1
|
Besier RB, Kahn LP, Sargison ND, Van Wyk JA. Diagnosis, Treatment and Management of Haemonchus contortus in Small Ruminants. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:181-238. [PMID: 27238006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic, blood-feeding nematode of small ruminants, and a significant cause of mortalities worldwide. Haemonchosis is a particularly significant threat in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions, where warm and moist conditions favour the free-living stages, but periodic outbreaks occur more widely during periods of transient environmental favourability. The clinical diagnosis of haemonchosis is based mostly on the detection of anaemia in association with a characteristic epidemiological picture, and confirmed at postmortem by the finding of large numbers of H. contortus in the abomasum. The detection of impending haemonchosis relies chiefly on periodic monitoring for anaemia, including through the 'FAMACHA' conjunctival-colour index, or through faecal worm egg counts and other laboratory procedures. A range of anthelmintics for use against H. contortus is available, but in most endemic situations anthelmintic resistance significantly limits the available treatment options. Effective preventative programmes vary depending on environments and enterprise types, and according to the scale of the haemonchosis risk and the local epidemiology of infections, but should aim to prevent disease outbreaks while maintaining anthelmintic efficacy. Appropriate strategies include animal management programmes to avoid excessive H. contortus challenge, genetic and nutritional approaches to enhance resistance and resilience to infection, and the monitoring of H. contortus infection on an individual animal or flock basis. Specific strategies to manage anthelmintic resistance centre on the appropriate use of effective anthelmintics, and refugia-based treatment schedules. Alternative approaches, such as biological control, may also prove useful, and vaccination against H. contortus appears to have significant potential in control programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Besier
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Albany, WA, Australia
| | - L P Kahn
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - N D Sargison
- University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - J A Van Wyk
- University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McGregor BA, Presidente PJA, Campbell NJ. The influence of stocking rate and mixed grazing of Angora goats and Merino sheep on animal and pasture production in southern Australia. 4. Gastrointestinal parasitism. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes limit the growth, production and welfare of goats but there are few reliable sources of information for recommending management practices across flocks. The effects of animal species (Angora goat, Merino sheep, mixed-grazed goats and mixed-grazed sheep at the ratio of 1 : 1) and stocking rate (SR: 7.5, 10, 12.5 animals/ha) on gastrointestinal parasitism were determined in a replicated experiment on improved annual temperate pastures in southern Australia, from 1981 to 1984. Detailed monitoring of gastrointestinal nematodes was undertaken on animals before, during (five times per year) and at the conclusion of studies using faecal strongyle egg counts (WEC) and total worm counts. Sheep had a greater proportion of nematodes as Teladorsagia spp. and goats a greater incidence of Trichostrongylus spp. Both goats and sheep developed resistance to Nematodirus spp. during the experiment. WEC was similar in goats and sheep at the start of the experimental period but, thereafter, was consistently greater in goats than in sheep. While WEC was highly related to total worm count, the regressions for sheep and goats were different. Increasing the SR increased the WEC of goats and mixed-grazed goats but not of sheep. During the experiment, WEC declined at 7 and 10 animals/ha but increased at 12.5/ha. Mixed grazing with goats provided beneficial effects for sheep at all stocking rates, but the effects for goats were dependent on the stocking rate, being beneficial at 7.5 and 10/ha but harmful at 12.5/ha. The WEC of separately grazed goats were generally higher than the WEC of mixed grazed goats. The WEC of mixed sheep were lower than those of separately grazed sheep. During the experiment, the WEC of mixed grazed sheep declined faster than the WEC of separately grazed sheep but the WEC of separately grazed goats at 12.5/ha and of mixed grazed goats at 10 and 12.5/ha increased. Under the environmental and pastoral conditions examined, Angora wether goats should not be grazed at SR above those recommended for wether sheep. In the present study, the impact of gastrointestinal-nematode infections in goats was reduced at lower SR. Further, mixed grazing of Angora wether goats with wether sheep at or below the recommended SR resulted in reduced gastrointestinal parasitism for both sheep and goats, compared with monospecific grazing conditions. Goats did not represent a gastrointestinal-nematode hazard to sheep.
