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Potier JFN, Durham AE, Modi R, Rosenberg W, Dash SA. Investigation of Serum Markers of Hepatic Fibrosis in Equids. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 131:104937. [PMID: 37816414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease is common in equine practice, and treatment and prognosis are dependent on histopathologic examination of biopsies. Liver biopsy is invasive and expensive which restricts its use. Serum markers are used to predict hepatic fibrosis in humans. This study aimed to investigate the enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) test, based on serum Hyaluronic Acid (HA), procollagen III N-terminal peptide (PIIINP), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) to detect hepatic fibrosis in equids. Four groups were included; two with increased serum concentrations of liver-derived enzymes and a liver biopsy (group H; 10 horses and ponies and group D; 10 donkeys) and two without any evidence of liver disease (group HC; 10 horses and ponies and group DC; 10 donkeys). All samples were analyzed for concentrations of HA, PIINP, and TIMP-1. Given the failure to detect TIMP-1 in most subjects, a novel eELF (equid ELF) score was calculated, based on HA and PIIINP. HA and PIIINP concentrations and the eELF score, were compared with determined hepatic fibrosis. HA, PIIINP, and eELF were significantly greater in horses and ponies with a histopathologic fibrosis score ≥ 2 compared with those < 2. A similar observation was found with donkeys for HA and eELF. A significant correlation was found between fibrosis score and HA, PIIINP, and eELF for horses and ponies, and between fibrosis score and HA and eELF in donkeys. Serum HA and the eELF score might be useful serum markers to predict and monitor hepatic fibrosis in horses, ponies, and donkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raakesh Modi
- iQur Ltd.Division of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - William Rosenberg
- Division of Medicine, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
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Sponseller BT, Wong DM, Ruby R, Ware WA, Wilson S, Haynes JS. Systemic calcinosis in a Quarter Horse gelding homozygous for a myosin heavy chain 1 mutation. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1543-1549. [PMID: 35801821 PMCID: PMC9308413 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Case Description A 9‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding was presented for lethargy, decreased appetite, polyuria and polydipsia (PU/PD), and severe muscle wasting suggestive of immune‐mediated myositis. Clinical Findings The horse displayed lethargy, fever, tachyarrhythmia, inappetence, PU/PD, and severe epaxial and gluteal muscle wasting. Clinicopathologic findings were consistent with previously reported cases of systemic calcinosis in horses, including increased muscle enzyme activity, hyperphosphatemia, increased calcium‐phosphorus product, hypoproteinemia, and an inflammatory leukogram. A diagnosis of systemic calcinosis was established by histopathologic evaluation of biopsy specimens from skeletal muscle, lung, and kidney. Treatment and Outcome Symptomatic treatment was complemented by IV treatment with sodium thiosulfate to reverse calcium‐phosphate precipitation in soft tissue and PO aluminum hydroxide to decrease intestinal phosphorus absorption and serum phosphorus concentration. Clinical Relevance This is the first report in the veterinary literature of an antemortem diagnosis of systemic calcinosis in the horse that was successfully treated and had favorable long‐term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice T Sponseller
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - David M Wong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rebecca Ruby
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Wendy A Ware
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Scott Wilson
- Mid-Atlantic Equine Dentistry, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, USA
| | - Joseph S Haynes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Hellings IR, Krontveit R, Øverlie M, Kallmyr A, Holm T, Fintl C. Pre- and post-race serum cardiac troponin T concentrations in Standardbred racehorses. Vet J 2020; 256:105433. [PMID: 32113587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Elevated cardiac troponin T (cTnT) concentrations may provide evidence of myocardial injury but physiological post-exercise release also occurs. Reference intervals are not fully established in horses making interpretation difficult. The aims of this study were to establish an upper reference limit for serum cTnT, compare pre-and post-race serum cTnT concentrations, and to evaluate factors that may influence these in a population of healthy, race-fit Standardbred racehorses. Serum samples were collected pre- (n = 108) and 1-2 h post-racing (n = 101) and analysed using a high sensitivity-cTnT assay. Reference limits with 90% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated by non-parametric methods using the bootstrap method. Effects of sex, age, racing speed, distance, placings and track surface were assessed by fitting generalized linear models with an identity link function and inverse Gaussian distribution. The upper reference limit for serum cTnT concentration was 27.4 ng/L (90% CI 13.1-32.0). The median serum cTnT concentration was significantly higher 1-2 h post-racing compared to pre-racing (P < 0.001). Age and sex did not significantly affect serum cTnT concentrations pre-racing (P = 0.5 and P = 0.11). Cardiac troponin T concentrations were significantly higher post-racing in females (P = 0.018). Racing speed and placings had no effect on serum cTnT concentrations post-race (P = 0.71 and P = 0.66). The study contributed towards establishing an upper reference limit for serum cTnT concentrations in a population of race-fit Standardbreds and evaluated factors that may have influenced the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Hellings
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Post Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway.
