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Takedai T, Block N, Pinal KM, Frederick SW. Results of routine thoracic radiographic examinations rarely impact the plan to proceed with anesthetic procedures in dogs with presumed acute intervertebral disc herniation. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1385814. [PMID: 38650854 PMCID: PMC11033516 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1385814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) constitutes an emergency because associated neurological clinical signs can be progressive, with prognosis dependent on preoperative presence of deep pain perception. Pre-anesthetic thoracic radiographs are routinely performed to evaluate for potential pathology that could result in increased risk or change in overall prognosis. However, due to the emergent nature of this disease, the weight of thoracic radiographic findings on treatment plans for these dogs in unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical benefit of thoracic radiographs prior to advanced spinal imaging and surgery for acute non-ambulatory dogs with suspected T3-L3 myelopathy. Methods Consecutive dogs presented with presumed acute IVDH between July 2020-July 2022 were identified, and medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Age, body weight, and alteration of treatment plan were compared between the dogs with positive thoracic pathology identified on thoracic radiographs and those with negative thoracic pathology. Results Only 2/105 dogs had their diagnostic and treatment plans changed due to thoracic radiographic findings. Dogs with radiographic pathology diagnosed (2/16) were more likely to have their treatment plans changed than dogs with no radiographic pathology (0/89) (p = 0.014). The odds of radiographic thoracic pathology were 4.6 times higher in dogs aged 12 years or older [OR 4.6 (95%CI 1.2-17, p = 0.026]. Discussion Performing routine thoracic radiography prior to advanced (anesthetized) diagnostic spinal imaging in presumed IVDH cases rarely resulted in a change to the treatment plan, thought eh practice may be clinically relevant in dogs 12 years of age or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teiko Takedai
- Surgery Department, BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital, Maitland, FL, United States
| | - Nicole Block
- Neurology Department, BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital, Sandy Springs, GA, United States
| | - Karina M. Pinal
- Neurology Department, BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital, Sandy Springs, GA, United States
| | - Steven W. Frederick
- Science, BluePearl Specialty and Emergency Pet Hospital, Sandy Springs, GA, United States
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ICRP PUBLICATION 153 Approved by the Commission in September 2022. Ann ICRP 2022; 51:9-95. [PMID: 36942865 DOI: 10.1177/01466453221142702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary use of radiation in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of disease has expanded and diversified, as have the corresponding radiological protection concerns. Radiological exposure of personnel involved in veterinary procedures and, where applicable, members of the public providing assistance (e.g. owners or handlers) has always been included within the system of radiological protection. Veterinary practice is now addressed explicitly as the modern complexities associated with this practice warrant dedicated consideration, and there is a need to clarify and strengthen the application of radiological protection principles in this area. The Commission recommends that the system of radiological protection should be applied in veterinary practice principally for the protection of humans, but with explicit attention to the protection of exposed animals. Additionally, consideration should be given to the risk of potential contamination of the environment associated with applications of nuclear medicine in veterinary practice. This publication focuses primarily on justification and optimisation in veterinary practice, and sets the scene for more detailed guidance to follow in future Recommendations. It is intended for a wide-ranging audience, including radiological protection professionals, veterinary staff, students, education and training providers, and members of the public, as an introduction to radiological protection in veterinary practice.© 2022 ICRP. Published by SAGE.
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Quality and dose optimization in canine chest radiography using a digital radiography system. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bisgaard M, McEvoy FJ, Nielsen DH, Allberg C, Müller AV, Timm S, Meyer SN, Johansen LM, Pedersen S, Precht H. Collimation and Exposure Parameter Influence Image Quality and Potential Radiation Dose to the Eye Lens of Personnel in Computed Radiography of the Canine Pelvis. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:684064. [PMID: 34970612 PMCID: PMC8713743 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.684064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of collimation on image quality and radiation dose to the eye lenses of the personnel involved in computed radiography of the canine pelvis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of canine pelvic radiographs (N = 54) was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between image quality and the degree of field the collimation used. This was followed by a prospective cadaver study (N = 18) that assessed the effects on image quality and on scattered radiation dose of different collimation field areas and exposure parameters. All radiographs were analyzed for image quality using a Visual Grading Analysis (VGA) with three observers. Finally, the potential scattered radiation dose to the eye lens of personnel restraining a dog for pelvic radiographs was measured. Results: The retrospective study showed a slightly better (statistically non-significant) VGA score for the radiographs with optimal collimation. Spatial and contrast resolution and image sharpness showed the greatest improvement in response to minimizing the collimation field. The prospective study showed slightly better VGA scores (improved image quality) with the optimal collimation. Increasing the exposure factors especially the tube current and exposure time (mAs) resulted in improved low contrast resolution and less noise in the radiographs. The potential eye lens radiation dose increased by 14, 28, and 40% [default exposures, increased the tube peak potential (kVp), increased mAs, respectively] as a result of reduced collimation (increased beam size). Conclusion: The degree of collimation has no statistically significant on image quality in canine pelvic radiology for the range of collimation used but does have an impact on potential radiation dose to personnel in the x-ray room. With regard to radiation safety, increases in kVp are associated with less potential scatter radiation exposure compared to comparable increases in mAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Bisgaard
