1
|
El Saftawy EA, Amin NM, Sabry RM, El-Anwar N, Shash RY, Elsebaie EH, Wassef RM. Can Toxoplasma gondii Pave the Road for Dementia? J Parasitol Res 2020; 2020:8859857. [PMID: 32802484 PMCID: PMC7414348 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8859857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is an ominous neurological disease. Scientists proposed a link between its occurrence and the presence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The long-term sequels of anti-Toxoplasma premunition, chiefly dominated by TNF-α, on the neurons and their receptors as the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R), which is tangled in cognition and synaptic plasticity, are still not clear. IGF-1R mediates its action via IGF-1, and its depletion is incorporated in the pathogenesis of dementia. The activated TNF-α signaling pathway induces NF-κβ that may induce or inhibit neurogenesis. This study speculates the potential impact of anti-Toxoplasma immune response on the expression of IGF-1R in chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis. The distributive pattern of T. gondii cysts was studied in association with TNF-α serum levels, the in situ expression of NF-κβ, and IGF-1R in mice using the low virulent ME-49 T. gondii strain. There was an elevation of the TNF-α serum level (p value ≤ 0.004) and significant upsurge in NF-κβ whereas IGF-1R was of low abundance (p value < 0.05) compared to the controls. TNF-α had a strong positive correlation with the intracerebral expression of NF-κβ (r value ≈ 0.943, p value ≈ 0.005) and a strong negative correlation to IGF-1R (r value -0.584 and -0.725 for area% and O.D., respectively). This activated TNF-α/NF-κβ keeps T. gondii under control at the expense of IGF-1R expression, depriving neurons of the effect of IGF-1, the receptor's ligand. We therefore deduce that T. gondii immunopathological reaction may be a road paver for developing dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enas A. El Saftawy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha M. Amin
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M. Sabry
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha El-Anwar
- Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Rania Y. Shash
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Elsebaie
- Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rita M. Wassef
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peripheral nerve reconstruction after injury: a review of clinical and experimental therapies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014. [PMID: 25276813 DOI: 10.1155/2014/698256.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other tissues in the body, peripheral nerve regeneration is slow and usually incomplete. Less than half of patients who undergo nerve repair after injury regain good to excellent motor or sensory function and current surgical techniques are similar to those described by Sunderland more than 60 years ago. Our increasing knowledge about nerve physiology and regeneration far outweighs our surgical abilities to reconstruct damaged nerves and successfully regenerate motor and sensory function. It is technically possible to reconstruct nerves at the fascicular level but not at the level of individual axons. Recent surgical options including nerve transfers demonstrate promise in improving outcomes for proximal nerve injuries and experimental molecular and bioengineering strategies are being developed to overcome biological roadblocks limiting patient recovery.
Collapse
|
3
|
Grinsell D, Keating CP. Peripheral nerve reconstruction after injury: a review of clinical and experimental therapies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:698256. [PMID: 25276813 PMCID: PMC4167952 DOI: 10.1155/2014/698256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other tissues in the body, peripheral nerve regeneration is slow and usually incomplete. Less than half of patients who undergo nerve repair after injury regain good to excellent motor or sensory function and current surgical techniques are similar to those described by Sunderland more than 60 years ago. Our increasing knowledge about nerve physiology and regeneration far outweighs our surgical abilities to reconstruct damaged nerves and successfully regenerate motor and sensory function. It is technically possible to reconstruct nerves at the fascicular level but not at the level of individual axons. Recent surgical options including nerve transfers demonstrate promise in improving outcomes for proximal nerve injuries and experimental molecular and bioengineering strategies are being developed to overcome biological roadblocks limiting patient recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Grinsell
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - C. P. Keating
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Melbourne, VIC 3065, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sinis N, Kraus A, Drakotos D, Doser M, Schlosshauer B, Müller HW, Skouras E, Bruck JC, Werdin F. Bioartificial reconstruction of peripheral nerves using the rat median nerve model. Ann Anat 2011; 193:341-6. [PMID: 21489766 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Different bioartificial tubes were recommended for peripheral nerve reconstruction in the past. In order to replace autologous nerve grafts this materials are still under review in different animal studies. Most of them are dealing with the rodent peripheral nerves. One very popular animal model to study different materials is the rat median nerve model. With its easy excess, simple behavioral tests and reliable long term results it is attractive to many scientists in this field. This review gives an overview about the past, current and future options in this model for bioartificial nerve tubes. It summarizes the evolution of successful implantation of different materials across short nerve gaps and demonstrates the obstacles arising from long nerve gaps and the problems associated to them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Sinis
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Marthin-Luther-Hospital Berlin, Academic Department of the Charite, Caspar-Theyss-Strasse 27–31, Grunewald, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sinis N, Schaller HE, Schulte-Eversum C, Schlosshauer B, Doser M, Dietz K, Rösner H, Müller HW, Haerle M. Nerve regeneration across a 2-cm gap in the rat median nerve using a resorbable nerve conduit filled with Schwann cells. J Neurosurg 2005; 103:1067-76. [PMID: 16381194 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.103.6.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object. In a rat model, nerve regeneration was evaluated across a 2-cm defect in the median nerve by using a resorbable artificial nerve conduit. The aim of this study was to develop an artificial, biocompatible nerve guide to induce regeneration in the peripheral nervous system.
