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Mortier JR, Blackwood L. Treatment of nasal tumours in dogs: a review. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:404-415. [PMID: 32715503 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nasal tumours are common neoplasms in dogs and often represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge due to their confined location within the nasal cavities. The main goal of this review is to extract the most relevant information from a wide and often confusing evidence-based medicine on the treatment of canine nasal tumours and conclude with current recommendations. This report highlights the different therapeutic modalities available and describes their technical aspects, interests and limitations. Megavoltage radiotherapy, as the most recent treatment and standard of care, is particularly examined, especially the different types of radiotherapy units, the main protocols used and their advantages and limits. Newer and non-conventional treatments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Mortier
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, CH647TE, UK
| | - L Blackwood
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston, CH647TE, UK
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Dobson JM. Significant advances in veterinary oncology - 60 years on. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:711-722. [PMID: 31742711 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The first edition of the Journal of Small Animal Practice published in February 1960, contained a paper entitled "Recent Treatments of Malignant Neoplasia" by Dr Larry Owen. Now we have reached the 60th anniversary of JSAP, that article provides a baseline from which to review subsequent advances in veterinary oncology, which now includes worldwide networks that have resulted in veterinary oncology becoming the multidisciplinary speciality that it is today. There certainly have been many advances in understanding of the pathology and epidemiology of animal cancers and in methods of diagnosis and treatment. However, the subject has become so large and diverse that not all aspects can be covered in detail here. It should also be acknowledged that there are still many gaps in knowledge in this field and that, because of a lack of randomised clinical trials, the evidence base for what is often regarded as "standard of care" is weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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Wada Y, Noguchi S, Sasaki H, Taketomi A, Hamakawa M, Shimamura S, Shimada T. Prognostic significance of midline shift of the olfactory or frontal lobes of the brain in canine nasal carcinomas treated by palliative radiotherapy: a pilot study. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1724-1727. [PMID: 30305466 PMCID: PMC6261827 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine nasal carcinomas are often treated with radiotherapy. Presence of lysis of the cribriform plate by tumor invasion (stage 4 by modified Adams’s staging system) is a well-known
prognostic factor. In this study, dogs with stage 4 disease were divided into two subgroups based on the presence or absence of midline shift of the olfactory or frontal lobes of the brain
(Stage 4a: without presence of midline shift. Stage 4b: with midline shift). The median survival time of dogs with midline shift was significantly shorter than that of dogs without midline
shift (64 vs. 208 days). Our results indicate that the finding of a midline shift might have a prognostic significance in dogs with nasal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Wada
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8513, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Sasaki
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Ai Taketomi
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mizuho Hamakawa
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shimamura
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Terumasa Shimada
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Lux CN, Culp WTN, Johnson LR, Kent M, Mayhew P, Daniaux LA, Carr A, Puchalski S. PROSPECTIVE COMPARISON OF TUMOR STAGING USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY VERSUS MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN DOGS WITH NASAL NEOPLASIA: A PILOT STUDY. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:315-325. [PMID: 28233364 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of nasal neoplasia extension and tumor staging in dogs is most commonly performed using computed tomography (CT), however magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is routinely used in human medicine. A prospective pilot study enrolling six dogs with nasal neoplasia was performed with CT and MRI studies acquired under the same anesthetic episode. Interobserver comparison and comparison between the two imaging modalities with regard to bidimensional measurements of the nasal tumors, tumor staging using historical schemes, and assignment of an ordinal scale of tumor margin clarity at the tumor-soft tissue interface were performed. The hypotheses included that MRI would have greater tumor measurements, result in higher tumor staging, and more clearly define the tumor soft tissue interface when compared to CT. Evaluation of bone involvement of the nasal cavity and head showed a high level of agreement between CT and MRI. Estimation of tumor volume using bidimensional measurements was higher on MRI imaging in 5/6 dogs, and resulted in a median tumor volume which was 18.4% higher than CT imaging. Disagreement between CT and MRI was noted with meningeal enhancement, in which two dogs were positive for meningeal enhancement on MRI and negative on CT. One of six dogs had a higher tumor stage on MRI compared to CT, while the remaining five agreed. Magnetic resonance imaging resulted in larger bidimensional measurements and tumor volume estimates, along with a higher likelihood of identifying meningeal enhancement when compared to CT imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging may provide integral information for tumor staging, prognosis, and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie N Lux