Collapse
|
3
|
McKenna PB. The detection of anthelmintic resistance by the faecal egg count reduction test: An examination of some of the factors affecting performance and interpretation. N Z Vet J 2011; 38:142-7. [PMID: 16031600 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.1990.35640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examines and compares the possible effects of several procedural variants with those of a currently recommended faecal egg count reduction test for the detection of anthelmintic resistance. The results suggest that the failure of an anthelmintic to reduce the arithmetic mean egg counts of 10-15 animals by at least 90%, from either their pre-treatment levels or from those of an untreated control group 5-10 days later, is likely to be an appropriate procedure. It is recommended that such evaluations of drench performance be regularly conducted on farms. Some suggestions as to how this might be encouraged are made, and the role of larval cultures both in increasing the sensitivity and in enhancing the value of the faecal egg count reduction test are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P B McKenna
- Batchelar Animal Health Laboratory, PO Box 1654, Palmerston North
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gradé JT, Tabuti JRS, Van Damme P, Arble BL. Deworming efficacy of Albizia anthelmintica in Uganda: preliminary findings. Afr J Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
Sari P, Razzak M, Tucker IG. Rapid, Simultaneous Determination of Levamisole and Abamectin in Liquid Formulations Using HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120027105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peyami Sari
- a School of Pharmacy , University of Otago , 7th Floor, Adams Building, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin , 9001 , New Zealand
| | - Majid Razzak
- b Ancare New Zealand Ltd. , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Ian G. Tucker
- a School of Pharmacy , University of Otago , 7th Floor, Adams Building, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin , 9001 , New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Wyk JA, Malan FS, van Rensburg LJ, Oberem PT, Allan MJ. Quality control in generic anthelmintics: is it adequate? Vet Parasitol 1997; 72:157-65. [PMID: 9404842 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We became increasingly concerned about indications of possible substandard efficacy of some generic anthelmintics, particularly after P.C. van Schalkwyk (personal communication, 1990) had found some batches of imported generic products obtained from international brokers to be poorly active, despite apparently normal physical characteristics. Therefore, considering the serious consequences this would have for sheep farming, it was decided to test the efficacy of some of the generic rafoxanide products available on the South African market. One of the three commercial formulations (of highly reputable companies) tested against a known susceptible strain of Haemonchus contortus in sheep was markedly substandard, with an arithmetic mean efficacy of 66.2% (Class B, Reinecke, 1973), compared to Class A efficacy of the other two, which also differed significantly from one another (Mann-Whitney; P = 0.01). Larger differences were found between the three products against a natural infection with a partially resistant strain of H. contortus than against the susceptible strain, with corresponding arithmetic mean efficacies of 28.7% (Class X, or ineffective), 71.3% (Class B) and 87.7% (also Class B). It is concluded that the most likely reason for the observed differences is that international brokers do not disclose the sources of supply of different batches of active ingredient (with the result that the companies buying anthelmintics from them have no way of telling when a source of supply is changed); that the efficacy of such batches differs; and that efficacy testing of individual batches in some cases is inadequate. It is suggested that registering authorities should consider simplified efficacy testing of each new batch of active ingredient before it may be marketed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A van Wyk
- Division of Helminthology, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ngomuo AJ, Kassuku AA, Ruheta MR. Critical controlled test to evaluate resistance of field strains of Haemonchus contortus to thiophanate. Vet Parasitol 1990; 36:21-6. [PMID: 2382387 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(90)90090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Following reports of suspected gastrointestinal strongylid nematode resistance to thiophanate in sheep and goats at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Tanzania, field strains of Haemonchus contortus, one from SUA and another from Kimamba, Tanzania, were selected for a critical controlled test to evaluate the efficacy of thiophanate. The SUA H. contortus strain in goats showed a marked resistance to thiophanate at an oral dose of 50 mg kg-1 liveweight (efficacy = 24.1%), while the Kimamba H. contortus strain showed very marked susceptibility (efficacy = 99.7%) to thiophanate at the same oral dose. This is the first report from East Africa of a field strain of H. contortus resistant to thiophanate. The incidence of resistant strains of strongyloid parasites to benzimidazole anthelmintics in sheep and goats in East Africa is on the increase. The magnitude of this problem should be evaluated and remedial solutions sought.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Ngomuo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Van den Bossche H, Rochette F, Hörig C. Mebendazole and related anthelmintics. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1982; 19:67-128. [PMID: 6762073 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