| | - R Krontveit
- Norwegian Medicine Agency, Post Box 240 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - M Øverlie
- Rikstotoklinikken Bjerke, Post Box 194 Økern, 0510 Oslo, Norway
| | - A Kallmyr
- Rikstotoklinikken Bjerke, Post Box 194 Økern, 0510 Oslo, Norway
| | - T Holm
- Evidensia Lørenskog Dyreklinikk, Solheimveien 56, 1473 Lørenskog, Norway
| | - C Fintl
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Post Box 8146 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
The assessment of blood analytes in racehorses can provide useful data on performance and health. The horses' adaptive responses to training that occur to optimize performance should be considered when interpreting alterations seen on laboratory results. Similarly, the alterations observed in laboratory test results can identify subclinical and clinical disease and be helpful for identifying organ dysfunction and, in many cases, monitoring progress and response to treatment. This article discusses hematologic and biochemical tests that are important in the evaluation of performance and health in racehorses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D A Hurcombe
- New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA, USA.
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Raftery AG. When should we measure cardiac troponin I? EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Raftery
- Weipers Centre Equine Hospital; University of Glasgow Bearsden Road Glasgow Scotland
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Gunther-Harrington CT, Arthur R, Estell K, Martinez Lopez B, Sinnott A, Ontiveros E, Varga A, Stern JA. Prospective pre- and post-race evaluation of biochemical, electrophysiologic, and echocardiographic indices in 30 racing thoroughbred horses that received furosemide. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:18. [PMID: 29347921 PMCID: PMC5774161 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise induced cardiac fatigue (EICF) and cardiac dysrhythmias are well described conditions identified in high-level human athletes that increase in frequency with intensity and duration of exercise. Identification of these conditions requires an understanding of normal pre- and post-race cardiac assessment values. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize selected indices of cardiac function, electrophysiologic parameters, and biochemical markers of heart dysfunction prior to and immediately after high level racing in Thoroughbred horses receiving furosemide; and (2) create pre- and post-race reference values in order to make recommendations on possible screening practices for this population in the future. Results Thirty Thoroughbred horses were enrolled in the study with an age range of 3–6 years. All horses received furosemide prior to racing. Physical exams, ECGs, and echocardiograms were performed prior to racing (T0) and within 30–60 min following the race (T1). Blood samples were obtained at T0, T1, 4 h post-race (T4) and 24 h after the race (T24). Electrolytes, hematocrit, cardiac troponin I, and partial pressure CO2 values were obtained at all time points. Heart rate was significantly increased post-race compared to baseline value with a median difference of 49 bpm, 95% CI [31,58],(P < 0.0001). No dysrhythmias were noted during ECG assessment. Following the race, an increase in number of horses demonstrating regurgitation through the aorta and AV valves was noted. Systolic function measured by fractional shortening increased significantly with a mean difference of 7.9%, 95% CI [4.8, 10.9], (P < 0.0001). Cardiac troponin I was not different at pre- and immediately post-race time points, but was significantly increased at T4 (P < 0.001). Troponin returned to baseline value by T24. Conclusions This study utilized a before and after study design where each horse served as its own control, as such the possible effect of regression to the mean cannot be ruled out. The reference intervals generated in this study may be used to identify selected echocardiographic and electrocardiographic abnormalities in racing horses receiving furosemide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine T Gunther-Harrington
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rick Arthur
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Krista Estell
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Present Address: Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA, 20176, USA
| | - Beatriz Martinez Lopez
- Center for Animal Disease Modeling And Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Sinnott
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Eric Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Anita Varga
