Presence of dihydrostreptomycin and penicillin in cows' milk following intrauterine administration

Antibiotic use, resistance development and environmental factors: a qualitative study among healthcare professionals in Orissa, India

Background

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health problem affecting both current and future generations. The influence of environmental factors on antibiotic use and resistance development in bacteria is largely unknown. This study explored the perceptions of healthcare providers on antibiotic use and resistance development in relation to environmental factors i.e. physical, natural, social and behavioural factors.

Methods

A qualitative interview study was conducted using face-to-face, semi-structured interviews among registered allopathic doctors, veterinarians and drug dispensers in Orissa, India. The interview transcripts were analyzed using latent content analysis.

Results

The main findings of this study relate to two themes: 'Interrelationship between antibiotic use, resistance development and environment' and 'Antibiotic management contributing to the development and spread of resistance'. The interviewees viewed the following as possible contributors to antibiotic use/misuse and resistance development: changes in the natural and physical environment i.e. climate variability, pollution, physiography and population growth; the socioeconomic environment affecting health-seeking behaviour and noncompliance with medication; a lack of healthcare facilities and poor professional attitudes; and ineffective law enforcement regarding medicine dispensing and disposal.

Conclusions

Generally, the interviewees perceived that although behavioural and social environmental factors are major contributors to resistance development, changes in the physical and natural environment also influence development of antibiotic resistance. The respondents also perceived that there is a lack of information about, and poor awareness of, what constitutes prudent use of antibiotics. They suggested a need for information, education, dissemination and proper implementation and enforcement of legislation at all levels of the drug delivery and disposal system in order to improve antibiotic use and prevent pharmaceutical contamination of the environment.

Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of neomycin residues in pig muscle, chicken muscle, egg, fish, milk and kidney

A colorimetric competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was developed using polyclonal antibody to determine neomycin residues in food of animal origin. No cross-reactivity of the antibody was observed with other aminoglycosides. The limit of detection of the method was 0.1μg/kg. A simple and efficient sample extraction method was established with recoveries of neomycin ranged from 75% to 105%. The detection limits were 5μg/kg(l) in pig muscle, chicken muscle, fish and milk, 10μg/kg in kidney and 20μg/kg in egg, respectively. Chemiluminescence assay was developed for detecting neomycin residues in pig muscle and chicken muscle. The limit of detection of the method was 0.015μg/kg, and the detection limits were 1.5μg/kg in pig muscle and 6μg/kg in chicken muscle. The ELISA tests were validated by HPLC, and the results showed a good correlation (r(2)) which was greater than 0.9.