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, 2407 River Dr, Knoxville, TN, 37996
| | - William T N Culp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Lynelle R Johnson
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Michael Kent
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Philipp Mayhew
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Lise A Daniaux
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616.,Antech Imaging Services, Flumet, France, 73590
| | - Alaina Carr
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616.,Seattle Veterinary Specialists, Kirkland, WA, 98034
| | - Sarah Puchalski
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616.,Circle Oak Equine Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Petaluma, CA, 94954
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Bentley RT. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of brain tumors in dogs. Vet J 2015; 205:204-16. [PMID: 25792181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of information is now available regarding the range of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of many primary and secondary brain tumors from dogs. In this review, these canine neoplasms are grouped into meningeal masses, ventricular masses, intra-axial enhancing lesions, intra-axial mildly to non-enhancing lesions, and multifocal lesions. For each of these patterns, the major and sporadic neoplastic differential diagnoses are provided, and guidance on how to rank differential diagnoses for each individual patient is presented. The implication of MRI features such as contrast-enhancement, signal intensities and location is discussed. However, the information garnered from MRI must be correlated with all available clinical information and with epidemiological data before creating a differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
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Hayes GM, Demetriou JL. Distribution and persistence of topical clotrimazole after sinus infusion in normal canine cadavers. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53:95-100. [PMID: 22225494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the in vitro persistence of clotrimazole 1% cream in the canine frontal sinus and to evaluate the distribution of clotrimazole solution over the sino-nasal mucosa using a previously described surgical treatment protocol for canine nasal aspergillosis. METHODS Two canine skulls were used to monitor the persistence of clotrimazole cream in the lateral frontal sinus at 37°C. The distribution of irrigation solution around the frontal sinus compartments and nasal cavity was determined using six canine cadaver heads by trephining either the lateral or both the lateral and rostral compartments of the frontal sinus. Stain was added to the sinus irrigation solution before visually inspecting the sagittally sectioned heads. RESULTS Clotrimazole cream persisted in the frontal sinus for at least 96 hours. The nasal cavity mucosa was completely stained in 8 of 12 sides and almost completely stained in the remaining 4 of 12 sides. Flushing irrigation solution through the lateral compartment of the frontal sinus resulted in inadequate staining of the rostral compartment but medicating both the lateral and rostral compartments resulted in complete coating of all frontal sinus mucosa in eight of eight sides. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clotrimazole cream has the potential to be retained in the frontal sinus for several days and is distributed effectively in normal canine cadavers. Medicating both the rostral and lateral compartments of the frontal sinus may be indicated in some clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Hayes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
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Belshaw Z, Constantio-Casas F, Brearley MJ, Dunning MD, Holmes MA, Dobson JM. COX-2 expression and outcome in canine nasal carcinomas treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy. Vet Comp Oncol 2010; 9:141-8. [PMID: 21569199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2010.00243.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of cyclooxygenase isoform 2 (COX-2) in canine nasal carcinomas has been well documented. COX-2 expression has proven to be a prognostic factor in several human tumours. The aims of this study were to assess the correlation between immunohistochemical COX-2 expression and prognosis using rhinoscopic biopsies from 42 dogs with nasal carcinomas treated with hypofractionated radiotherapy, and to establish a replicable COX-2 scoring system. Ninety per cent of sections evaluated were COX-2 positive with a mean score of 6.6 (median 8.0; range 0-12). Neither COX-2 expression nor tumour type had a significant correlation with survival. There are likely to be many as yet unidentified variants which contribute to length of survival in dogs with nasal carcinomas. Immunohistochemical COX-2 expression appears unlikely to be of prognostic significance for canine nasal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Belshaw
- Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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