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Menor-Campos DJ. Ethical Concerns about Fashionable Dog Breeding. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:756. [PMID: 38473141 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The historical relationship between humans and dogs has involved selective breeding for various purposes, such as hunting, guarding, and service roles. However, over time, there has been a shift in preferences from functionality to aesthetics, which has influenced the diverse sizes, shapes, and coats of dog breeds. This review looks at fashionable dog breeding and questions the ethics of prioritising looks over health and behaviour. It aims to alert potential owners, breeders, and regulators to the importance of considering a dog's overall well-being, not just its appearance, which has resulted in fad breeding, leading to genetic disorders, health issues, and a loss of biodiversity. Ethical concerns arise from breeding brachycephalic breeds with respiratory conditions, inbreeding causing inherited disorders, and overbreeding popular breeds while shelter dogs remain unadopted. Additionally, the impact of cosmetic surgeries on popular dog breeds, as well as the neglect of behavioural traits in favour of physical characteristics and strict breeding practices are also considered. The current breeding model can have a negative impact on the emotional and cognitive well-being of dogs, resulting in issues such as aggression, anxiety, and other behavioural problems that can significantly reduce their overall quality of life. Unregulated breeding practices and the demand for rare breeds can lead to illegal breeding, compromising animal welfare. Prospective owners, veterinarians, kennel clubs, and legislators all need to play a responsible role in protecting animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Menor-Campos
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Universidad de Córdoba, 14005 Córdoba, Spain
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Galley AP, Beltran E, Tetas Pont R. Neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca in 34 dogs: A case series. Vet Ophthalmol 2021; 25:140-152. [PMID: 34870366 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical findings, imaging features, underlying conditions, treatment, and progression of dogs presented between 2010 and 2019 with neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca (NKCS). METHODS Dogs diagnosed with NKCS were searched in the clinical database. Inclusion criteria were STT-1 readings <15 mm/min, clinical signs of KCS with concurrent ipsilateral xeromycteria. RESULTS Thirty-four cases were identified. Mean age at presentation was 8.2 years, median 8.9 years (0.3-14.7). Twenty dogs were male, and 14 dogs were female. Concurrent neurological deficits included facial neuropathy (n = 13, 38%), peripheral vestibular syndrome (n = 10, 29%), and Horner's syndrome (n = 5, 15%). Advanced imaging was acquired in 53% of cases (n = 18). Etiologies included idiopathic (n = 18, 53%), endocrinopathy (n = 6, 18%), otitis interna (n = 4, 12%), head trauma (n = 3, 9%), iatrogenic (post-TECA-LBO, n = 1, 3%), brainstem mass (n = 1, 3%), and an area of inflammation in the pterygopalatine fossa (n = 1, 3%). Treatment for NKCS was initiated in most cases (n = 30, 88%) including: oral pilocarpine 2% and lacrimostimulant (n = 19), oral pilocarpine 2% only (n = 3), or lacrimostimulant only (n = 8). A mean time follow-up of 3.7 months, median 3 months (1-14) was available in 23 cases (68%). Eleven cases with follow-up were responsive (48%) with resolution of the clinical signs in a median time 4 months (1-10), and all of them were treated with oral pilocarpine (±lacrimostimulant). CONCLUSIONS Most cases presented as idiopathic NKCS; in others, an underlying cause of facial neuropathy was identified. All responsive cases were treated with oral pilocarpine 2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy P Galley
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA), London, UK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA), London, UK
| | - Roser Tetas Pont
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA), London, UK
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Unilateral decrease in inner ear signal in fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences in previously suspected canine idiopathic vestibular syndrome. Vet J 2021; 277:105748. [PMID: 34537343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aetiology of canine idiopathic vestibular syndrome (IVS) remains unclear. In human medicine, characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are used to demonstrate differences in endolymph composition between affected and unaffected inner ears. The purpose of this study was to determine whether similar MRI techniques could help to detect changes in the inner ears of canine IVS patients. Medical records from two veterinary referral clinics were reviewed retrospectively. Dogs were included if they had a diagnosis of IVS, obvious lateralisation of clinical signs, and an MRI of the vestibular system. A region of interest (ROI) was manually outlined by defining the anatomical area of the inner ear in T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. In order to calculate the ratio of FLAIR suppression of each ear, the mean grey value of the ROI was determined in both sequences. If a unilateral decrease in suppression was identified, it was compared with the direction of clinical signs. In total, 80 dogs were included in the study. There was a significantly lower degree of suppression on the affected compared to the unaffected side (0.8886 vs. 0.9348, respectively; P = 0.0021). In 92.5% of cases, there was agreement between the most suppressed side on MRI and the direction of clinical signs. This study provides preliminary evidence about the appearance of endolymph on MRI of dogs with IVS. Further studies are needed to investigate associations between the severity of MRI changes and prognosis.