Methods. The authors compared a nerve conduit of trimethylenecarbonate-co-epsilon-caprolactone (TMC/CL) filled with autologous Schwann cells with both an empty hollow conduit and an autologous nerve graft. Animals that did not undergo surgery served as the control group. Nerve regeneration was evaluated with the grasping test, histological analysis of the nerve, muscle weight analysis (flexor digitorum superficialis muscle), and electrophysiological examination.
After an observation period of 9 months, regeneration occurred only in animals that had received an autologous graft or a Schwann cell containing nerve conduit. No signs of regeneration were found in animals supplied with the empty conduit.
Conclusions. Results of this study reveal the important role of Schwann cells in the regeneration process across a 2-cm defect in the rat median nerve. Furthermore, Schwann cell—filled nerve conduits induced functional recovery, as demonstrated in the grasping test, that was comparable with that of the autologous graft 9 months after implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios Sinis
- Klinik für Hand-, Plastische-, Rekonstruktive- und Verbrennungschirurgie, Universtät Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brooks D, Panthaki Z, Buncke HJ, Buncke GM. Neuroma transposition and intramuscular implantation using the Mitek "soft-tissue anchor": a new technique. Ann Plast Surg 2001; 47:257-62. [PMID: 11562029 DOI: 10.1097/00000637-200109000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a new technique for intramuscular implantation of a nerve ending after peripheral neuroma excision. Sixteen peripheral neuromas in 10 patients were excised and then implanted into muscle tissue using the Mitek anchor. The positions of the anchors were documented by immediate anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. These views were repeated at 2 months to assess any migration. All patients had resolution of the symptoms related to their neuromas. No substantial migration was noted in any of the patients. The Mitek anchor can be used as a "soft-tissue" anchor to position a nerve ending reliably at a precise depth and tension in muscle tissue with minimal trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Brooks
- Department of Microsurgery Transplantation and Replantation, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pélissier P, Riahi R, Casoli V, Martin D, Baudet J. [Terminal-lateral nerve anastomoses. Preliminary clinical report of two cases]. ANN CHIR PLAST ESTH 2001; 46:129-33. [PMID: 11340935 DOI: 10.1016/s0294-1260(01)00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nerve regeneration is based on three phenomenons of critical importance: neurotropism, nerve guidance and neurotrophis. These principles allow understanding the mechanisms of nerve suture and grafting, but also the newly described end-to-side nerve anastomoses. In this procedure, the distal stump of a severed nerve is anastomosed on the lateral side of an intact nerve, with or without removal of the perineurium. Authors report their beginning experience with this procedure (ten cases) and discuss the early results. End-to-side anastomosis seems to be a useful and reliable technique for clinical nerve repair. Even if nerve grafting remains the gold standard to bridge nerve defects, one has nothing to loose if a few minutes, anastomosing the severed nerve on the lateral side of an intact nerve, rather than doing nothing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Pélissier
- Service de chirurgie plastique, hôpital Pellegrin-Tondu, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luo ZJ, Lu SB. Selective reinnervation of regenerating mixed nerve fibres across a silicone tube gap. Further experimental evidence of neurotropism. JOURNAL OF HAND SURGERY (EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND) 1996; 21:660-3. [PMID: 9230957 DOI: 10.1016/s0266-7681(96)80154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated specific regeneration of a mixed motor and sensory nerve by the method of spinal dorsal root ganglions resection. A 10 mm segment of tibial nerve was resected and the nerve ends inserted in a silicone tube. Fourteen weeks later, dorsal root ganglia from L6 to S1 were resected on the experiment side. Twenty weeks later, the regenerating motor nerve fibres of mixed nerves selectively grew into motor branches. The rate of misdirected growth in mixed nerves was less than 6%. These results suggest that regenerating motor and sensory axons of mixed nerves are able to select their distal target organs accurately. Better results may be obtained using the entubulation repair method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z J Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Festoff BW, Yang SX, Vaught J, Bryan C, Ma JY. The insulin-like growth factor signaling system and ALS neurotrophic factor treatment strategies. J Neurol Sci 1995; 129 Suppl:114-21. [PMID: 7595601 DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(95)00080-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Because of its multi-faceted potential as a neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been given to hundreds of ALS patients world-wide. Unlike some patients with post-polio syndrome and fragile elderly males, it is unclear whether any of these patients possess disturbances in IGF signaling. We found that about 25% of ALS patients in a controlled trial of human growth hormone (hGH) had lower or higher than normal IGF-I serum levels. Many ALS patients do have some of the characteristics of type II diabetes mellitus, where IGF-I therapy is also under way. In addition, in type I diabetes significant increase in a circulating molecule that binds IGF-I, IGF-I binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), occurs along with reduced IGF-I, when neuropathic complications are prominent. We have studied the response of IGFBPs in ALS patients to subcutaneous rhIGF-I and found transient induction of IGFBP-1. Studies related to the IGFBPs have not been done in familial ALS (FALS) patients. However, the gene for another IGFBP, BP-2, co-localizes with the gene for juvenile ALS (ALSJ) on chromosome 2. IGF-I has been given to several models of motor neuron degeneration in the mouse, including motor neuron disease and wobbler, with beneficial effects. However, it is also not known whether any accepted genetic mouse model of motor neuron degeneration possesses any disturbance in the IGF signaling system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B W Festoff
