID: 28481925 PMCID: PMC5421794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is twofold. First, we expand on the literature by testing whether generalized trust is negatively related to anti-immigrant sentiments in Europe. Second, we examine to what extent the relation between generalized trust and anti-immigrant sentiments is dependent upon cross-group friendships. We apply multilevel linear regression modeling to representative survey data enriched with levels of ethnic diversity covering 21 European countries. Results show that both generalized trust and cross-group friendship are negatively related to anti-immigrant sentiments. However, there is a negligible positive relation between generalized trust and cross-group friendship (r = .10), and we can clearly observe that they operate independently from one another. Hence, trusting actors are not more likely to form more cross-group friendships, and cross-group friendship do not lead to the development of more generalized trust. Instead, the findings show that generalized trust leads immigrants too to be included in the radius of trusted others and, as a consequence, the benign effects of generalized trust apply to them as well. We conclude that the strength of generalized trust is a form of generalization, beyond the confines of individual variations in intergroup experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Hooghe
- Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas de Vroome
- European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colette Van Laar
- Center for Social and Cultural Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Gorodzeisky A, Semyonov M. Labor force participation, unemployment and occupational attainment among immigrants in West European countries. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176856. [PMID: 28475632 PMCID: PMC5419508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper examines modes of immigrants' labor market incorporation into European societies with specific emphasis on the role played by immigrant status (i.e. first-generation immigrants, immigrant descendants and native born without migrant background), region of origin, and gender. The data were obtained from the European Union Labour Forces Survey 2008 Ad-Hoc Module for France, Belgium, UK and Sweden. In order to supplement the results from the country-specific analysis, we replicated the analysis using pooled data from the five rounds of the European Social Survey conducted between 2002 and 2010, for nine 'old immigration' Western European countries together. The analysis centered on two aspects of incorporation: labor force status and occupation. Multinominal, binary logistic as well as linear probability regression models were estimated. The findings suggest that in all countries non-European origin is associated with greater disadvantage in finding employment not only among first-generation immigrants, but also among sons and daughters of immigrants (i.e. second-generation). Moreover, the relative employment disadvantage among immigrant men of non-European origin is especially pronounced in the second-generation. The likelihood of attaining a high-status job is influenced mostly by immigrant status, regardless of region of origin and gender. The results of the study reveal that patterns of labor force incorporation vary considerably across origin groups and across generations. The patterns do not vary as much across countries, despite cross-country differences in welfare state regimes, migration integration policy and composition of migration flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Gorodzeisky
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Moshe Semyonov
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Sociology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Wong TK, Kosnac H. Does The Legalization of Undocumented Immigrants in the US Encourage Unauthorized Immigration from Mexico? An Empirical Analysis of the Moral Hazard of Legalization. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/imig.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Gülzau F, Mau S, Zaun N. Regional Mobility Spaces? Visa Waiver Policies and Regional Integration. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/imig.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Sluiter R, Tolsma J, Scheepers P. At which geographic scale does ethnic diversity affect intra-neighborhood social capital? SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2015; 54:80-95. [PMID: 26463536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The claim that ethnic diversity within the living environment would hamper bonding and bridging social capital has been studied extensively, producing highly inconsistent findings. We studied whether ethnic diversity effects depend on the geographic scale at which ethnic diversity is measured. We examined ethnic diversity effects on intra- and inter-ethnic contacts in the neighborhood, respectively on opposition to ethnic in- and out-group neighbors. Hypotheses were derived from Blau's meeting opportunities thesis and contact theory, ethnic competition theory, and constrict theory. Using information about 2545 Dutch respondents with their locality defined as egohoods and administrative units, we found that ethnic diversity effects vary with the geographic scale. Ethnic diversity of smaller localities is positively associated with bridging social capital. At larger scales, the findings are mixed: ethnic diversity is positively related to inter-ethnic contacts and opposition to out-group neighbors. Ethnic diversity of smaller localities is negatively related to bonding social capital. In contrast to often-made claims that diversity within the local context would matter most, estimates of diversity effects are not always stronger when diversity measures are aggregated to smaller geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick Sluiter
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Sociology, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jochem Tolsma
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Sociology, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Peer Scheepers
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Sociology, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Jansen WS, Vos MW, Otten S, Podsiadlowski A, van der Zee KI. Colorblind or colorful? How diversity approaches affect cultural majority and minority employees. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Menno W. Vos
- Windesheim University of Applied Sciences; The Netherlands
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18
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Jansen WS, Otten S, van der Zee KI, Jans L. Inclusion: Conceptualization and measurement. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebren S. Jansen
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Otten
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | | | - Lise Jans
- Department of Social Psychology; University of Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
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19
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Cheng J, Young C, Zhang X, Owusu K. Comparing inter-migration within the European Union and China: An initial exploration. MIGRATION STUDIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/migration/mnt029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Lidén G, Nyhlén J. Explaining Local Swedish Refugee Policy. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-013-0294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Ethnic Diversity and Personal Contacts at Work and at School in the Netherlands: a Comparison of Natives and Ethnic Minorities. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-013-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Domínguez-Mujica J, Guerra-Talavera R, Parreño-Castellano JM. Migration at a Time of Global Economic Crisis: The Situation in Spain. INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/imig.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Migrant-Related Attitudes and Perceived Ethnic Threats Between In-Groups
and Out-Groups: <i>The cases of Greece and Sweden</i>. NORDIC JOURNAL OF MIGRATION RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10202-011-0045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Marra G, Miller DL, Zanin L. Modelling the spatiotemporal distribution of the incidence of resident foreign population. STAT NEERL 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9574.2011.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Wong WCW, Yim YL, Lynn H. Sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Hong Kong: the role of migration status. J Travel Med 2011; 18:1-7. [PMID: 21199136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Female sex workers (FSW) have been considered reservoirs and vectors of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the community. This study estimated the prevalence of STI/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among FSW of various migration and residential status in Hong Kong and identified possible risk factors. METHODS An outreach "Well-women" clinic was set up at Ziteng, a non-governmental organization working with FSW. Details of their lifestyle and health risk behavior were gathered before screening tests were performed, and the data were analyzed according to their place of origin. RESULTS A total of 503 FSW were screened for STI/HIV between 2005 and 2007. Syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and HIV accounted for 1.8, 1.8, 4.6, and 0.2%, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, having ≥ 2 sexual partners (odds ratio [OR] 8.33, 95%CI: 2.17-33.46), residence status (OR 0.38, 95%CI: 0.17-0.89), and daily frequency of douching (OR 3.02, 95%CI: 1.23-7.35) were identified as significant predictors. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insights on the screening and associated risk factors of STI among FSW working in Hong Kong. The contextual factors identified reflect the social and geographical context in which these women are operating and how they protect their health using their own means. These findings encourage policymakers and health professionals to redirect their focus and resources to a more holistic approach to sexual health when planning and implementing effective STI/HIV prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C W Wong
- Family Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 161 Main Street, Ap Lei Chau Clinic, Hong Kong, China.