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Harrison E, Grapes NJ, Volk HA, De Decker S. Clinical reasoning in canine vestibular syndrome: Which presenting factors are important? Vet Rec 2021; 188:e61. [PMID: 33739504 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the use of clinical reasoning has been evaluated for several neurological presentations, this approach has not yet been investigated for dogs with vestibular syndrome. METHODS Two hundred and thirty-nine dogs presenting with vestibular syndrome were included in this retrospective study. Univariate analysis of variables (clinical history, signalment, clinical presentation and neurological examination findings) was performed. Variables with p < 0.3 were selected for logistic regression. RESULTS Ninety-five percent of dogs were represented by eight conditions: idiopathic vestibular disease (n = 78 dogs), otitis media interna (n = 54), meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (n = 35), brain neoplasia (n = 26), ischaemic infarct (n = 25), intracranial empyema (n = 4), metronidazole toxicity (n = 3) and neoplasia affecting the middle ear (n = 3). Idiopathic vestibular disease was associated with higher age, higher bodyweight, improving clinical signs, pathological nystagmus, facial nerve paresis, absence of Horner's syndrome and a peripheral localisation. Otitis media interna was associated with younger age, male gender, Horner's syndrome, a peripheral localisation and a history of otitis externa. Ischaemic infarct was associated with older age, peracute onset of signs, absence of strabismus and a central localisation. CONCLUSIONS Discrete clinical features can be used to identify the most likely diagnosis in dogs with vestibular syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Harrison
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Nick J Grapes
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Steven De Decker
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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Boorman S, Scherrer NM, Stefanovski D, Johnson AL. Facial nerve paralysis in 64 equids: Clinical variables, diagnosis, and outcome. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1308-1320. [PMID: 32249997 PMCID: PMC7255662 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial nerve paralysis (FNP) in equids is not well described in the veterinary literature. OBJECTIVE To investigate the causes of FNP and associations among clinical variables, diagnosis, and outcome. ANIMALS Sixty-four equids presenting with FNP between July 2000 and April 2019. Cases of postanesthetic FNP were excluded. METHODS Medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Variables were evaluated for associations with outcomes (diagnosis and case outcome) using logistic regression. RESULTS The most common cause of FNP was trauma (n = 20). Additional diagnoses included central nervous system (CNS) disease (n = 16), idiopathic (n = 12, 4 of which had adequate diagnostic investigation and were considered "true" idiopathic, and 8 of which were considered "not investigated" idiopathic), temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (n = 10), otitis media-interna (n = 3), lymphoma (n = 1), iatrogenic as a consequence of infiltration of local anesthetic (n = 1), and clostridial myositis (n = 1). Follow-up was available for 55 (86%) cases. Twenty-nine (53%) equids had full resolution of FNP, 14 (25%) were euthanized, 6 (11%) partially improved, and 6 (11%) were unchanged or worse. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE If FNP is the consequence of CNS disease, successful treatment of the primary disease likely leads to resolution of FNP. Most cases of FNP in equids are traumatic in origin. True idiopathic cases are uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Boorman
- Department of Clinical SciencesJ. T. Vaughan Teaching Hospital, Auburn University College of Veterinary MedicineAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Nicole M. Scherrer
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Amy L. Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton CenterUniversity of PennsylvaniaKennett SquarePennsylvaniaUSA
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Chan MK, Toribio JA, Podadera JM, Child G. Incidence, cause, outcome and possible risk factors associated with facial nerve paralysis in dogs in a Sydney population (2001-2016): a retrospective study. Aust Vet J 2019; 98:140-147. [PMID: 31867719 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the incidence and causes of facial nerve paralysis (FNP) in dogs in the Sydney region. Its outcome and possible risk factors are investigated to prognosticate and aid design of diagnostic and treatment plans. DESIGN Retrospective case study. METHODS Client-owned dogs presented to the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sydney (UVTHS), between 2001 and 2016 with FNP were included (n = 122). The incidence of each cause of FNP was investigated. A reference population of noncases seen at the UVTHS during the same time period was used to study the association between idiopathic facial nerve paralysis (IFNP) and gender, age and breed. RESULTS IFNP (29.5%) was the most common diagnosis. Male dogs (odds ratio [OR], 2.3) had increased odds of IFNP compared with female dogs. Age was a significant risk factor for both the occurrence of FNP and IFNP. There was higher occurrence of IFNP among middle-aged dogs (5-13 years) and reduced risk in juvenile dogs (less than 2 years). Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were over-represented for FNP (OR, 6.9) and IFNP (OR, 17.5). For IFNP, 6 of 16 dogs with known follow-up showed definitive resolution within 3 years of diagnosis. Concurrent vestibular signs were common in dogs with middle/inner ear abnormality and intracranial disease; and were also seen in 50% of dogs with IFNP. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate statistical predilections in age, gender and breed for IFNP. Guarded prognosis for recovery should be given to dogs diagnosed with IFNP and supportive management instigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Chan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J-Alml Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J M Podadera
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Child
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Rusbridge C, McFadyen AK, Knower SP. Behavioral and clinical signs of Chiari-like malformation-associated pain and syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:2138-2150. [PMID: 31290195 PMCID: PMC6766577 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diagnosis of Chiari‐like malformation‐associated pain (CM‐P) or clinically relevant syringomyelia (SM) is challenging. We sought to determine common signs. Animals One hundred thirty client‐owned Cavalier King Charles spaniels with neuroaxis magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diagnosis of CM‐P/SM. Dogs with comorbidities causing similar signs were excluded with exception of otitis media with effusion (OME). Methods Retrospective study of medical records relating signalment, signs, and MRI findings. Dogs were grouped by SM maximum transverse diameter (1 = no SM; 2 = 0.5‐1.99 mm; 3 = 2‐3.9 mm: 4 = ≥4 mm). Differences between all groups—groups 1 versus 2‐4 and groups 1‐3 versus 4—were investigated. Continuous variables were analyzed using 2‐sample t‐tests and analysis of variance. Associations between categorical variables were analyzed using Fisher's exact or chi‐square tests. Results Common signs were vocalization (65.4%), spinal pain (54.6%), reduced activity (37.7%), reduced stairs/jumping ability (35.4%), touch aversion (30.0%), altered emotional state (28.5%), and sleep disturbance (22%). Head scratching/rubbing (28.5%) was inversely associated with syrinx size (P = .005), less common in group 4 (P = .003), and not associated with OME (P = .977). Phantom scratching, scoliosis, weakness, and postural deficits were only seen in group 4 (SM ≥4 mm; P = .004). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Signs of pain are common in CM/SM but are not SM‐dependent, suggesting (not proving) CM‐P causality. Wide (≥4 mm) SM is associated with signs of myelopathy and, if the dorsal horn is involved, phantom scratching (ipsilateral) and torticollis (shoulder deviated ipsilateral; head tilt contralateral).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Surrey, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susan P Knower
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Tetas Pont R, Freeman C, Dennis R, Hartley C, Beltran E. CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF IDIOPATHIC OCULOMOTOR NEUROPATHY IN 14 DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:334-343. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roser Tetas Pont
- Comparative Ophthalmology Unit; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford CB8 7UU UK
| | - Courtenay Freeman
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Unit; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford CB8 7UU UK
| | - Ruth Dennis
- Diagnostic Imaging Unit; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford CB8 7UU UK
| | - Claudia Hartley
- Comparative Ophthalmology Unit; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford CB8 7UU UK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Unit; Animal Health Trust; Lanwades Park, Kentford CB8 7UU UK
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Jeandel A, Thibaud JL, Blot S. Facial and vestibular neuropathy of unknown origin in 16 dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 57:74-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Jeandel
- Neurology Unit & UPR de Neurobiologie, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est Créteil; 94700 Maisons Alfort France
| | | | - S. Blot
- Neurology Unit & UPR de Neurobiologie, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort; Université Paris-Est Créteil; 94700 Maisons Alfort France
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