10
|
Alvinerie M, Galtier P, Escoula G. Ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatographic assay of levamisole in biological fluids. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1981; 223:445-8. [PMID: 7251800 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)80120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
11
|
Use of guinea pigs to assay anthelmintic resistance in ovine isolates of Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Res Vet Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
12
|
Kelly J, Whitlock H, Gunawan M, Griffin D, Porter C, Porter C, Martin I. Anthelmintic efficacy of low-dose phenothiazine against strains of sheep nematodes susceptible or resistant to thiabendazole, levamisole and morantel tartrate: effect on patent infections. Res Vet Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
13
|
Green PE, Forsyth BA, Rowan KJ, Payne G. The isolation of a field strain of Haemonchus contortus in Queensland showing multiple anthelmintic resistance. Aust Vet J 1981; 57:79-84. [PMID: 7259650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1981.tb00451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Following the apparent failure of levamisole to control infections of Haemonchus contortus in sheep at Lawes in south eastern Queensland, a strain of this parasite was isolated at the Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly. This strain was used to infect sheep at Yeerongpilly and the Merrindale Research Station, Victoria where four experiments to classify the resistance pattern of the parasite were carried out. Resistance to thiabendazole was first suspected in 1969, and these experiments confirmed that resistance to this drug was still present. They also showed that a strong degree of resistance had been developed to both levamisole and morantel tartrate. Other benzimidazole anthelmintics and also the organophosphorus compound naphthalophos were only moderately effective against the original isolate but rafoxanide, nitroxynil and phenothiazine were almost 100% effective. Other highly effective chemicals were disophenol and closantel. After passaging the strain for four generations with both levamisole and albendazole, resistance to both naphthalophos and the newer benzimidazole anthelmintics increased dramatically. This is the first report of a field strain of H. contortus exhibiting resistance to benzimidazole, non-benzimidazole and organophosphorus anthelmintics.
Collapse
|
14
|
Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia sp resistant to levamisole, morantel tartrate and thiabendazole: infectivity, pathogenicity and drug efficacy in two breeds of sheep. Res Vet Sci 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Prichard RK, Hall CA, Kelly JD, Martin IC, Donald AD. The problem of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes. Aust Vet J 1980; 56:239-51. [PMID: 7002142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1980.tb15983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
16
|
Webb RF, McCully CH, Clarke FL, Greentree P, Honey P. The incidence of thiabendazole resistance in field populations of Haemonchus contortus on the northern tablelands of New South Wales. Aust Vet J 1979; 55:422-6. [PMID: 543833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb05595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A survey was undertaken to assess the incidence of thiabendazole resistance in field populations of H. contortus in sheep flocks on 40 farms distributed throughout the sheep grazing area of the northern tablelands of New South Wales. Treatment with thiabendazole at 66 mg/kg reduced H. contortus ova output by 96-100% in 18 flocks while in the remaining 22 there was a range of responses down to levels where the anthelmintic was without apparent effect. Factors which may contribute to the high incidence of anthelmintic resistance are discussed and the possibility of widespread resistance occurring in other sheep raising areas is considered.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sangster N, Whitlock H, Russ I, Gunawan M, Griffin D, Kelly J. Trichostrongylus colubrifortnis and Ostertagia circumcincta resistant to levamisole, morantel tartrate and thiabendazole:occurrence of field strains. Res Vet Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32867-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
18
|
Le Jambre LF, Barger IA. Efficiency of rafoxanide and naphthalophos against inhibited Haemonchus contortus. Aust Vet J 1979; 55:346-7. [PMID: 518438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
19
|
Sangster N, Whitlock H, Kelly J, Gunawan M, Hall C. The effect of single and divided dose administration on the efficacy of fenbendazole against adult stages of benzimidazole resistant sheep trichostrongylids. Res Vet Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(20)30947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
Kelly JD, Hall CA. Resistance of animal helminths to anthelmintics. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1979; 16:89-128. [PMID: 382801 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
21
|
Hall C, Kelly J, Campbell N, Whitlock H, Martin I. The dose response of several benzimidazole anthelmintics against resistant strains of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis selected with thiabendazole. Res Vet Sci 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)32955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|