- Department of Radiology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospitals of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark.,Health Sciences Research Centre, UCL University College, Odense, Denmark
| | - Fintan J McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Dorte Hald Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Clara Allberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anna V Müller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Signe Timm
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark.,Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospitals of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Signe N Meyer
- Department of Radiology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospitals of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark.,Health Sciences Research Centre, UCL University College, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Stine Pedersen
- Health Sciences Research Centre, UCL University College, Odense, Denmark
| | - Helle Precht
- Department of Radiology, Lillebaelt Hospital, University Hospitals of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark.,Health Sciences Research Centre, UCL University College, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Kolding, Denmark
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Imaging diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia with and without human exposure to ionizing radiation. Vet J 2021; 276:105745. [PMID: 34464723 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hip dysplasia (HD) is one of the most common hereditary orthopaedic diseases in dogs, with serious implications for the quality of life of the affected animals. Radiographic screening is essential for the selection of breeding stock in some at-risk breeds, and radiography is also used in the diagnosis of clinical HD cases. A definitive diagnosis of HD is based on radiographic examination, and the most commonly used view is the ventrodorsal hip extended projection, sometimes in combination with various hip stress-based techniques. Radiographic images require high quality positioning and dogs are usually anesthetized and often manually restrained to facilitate optimal positioning. The 'as low as reasonably achievable' (ALARA) principle used in human radioprotection is not always fulfilled in veterinary practice, except in the UK, where human exposure to ionizing radiation in veterinary medicine is strictly regulated. While each dose of ionizing radiation is small, doses accumulate over a lifetime, which can eventually result in substantial radiation exposure. Therefore, manual restraint should be avoided and mechanical immobilization, sedation or general anaesthesia should be used. This review examines the biological effects of human exposure to ionizing radiation and common sources of veterinary exposure. The diagnostic quality of imaging methods for the diagnosis of canine HD is compared between manually restrained and hands-free dog positioning. Hands-free radiographic techniques are available to assess hip laxity, degenerative joint changes and hip osseous structure while preserving image quality, and can be used to select animals for breeding or for the diagnosis of HD.
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Mikkelsen MA, Ottesen N, Knutsen BH, Søvik Å. Lack of radioprotection knowledge and compliance in Norwegian equine ambulatory practice. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:265-272. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Aamodt Mikkelsen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineNorwegian University of Life Science Oslo Norway
| | - Nina Ottesen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineNorwegian University of Life Science Oslo Norway
| | - Bjørn Helge Knutsen
- Department of Radiation ApplicationsNorwegian Radiation Protection Authority Østerås Norway
| | - Åste Søvik
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineNorwegian University of Life Science Oslo Norway
- Department of Monitoring and ResearchNorwegian Radiation Protection Authority Østerås Norway
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Booth NJ, Morley SJ, Ewers RS. Use of radiography in small animal practice in the UK and Republic of Ireland in 2013. Vet Rec 2018; 182:225. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi J Booth
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Samuel J Morley
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - Richard S Ewers
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
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Mayer MN, Koehncke NK, Belotta AF, Cheveldae IT, Waldner CL. Use of personal protective equipment in a radiology room at a veterinary teaching hospital. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 59:137-146. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monique N. Mayer
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Niels K. Koehncke
- Department of Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - Alexandra F. Belotta
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science; Sao Paulo State University; Botucatu Brazil
| | | | - Cheryl L. Waldner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
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Homogeneous Canine Chest Phantom Construction: A Tool for Image Quality Optimization. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154193. [PMID: 27101001 PMCID: PMC4839573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital radiographic imaging is increasing in veterinary practice. The use of radiation demands responsibility to maintain high image quality. Low doses are necessary because workers are requested to restrain the animal. Optimizing digital systems is necessary to avoid unnecessary exposure, causing the phenomenon known as dose creep. Homogeneous phantoms are widely used to optimize image quality and dose. We developed an automatic computational methodology to classify and quantify tissues (i.e., lung tissue, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, and bone) in canine chest computed tomography exams. The thickness of each tissue was converted to simulator materials (i.e., Lucite, aluminum, and air). Dogs were separated into groups of 20 animals each according to weight. Mean weights were 6.5 ± 2.0 kg, 15.0 ± 5.0 kg, 32.0 ± 5.5 kg, and 50.0 ± 12.0 kg, for the small, medium, large, and giant groups, respectively. The one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences in all simulator material thicknesses (p < 0.05) quantified between groups. As a result, four phantoms were constructed for dorsoventral and lateral views. In conclusion, the present methodology allows the development of phantoms of the canine chest and possibly other body regions and/or animals. The proposed phantom is a practical tool that may be employed in future work to optimize veterinary X-ray procedures.
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Canato G, Drumond L, Paschuk S, Asfora V, Andrade M, Denyak V, Schelin H. Occupational exposure assessment in procedures of portable digital veterinary radiology for small size animals. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2013.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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