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Present Address: Gold Coast Veterinary Service & Consulting, Esparto, CA, 95627, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Burns TA, Dembek KA, Kamr A, Dooley SB, Dunbar LK, Aarnes TK, Bednarski LS, O'Brien C, Lakritz J, Byrum B, Wade A, Farmer R, Tan S, Toribio RE. Effect of Intravenous Administration of Cobalt Chloride to Horses on Clinical and Hemodynamic Variables. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:441-449. [PMID: 29286554 PMCID: PMC5787161 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) is administered to racehorses to enhance performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical, cardiovascular, and endocrine effects of parenterally administered CoCl2. Objectives To describe the effects of weekly intravenous doses of CoCl2 on Standardbred horses. Animals Five, healthy Standardbred mares. Methods Prospective, randomized, experimental dose‐escalation pilot. Five Standardbred mares were assigned to receive 1 of 5 doses of CoCl2 (4, 2, 1, 0.5, or 0.25 mg/kg) weekly IV for 5 weeks. Physical examination, blood pressure, cardiac output, and electrocardiography (ECG) were evaluated for 4 hours after administration of the first and fifth doses. Blood and urine samples were collected for evaluation of cobalt concentration, CBC and clinical chemistry, and hormone concentrations. Results All mares displayed pawing, nostril flaring, muscle tremors, and straining after CoCl2 infusion. Mares receiving 4, 2, or 1 mg/kg doses developed tachycardia after dosing (HR 60–126 bpm). Ventricular tachycardia was noted for 10 minutes after administration of the 4 mg/kg dose. Increases in systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) occurred after administration of all doses (4, 2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/kg). Profound hypertension was observed after the 4 mg/kg dose (SAP/DAP, MAP [mmHg] = 291–300/163–213, 218–279). Hemodynamics normalized by 1–2 hours after administration. ACTH and cortisol concentrations increased within 30 minutes of administration of all CoCl2 doses, and cardiac troponin I concentration increased after administration of the 4 and 2 mg/kg doses. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The degree of hypertension and arrhythmia observed after IV CoCl2 administration raises animal welfare and human safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Burns
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - K A Dembek
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - A Kamr
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - S B Dooley
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - L K Dunbar
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - T K Aarnes
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - L S Bednarski
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - C O'Brien
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - J Lakritz
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - B Byrum
- Consumer Protection Laboratory, Analytical Toxicology Section, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH
| | - A Wade
- Consumer Protection Laboratory, Analytical Toxicology Section, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH
| | - R Farmer
- Consumer Protection Laboratory, Analytical Toxicology Section, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH
| | - S Tan
- Consumer Protection Laboratory, Analytical Toxicology Section, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH
| | - R E Toribio
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH
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Shields E, Seiden-Long I, Massie S, Leguillette R. 24-Hour Kinetics of Cardiac Troponin-T Using a "High-Sensitivity" Assay in Thoroughbred Chuckwagon Racing Geldings after Race and Associated Clinical Sampling Guidelines. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:433-440. [PMID: 29171090 PMCID: PMC5787185 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A “high‐sensitivity” cardiac troponin‐T (hscTnT) assay recently has been validated for use in horses and is a specific biomarker of myocardial damage. Postexercise release kinetics of cTnT utilizing the hscTnT assay have yet to be established in horses. Objectives To determine: (1) cTnT release kinetics in racing Thoroughbreds after a high‐intensity 5/8th mile Chuckwagon race; (2) the effects of age on pre‐ and postrace cTnT concentrations; and (3) sampling guidelines for clinicians evaluating horses presenting after exercise. Animals Samples were obtained from 38 Thoroughbred geldings aged 5–16 years before racing and immediately, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hour postrace. Methods Prospective, observational study with convenience sampling. A fifth‐generation hscTnT assay was used for plasma sample analysis, and concentrations were compared at all time‐points. Correlations were determined between cTnT concentrations and age. Biochemistry analysis was performed to assess rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, and exercise‐induced dehydration. Results All horses with measureable cTnT concentrations had significant postexercise increases in cTnT with a median peak (8.0 ng/L) at 3‐hour postrace. All horses had peak postexercise cTnT concentrations 2‐ to 6‐hour postrace ≤ the 99th percentile upper reference limit of 23.2 ng/L, after which all cTnT concentrations decreased until returning to baseline by 12–24 hours. There was no correlation over time between cTnT concentrations and age. Conclusions and Clinical Importance In racing Thoroughbreds completing short‐duration, high‐intensity Chuckwagon races, cTnT concentrations are expected to be increased 2‐ to 6‐hour postrace and to decrease by 12–24 hours while remaining ≤23.2 ng/L throughout. This study contributes to establishing guidelines for clinical use of the hscTnT assay in exercising horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Shields