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26
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Stojek M, Fischer S, Collins B. Thinness and restricting expectancies mediate the influence of ethnic identity on bulimic symptoms. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Hooghe M, Claes E, Harell A, Quintelier E, Dejaeghere Y. Anti-gay sentiment among adolescents in Belgium and Canada: a comparative investigation into the role of gender and religion. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2010; 57:384-400. [PMID: 20391000 DOI: 10.1080/00918360903543071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated that opposition toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trangender (LGBT) rights remains prevalent among Western populations. In this article, we investigate the determinants of anti-gay attitudes among adolescents in two liberal democracies, Belgium (n = 6,330) and Canada (n = 3,334). The analysis indicates that hostile feelings toward LGBT rights are particularly widespread among boys, while the effects of socioeconomic status and parental education remain limited. Various religious denominations proved to have a strong and significant negative impact on tolerance, with especially high scores for Islam. Religious practice, too, contributes to a negative attitude toward LGBT rights. The consequences of these findings with regard to tolerance for gay rights among Islamic youth in Western democracies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hooghe
- Department of Political Science, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Meuleman B, Davidov E, Billiet J. Changing attitudes toward immigration in Europe, 2002-2007: a dynamic group conflict theory approach. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2009; 38:352-365. [PMID: 19827179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anti-immigration attitudes and its origins have been investigated quite extensively. Research that focuses on the evolution of attitudes toward immigration, however, is far more scarce. In this paper, we use data from the first three rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS) to study the trend of anti-immigration attitudes between 2002 and 2007 in 17 European countries. In the first part of the paper, we discuss the critical legitimacy for comparing latent variable means over countries and time. A Multiple-Group Multiple Indicator Structural Equation Modeling (MGSEM) approach is used to test the cross-country and cross-time equivalence of the variables under study. In a second step, we try to offer an explanation for the observed trends using a dynamic version of group conflict theory. The country-specific evolutions in attitudes toward immigration are shown to coincide with national context factors, such as immigration flows and changes in unemployment rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Meuleman
- CeSO, University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 Box 3601, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Wong WCW, Holroyd E, Chan EY, Griffiths S, Bingham A. "One country, two systems": Sociopolitical implications for female migrant sex workers in Hong Kong. BMC INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 2008; 8:13. [PMID: 19077260 PMCID: PMC2629761 DOI: 10.1186/1472-698x-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under the "two countries, one system" policy implemented by China to manage the return of Hong Kong's sovereignty, Hong Kong has maintained a comparatively prosperous economy within the Asian region. This has resulted in an environment which fosters migration from the mainland to Hong Kong, due largely to proximity, higher earning potential, common language, and a relaxing of border control measures. However not all mainland China citizens are equally able to access these new migration schemes and indeed a number of women such as sex workers are either migrating and/or working illegally and without occupational, legal and health protection within Hong Kong. DISCUSSION Female migrant sex workers are exposed to a number of significant threats to their health, however their illegal status contributes to even greater vulnerability. The prevailing discourses which view these women as either "trafficked women" or as "illegal immigrants" do not adequately account for the complex situations which result in such women's employment in Hong Kong's sex industry. Rather, their position can best be understood within the broader frameworks provided by migration literature and the concept of "structural violence". This allows for a greater understanding of the socio-political issues which are systematically denying migrant sex workers adequate access to health care and other opportunities for social advancement. When these issues are taken into account, it becomes clear that the current relevant legislation regarding both immigration and sex work is perpetuating the marginalised and vulnerable status of migrant sex workers. Unless changes are made, structural barriers will remain in place which impede the ability of migrant sex workers to manage their own health needs and status. CONCLUSION Female migrant sex workers in Hong Kong are extremely vulnerable to a number of occupational health and safety hazards which have significantly detrimental effects on their health. These risks can best be understood within a broad framework of socio-political factors contributing to their vulnerability. Ensuring that migrant sex workers have adequate support for their health and legal rights requires require structural interventions such as decriminalisation and providing open and inclusive access to health service to counteract such factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C W Wong
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, 200 Berkeley Street, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia.
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