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory (151), VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Benito-Ruiz J, Navarro-Monzonis A, Piqueras A, Baena-Montilla P. Invaginated vein graft as nerve conduit: an experimental study. Microsurgery 1994; 15:105-15. [PMID: 8183108 DOI: 10.1002/micr.1920150205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Vein grafts have been used for nerve repair in experimental and clinical studies. However, some concerns about their collapsability and the presence of valves which could block axonal growth have been put forth. We propose a modification to eliminate these potential problems by turning the vein inside out, obtaining an "invaginated" vein graft. We performed an experimental study on 61 adult Wistar rats, divided into 3 groups: control (non-operated) (n = 11); immediate repair, with 3 subgroups: invaginated vein graft (n = 10), vein graft (n = 10), and nerve graft (n = 10); and delayed repair, with 2 subgroups: invaginated vein graft (n = 10) and nerve graft (n = 10). Delayed repair was performed 3 to 4 weeks following division of the nerve. Electromyographical (EMG) assessment was performed in all operated animals at 2, 4, and 6 months after immediate reconstruction, and at 1 and 4 months after delayed repair. At the end of the study, all nerves were excised and a morphometric analysis was performed. We conclude that vein grafts are as useful as nerve grafts in immediate and delayed nerve repair, as there were no significant functional or histologic differences. We found no significant differences between invaginated vein grafts and non-invaginated vein grafts. However, electrophysiological results were slightly superior in the former. Regenerated axons were small, grouped in minifascicles with thin myelin sheaths. The venous adventitia did not interfere with axonal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Benito-Ruiz
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tang JB, Gu YQ, Song YS. Repair of digital nerve defect with autogenous vein graft during flexor tendon surgery in zone 2. JOURNAL OF HAND SURGERY (EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND) 1993; 18:449-53. [PMID: 8409654 DOI: 10.1016/0266-7681(93)90144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Autogenous vein graft was used to fill 18 digital nerve defects between 0.5 to 5.8 cm in length during flexor tendon surgery in zone 2. The vein was taken from the forearm and reversed to bridge the digital nerve. For nerves with defects over 2.0 cm, normal nerve slices were inserted inside vein conduits. Recovery of sensibility was evaluated by von Frey test, pin-prick detection, localization of stimulus, moving two-point discrimination and sweating on the finger pulp. Follow-up revealed excellent recovery in two digital nerves, good in nine, fair in five and poor in two. The results suggest that vein graft provides a simple and practical method to reconstruct a digital nerve defect during tendon repair in zone 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J B Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bennett NT, Schultz GS. Growth factors and wound healing: Part II. Role in normal and chronic wound healing. Am J Surg 1993; 166:74-81. [PMID: 8392302 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(05)80589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex biologic process that involves the integration of inflammation, mitosis, angiogenesis, synthesis, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Part II of this two-part series reviews the results of experiments that indicate that growth factors and their receptors regulate key aspects of soft and hard tissue repair. Results of clinical studies are also reviewed that demonstrate that growth factor treatment accelerates healing of normal tissues and promotes healing of impaired wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N T Bennett
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
LeRoith D, Werner H, Burguera B, Roberts CT, Mulroney S, Haramati A. The insulin-like growth factor family of peptides, binding proteins and receptors: their potential role in tissue regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 321:21-8; discussion 29-30. [PMID: 1280399 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3448-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D LeRoith
- NIH-Diabetes Branch, Section on Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lundborg G. Neurotropism, frozen muscle grafts and other conduits. JOURNAL OF HAND SURGERY (EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND) 1991; 16:473-6. [PMID: 1791353 DOI: 10.1016/0266-7681(91)90097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Axonal regeneration following nerve transection requires a number of cellular and biochemical phenomena in the axons as well as the nerve cell bodies. The nerve cells must survive the trauma. Since axonal severance means amputation of a large axoplasmic volume from the remaining parts of the nerve cell, the cell body must prepare for increased synthesis of axoplasm to replace the missing parts. A sprouting process must be initiated at the level of transection. Regenerating axonal processes are to regenerate towards peripheral targets, a process regulated by an interaction between genetic mechanisms in the nerve cell body and biochemical information at the molecular level along the pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Lundborg
- Department of Hand Surgery, Lund University General Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|