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - I Seiden-Long
- Faculty of Medicine and Calgary Lab Services (CLS), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - S Massie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R Leguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (UCVM), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Wijnberg I, Franklin S. The heart remains the core: cardiac causes of poor performance in horses compared to human athletes. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling occurs in response to exercise and is generally beneficial for athletic performance due to the increase in cardiac output. However, this remodelling also may lead to an increased prevalence of cardiac murmurs and arrhythmias. In most cases, these are not considered to be significant. However, in some cases, there may be potentially deleterious consequences. Whilst sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a rare occurrence, the consequences are catastrophic for both the horse and potentially the rider or driver. Furthermore, the sudden death of a horse in the public arena has negative connotations in regards to public perception of welfare during equestrian sports. Prediction of which individuals might be susceptible to potential deleterious effects of exercise is a focus of interest in both human and equine athletes but remains a challenge because many athletes experience cardiac murmurs and exercise-induced arrhythmias that are clinically irrelevant. This review summarises the effects of exercise on cardiac remodelling in the horse and the potential effects on athletic performance and SCD. The use of biomarkers and their future potential in the management of athletic horses is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.D. Wijnberg
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 114, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - S.H. Franklin
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Van Der Vekens N, van Dievoet MA, De Puydt H, Decloedt A, Ven S, De Clercq D, Deprez P, van Loon G. Analytical validation of a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T assay in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 2015; 27:504-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638715593601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cardiac troponin T (cTnT) assays have been used to detect myocardial damage in horses, a cTnT assay has not been analytically validated, to our knowledge. The aims of this study were to estimate the precision of a high-sensitivity cTnT assay in horses and determine the effect of hemolysis on the measured cTnT concentration. Serum samples from horses were mixed in 3 different pools. Pool 1 consisted of samples from 3 healthy horses, pool 2 from 6 horses with heart failure or atypical myopathy, and pool 3 from 10 horses with atypical myopathy. The within- and between-run coefficients of variation were determined for each pool. Pools 2 and 3 were diluted to estimate linearity. To study the influence of sample hemolysis, serum was collected from 4 horses with a high cTnT concentration, in which hemolysis was mechanically induced. In addition, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid blood tubes were collected from 3 other horses, from which hemolysate was prepared and added to plasma at different concentrations. The within- and between-run coefficients of variation of all pools were <10%, and a good linearity was found. Three out of 4 hemolyzed serum samples had a decreased serum cTnT concentration. Plasma samples with a high hemolysis index showed a negative interference, resulting in a lower cTnT concentration. Results of the high-sensitivity cTnT assay were highly reproducible. Because samples from horses with musculoskeletal damage were included, further studies should test the possible cross-reactivity between troponin T of musculoskeletal and cardiac origin before the assay can be used in equine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Van Der Vekens
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Marie-Astrid van Dievoet
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Hendrik De Puydt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Annelies Decloedt
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Sofie Ven
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Dominique De Clercq
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Piet Deprez
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
| | - Gunther van Loon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine–Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium (Van Der Vekens, Decloedt, Ven, De Clercq, Deprez, van Loon)
- General Hospital Sint-Lucas, Ghent, Belgium (van Dievoet, De Puydt)
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Evaluation of assays for troponin I in healthy horses and horses with cardiac disease. Vet J 2015; 203:97-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tharwat M, Al-Sobayil F. Influence of Transportation on the Serum Concentrations of the Cardiac Biomarkers Troponin I and Creatine Kinase-myocardial Band (CK-MB) and on Cortisol and Lactate in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Tharwat M, Al-Sobayil F. Influence of the cardiac glycoside digoxin on cardiac troponin I, acid-base and electrolyte balance, and haematobiochemical profiles in healthy donkeys (Equus asinus). BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:64. [PMID: 24621180 PMCID: PMC3984684 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of digoxin administration on the serum concentration of the cardiac troponin I (cTnI) has not been reported to date in equidae. This study was therefore designed to evaluate the effect of digoxin on cardiac cell damage in donkeys (Equus asinus) as assessed by cTnI, acid-base and electrolyte balance and haematobiochemical profiles. Ten clinically healthy donkeys were given an IV infusion of digoxin at a dose of 14 μg/kg. Blood samples were collected from the donkeys up through 72 h post-injection. RESULTS Three of the donkeys exhibited increased heart and respiratory rates post-injection. In the other seven animals, the heart and respiratory rates were lower 4 h post-injection. The serum digoxin concentration increased significantly at many time points after injection. The serum concentration of cTnI did not differ significantly between pre- and post-injection. An increase in blood pH was noted at 3 h after digoxin injection. There were also increases in PO2 and in oxygen saturation. Decreases in PCO2 at 2 to 48 h post-injection as well as a decrease in blood lactate at 4 h post-injection were observed. The serum concentration of glucose remained significantly elevated at all-time points after digoxin injection. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that administration of digoxin to healthy donkeys (14 μg/kg) did not result in elevations of serum cTnI concentration, signs of digoxin intoxication, ECG abnormalities and did not increase serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tharwat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Permanent address: Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Fahd Al-Sobayil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Nath LC, Anderson GA, Hinchcliff KW, Savage CJ. Clinicopathologic evidence of myocardial injury in horses with acute abdominal disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:1202-8. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.9.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Radcliffe RM, Divers TJ, Fletcher DJ, Mohammed H, Kraus MS. Evaluation of L-lactate and cardiac troponin I in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:313-9. [PMID: 22702437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in plasma cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and L-lactate (LLt) as prognostic indicators in horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Thirty-four horses undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. INTERVENTIONS Serial blood sampling during various times during hospitalization (hospital admission, and 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively) evaluating cTnI and LLt concentrations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS All horses required surgery for correction of a strangulating (n = 29) or nonstrangulating obstruction (n = 5) of the small or large intestine. Twenty-seven horses survived to discharge; 7 were euthanized either during (n = 1) or after (n = 6) surgery due to disease severity or systemic complications associated with the primary gastrointestinal lesion. Preoperative cTnI concentrations were increased above the normal reference interval in 24% of horses (8/34, median = 0.01 ng/mL, range = 0-12.23 ng/mL), whereas LLt concentrations were increased above the normal reference interval in 88% of horses (30/34, median = 3.37 mmol/L, range = 0.77-13.26 mmol/L). The LLt concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in nonsurviving compared with surviving horses at admission, and at 24 and 72 hours postoperatively. No significant difference in the cTnI concentration was detected between groups at admission. However, the cTnI concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) in nonsurviving compared with surviving horses at all time points postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Measurement of both LLt and cTnI concentrations may provide information for prognostication in surgical colic horses. Marked increases in admission concentrations of LLt (median 7.56 mmol/L) and even moderate postoperative increases in cTnI concentration (median 0.97 ng/mL) may both indicate a poor prognosis in critically ill horses following abdominal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolfe M Radcliffe
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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17
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Nath LC, Anderson GA, Hinchcliff KW, Savage CJ. Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations in horses with cardiac disease. Aust Vet J 2012; 90:351-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- LC Nath
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway; Werribee; Victoria; 3030; Australia
| | - GA Anderson
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway; Werribee; Victoria; 3030; Australia
| | - KW Hinchcliff
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway; Werribee; Victoria; 3030; Australia
| | - CJ Savage
- Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Melbourne; 250 Princes Highway; Werribee; Victoria; 3030; Australia
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18
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Slack J, Boston R, Soma L, Reef V. Cardiac Troponin I in Racing Standardbreds. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1202-8. [PMID: 22827474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. Slack
- Department of Clinical Studies; New Bolton Center; University of Pennsylvania; 382 West Street Road; Kennett Square; PA
| | - R.C. Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies; New Bolton Center; University of Pennsylvania; 382 West Street Road; Kennett Square; PA
| | - L. Soma
- Department of Clinical Studies; New Bolton Center; University of Pennsylvania; 382 West Street Road; Kennett Square; PA
| | - V.B. Reef
- Department of Clinical Studies; New Bolton Center; University of Pennsylvania; 382 West Street Road; Kennett Square; PA
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Kraus MS, Kaufer BB, Damiani A, Osterrieder N, Rishniw M, Schwark W, Gelzer AR, Divers TJ. Elimination half-life of intravenously administered equine cardiac troponin I in healthy ponies. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:56-9. [PMID: 22432543 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY To date, no information is available on the true biological elimination half-life (T(1/2) ) of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in the equine species. Such data are required to better evaluate the optimal time to acquire the cTnI sample following acute myocardial injury. OBJECTIVE To determine the T(1/2) of equine cTnI. METHODS Four healthy ponies received i.v. injections of recombinant equine cTnI. Plasma cTnI concentrations were measured with a point-of-care cTnI analyser at multiple time points after injection. Standard pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to establish the T(1/2) of cTnI. RESULTS The average T(1/2) of cTnI was determined to be 0.47 h using a single rate elimination model. CONCLUSION The elimination of recombinant equine cTnI following i.v. administration is very rapid. Establishing the T(1/2 ) of troponin provides critical information in understanding the clinical application of this cardiac biomarker in equine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Kraus
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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20
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Slack J, Boston R, Driessen B, Reef V. Effect of general anesthesia on plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy horses. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13:163-9. [PMID: 21821476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of general anesthesia on plasma cTnI concentrations in horses. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two horses undergoing general anesthesia and either elective surgery or MRI without surgery were prospectively studied. Twenty-nine horses (22 surgical, 7 imaging) completed the study. Plasma cTnI concentrations were determined prior to anesthesia and at 6, 12 and 24 h following discontinuation of the inhalant anesthetic. RESULTS All horses had cTnI values within the reference range at all time points. Six horses (21%) developed detectable cTnI 6 or 12 h following anesthesia. Risk factors for detectable cTnI include increasing age and dorsal recumbency. Horses with detectable cTnI had significantly lower mean and diastolic arterial blood pressures than those without detectable cTnI. CONCLUSION Uncomplicated general anesthesia with or without surgery does not result in cardiac troponin I elevations above the reference range in the first 24 h postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joann Slack
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, USA.
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21
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Kraus MS, Jesty SA, Gelzer AR, Ducharme NG, Mohammed HO, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV, Divers TJ. Measurement of plasma cardiac troponin I concentration by use of a point-of-care analyzer in clinically normal horses and horses with experimentally induced cardiac disease. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:55-9. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Jesty S, Kraus M, Gelzer A, Rishniw M, Moïse N. Effect of Transvenous Electrical Cardioversion on Plasma Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations in Horses with Atrial Fibrillation. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:1103-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Divers TJ, Kraus MS, Jesty SA, Miller AD, Mohammed HO, Gelzer ARM, Mitchell LM, Soderholm LV, Ducharme NG. Clinical Findings and Serum Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations in Horses after Intragastric Administration of Sodium Monensin. J Vet Diagn Invest 2009; 21:338-43. [DOI: 10.1177/104063870902100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Six adult horses were administered sodium monensin, 1.0–1.5 mg/kg, via gastric gavage. Anorexia and/or diarrhea occurred within 24 hr after monensin administration in all 6 horses. Cardiac disease and dysfunction were evaluated by both elevations in heart rate, echocardiography, and an increase in serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), occurred in 4 horses. The development and severity of cardiac disease was likely affected by the monensin dose, vehicle (water or corn oil) mixed with monensin, and/or whether the monensin was administered to fed or fasted horses. Initial increases in cTnI concentrations occurred between 24 and 72 hr after monensin administration. The 2 horses with the highest cTnI concentrations died or were euthanized within 5 days after monensin administration and had severe cardiac disease. One horse had increased cTnI concentrations from day 2 to day 16, but no apparent change in ventricular contractile function was evident on echocardiography. The fourth diseased horse did not return to cTnI reference intervals until day 27 after monensin administration, and the ventricular function was still abnormal just before euthanasia 9 months later. Cardiac troponin I measurements could be useful in managing farm outbreaks of accidental monensin feeding by the early identification of horses with cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Divers
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Marc S. Kraus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Sophy A. Jesty
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Andrew D. Miller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Hussni O. Mohammed
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Anna R. M. Gelzer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Lisa M. Mitchell
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - L. Vincent Soderholm
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Normand G. Ducharme
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell Hospital for Animals, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Fennell LC, Church S, Tyrell D, Forbes G, Charles JA, McCowan C, Savage CJ. Double-outlet right ventricle in a 10-month-old Friesian filly. Aust Vet J 2009; 87:204-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Varga A, Schober KE, Walker WL, Lakritz J, Michael Rings D. Validation of a commercially available immunoassay for the measurement of bovine cardiac troponin I. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23:359-65. [PMID: 19192157 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commercially available cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays developed for use in humans have not yet been validated for use in cattle. HYPOTHESES The ADVIA Centaur TnI-Ultra immunoassay can be used for the detection of bovine cTnI. In healthy cattle, serum cTnI is undetectable or is present only in trace amounts. METHODS Purified bovine cTnI and cTnI-free bovine serum were used for the evaluation of assay performance including intra- and inter-assay precision, sensitivity, interference, linearity, and recovery. Effects of storage at 23, 4, -20, and -80 degrees C for 2 days, and at -20 and -80 degrees C for 7 and 14 days and repeated freeze-thaw cycles on recovery of cTnI were analyzed. Serum cTnI concentrations in 30 healthy dairy cows were determined. RESULTS Intra- and inter-assay precisions (mean +/- SD) were 4.48 +/- 2.26 and 13.36 +/- 6.59%, respectively. The assay demonstrated linearity at 0.5, 2, 15, and 30 ng/mL cTnI. Mean recovery was 100.81, 85.26, 87.72, and 114.42%, respectively. Skeletal muscle homogenate added to serum of known cTnI concentration did not alter the concentration of the analyte (P > .05). Concentration of cTnI significantly decreased when samples were stored at 4 and 23 degrees C for 2 days (P < .05). Repeated freeze-thaw cycles and storage at -20 degrees C for 7 days had no significant influence on cTnI concentration (P > .05). Serum cTnI concentration in healthy cattle was <or=0.03 ng/mL. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE ADVIA Centaur can be used reliably for the detection of serum cTnI concentration in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Varga
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Nostell K, Häggström J. Resting concentrations of cardiac troponin I in fit horses and effect of racing. J Vet Cardiol 2008; 10:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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O'Brien PJ. Cardiac troponin is the most effective translational safety biomarker for myocardial injury in cardiotoxicity. Toxicology 2007; 245:206-18. [PMID: 18249481 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is an overwhelming weight of evidence that certifies cardiac troponin (cTn) as the preferred, defacto, translational, safety biomarker for myocardial injury in cardiotoxicity. As well as being the gold standard for cardiac injury in man, it has been widely used for clinical assessment and monitoring of cardiac toxicity in humans being treated for cancer. Furthermore, several dozen preclinical published studies have directly confirmed its effectiveness in laboratory animals for assessment of cardiotoxicity. It is gradually being reverse translated from human into animal use as a safety biomarker. Its use is especially merited whenever there is any safety signal indicating potential cardiotoxicity and its required inclusion as a routine biomarker in preclinical safety studies seems on the horizon. There are some considerations that are unique to use of cTn assays in animals. Lack of awareness of these has, historically, significantly inhibited the introduction of cTn as a safety biomarker in preclinical toxicology. Firstly, cross-species reactivity is usually but not always high. Secondly, there is a background of cardiac injury that needs to be controlled for, including spontaneous cardiomyopathy in Sprague Dawley rats, and inappropriate blood collection methods. Also, there are faster kinetics of clearance in rats than for humans. Also, coincident muscle injury is frequent with cardiotoxicity and requires a skeletal muscle biomarker. Because cTn assays were developed for detection of gross cardiac necrosis, such as occurs with myocardial infarct, the more sensitive assays should be used for preclinical studies. However, analytic sensitivity is higher for standard preclinical studies than for clinical diagnostic testing because of use of concurrent controls and use of batch analysis that eliminates interassay variability. No other biomarker of myocardial injury comes close to cTn in effectiveness, including CK-MB, LDH-1 and 2, myoglobin, and FABP3. In addition to the use of cTn for monitoring active myocardial degeneration, there is growing evidence that measurements of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) may be effective for monitoring drug-induced left ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter James O'Brien
- Room 013 Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation in six horses using custom made cardioversion catheters. Vet J 2007; 177:198-204. [PMID: 17920965 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological conversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm in horses can be difficult. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of transvenous electrical cardioversion with custom made catheters in eight horses, of which three had failed cardioversion using quinidine sulfate. Two cardioversion catheters and one pacing/sensing electrode were inserted via the right jugular vein and placed using ultrasound guidance into the left pulmonary artery, the right atrium and the right ventricle, respectively. Because immediate recurrence of AF was encountered in the second horse treated, pre-treatment with amiodarone was given to each of the remaining six horses. Induction of general anaesthesia was associated with dislocation of the cardioversion catheter in three horses, requiring a second catheterisation procedure. During general anaesthesia, biphasic R wave synchronised shocks of up to 360 J were delivered between both cardioversion electrodes. In six horses (75%), including two which had failed quinidine sulfate treatment, sinus rhythm was restored with a mean energy level of 295+/-62 J. No side effects were observed. Blood analysis 3 h after cardioversion revealed normal parameters, including cardiac troponin I values. Transvenous electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with custom made cardioversion catheters can be considered as a treatment option for atrial fibrillation in horses, especially when conventional drugs fail.
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