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El-Hage C, Hartley C, Savage C, Watson J, Gilkerson J, Paillot R. Assessment of Humoral and Long-Term Cell-Mediated Immune Responses to Recombinant Canarypox-Vectored Equine Influenza Virus Vaccination in Horses Using Conventional and Accelerated Regimens Respectively. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060855. [PMID: 35746463 PMCID: PMC9229645 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During Australia's first and only outbreak of equine influenza (EI), which was restricted to two northeastern states, horses were strategically vaccinated with a recombinant canarypox-vectored vaccine (rCP-EIV; ProteqFlu™, Merial P/L). The vaccine encoded for haemagglutinin (HA) belonging to two equine influenza viruses (EIVs), including an American and Eurasian lineage subtype that predated the EIV responsible for the outbreak (A/equine/Sydney/07). Racehorses in Victoria (a southern state that remained free of EI) were vaccinated prophylactically. Although the vaccine encoded for (HA) belonged to two EIVs of distinct strains of the field virus, clinical protection was reported in vaccinated horses. Our aim is to assess the extent of humoral immunity in one group of vaccinated horses and interferon-gamma ((EIV)-IFN-γ)) production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of a second population of vaccinated horses. Twelve racehorses at work were monitored for haemagglutination inhibition antibodies to three antigenically distinct equine influenza viruses (EIVs) The EIV antigens included two H3N8 subtypes: A/equine/Sydney/07) A/equine/Newmarket/95 (a European lineage strain) and an H7N7 subtype (A/equine/Prague1956). Cell-mediated immune responses of: seven racehorses following an accelerated vaccination schedule, two horses vaccinated using a conventional regimen, and six unvaccinated horses were evaluated by determining (EIV)-IFN-γ levels. Antibody responses following vaccination with ProteqFlu™ were cross-reactive in nature, with responses to both H3N8 EIV strains. Although (EIV)IFN-γ was clearly detected following the in vitro re-stimulation of PBMC, there was no significant difference between the different groups of horses. Results of this study support reports of clinical protection of Australian horses following vaccination with Proteq-Flu™ with objective evidence of humoral cross-reactivity to the outbreak viral strain A/equine/Sydney/07.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles El-Hage
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.H.); (C.S.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-417166029
| | - Carol Hartley
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.H.); (C.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Catherine Savage
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.H.); (C.S.); (J.G.)
| | - James Watson
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - James Gilkerson
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.H.); (C.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Romain Paillot
- School of Equine and Veterinary Physiotherapy, Writtle University College, Lordship Road, Writtle, Chelmsford CM1 3RR, UK;
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Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a common, highly contagious equid respiratory disease. Historically, EIV outbreaks have caused high levels of equine illness and economic damage. Outbreaks have occurred worldwide in the past decade. The risk for EIV infection is not limited to equids; dogs, cats, and humans are susceptible. In addition, equids are at risk from infection with avian influenza viruses, which can increase mortality rates. EIV is spread by direct and indirect contact, and recent epizootics also suggest wind-aided aerosol transmission. Increased international transport and commerce in horses, along with difficulties in controlling EIV with vaccination, could lead to emergent EIV strains and potential global spread. We review the history and epidemiology of EIV infections, describe neglected aspects of EIV surveillance, and discuss the potential for novel EIV strains to cause substantial disease burden and subsequent economic distress.
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Casal J, Saegerman C, Bertagnoli S, Meyer G, Ganière JP, Caufour P, De Clercq K, Jacquiet P, Hautefeuille C, Etore F, Napp S. A simple method to estimate the number of doses to include in a bank of vaccines. The case of Lumpy Skin Disease in France. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210317. [PMID: 30682041 PMCID: PMC6347152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple method to estimate the size of the vaccine bank needed to control an epidemic of an exotic infectious disease in case of introduction into a country is presented. The method was applied to the case of a Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) epidemic in France. The size of the stock of vaccines needed was calculated based on a series of simple equations that use some trigonometric functions and take into account the spread of the disease, the time required to obtain good vaccination coverage and the cattle density in the affected region. Assuming a 7-weeks period to vaccinate all the animals and a spread of the disease of 7.3 km/week, the vaccination of 740 716 cattle would be enough to control an epidemic of LSD in France in 90% of the simulations (608 196 cattle would cover 75% of the simulations). The results of this simple method were then validated using a dynamic simulation model, which served as reference for the calculation of the vaccine stock required. The differences between both models in different scenarios, related with the time needed to vaccinate the animals, ranged from 7% to 10.5% more vaccines using the simple method to cover 90% of the simulations, and from 9.0% to 13.8% for 75% of the simulations. The model is easy to use and may be adapted for the control of different diseases in different countries, just by using some simple formulas and few input data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Casal
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Expert Committee in Animal Health and Welfare from ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Expert Committee in Animal Health and Welfare from ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Gilles Meyer
- Expert Committee in Animal Health and Welfare from ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Pierre Ganière
- Expert Committee in Animal Health and Welfare from ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
- ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Caufour
- UMR Cirad-Inra ASTRE, Department BIOS, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Unit Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
| | | | - Claire Hautefeuille
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Etore
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sebastián Napp
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Singh RK, Dhama K, Karthik K, Khandia R, Munjal A, Khurana SK, Chakraborty S, Malik YS, Virmani N, Singh R, Tripathi BN, Munir M, van der Kolk JH. A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1941. [PMID: 30237788 PMCID: PMC6135912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the prototype member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species. Wherein, Equine influenza (EI) is the main cause of respiratory illness in equines across globe and is caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV-A) which has impacted the equine industry internationally due to high morbidity and marginal morality. The virus transmits easily by direct contact and inhalation making its spread global and leaving only limited areas untouched. Hitherto reports confirm that this virus crosses the species barriers and found to affect canines and few other animal species (cat and camel). EIV is continuously evolving with changes at the amino acid level wreaking the control program a tedious task. Until now, no natural EI origin infections have been reported explicitly in humans. Recent advances in the diagnostics have led to efficient surveillance and rapid detection of EIV infections at the onset of outbreaks. Incessant surveillance programs will aid in opting a better control strategy for this virus by updating the circulating vaccine strains. Recurrent vaccination failures against this virus due to antigenic drift and shift have been disappointing, however better understanding of the virus pathogenesis would make it easier to design effective vaccines predominantly targeting the conserved epitopes (HA glycoprotein). Additionally, the cold adapted and canarypox vectored vaccines are proving effective in ceasing the severity of disease. Furthermore, better understanding of its genetics and molecular biology will help in estimating the rate of evolution and occurrence of pandemics in future. Here, we highlight the advances occurred in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and pathobiology of EIV and a special focus is on designing and developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and control strategies for mitigating the emerging menace by EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K. Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | | | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, India
| | - Yashpal S. Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes H. van der Kolk
- Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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Tan RHH, Hodge A, Klein R, Edwards N, Huang JA, Middleton D, Watts SP. Virus-neutralising antibody responses in horses following vaccination with Equivac® HeV: a field study. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:161-166. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RHH Tan
- College of Public Health, Medicine and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland Australia
| | - A Hodge
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - R Klein
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - N Edwards
- Wellington Village Veterinary Clinic; Rowville Victoria Australia
| | - JA Huang
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - D Middleton
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - SP Watts
- College of Public Health, Medicine and Veterinary Sciences; James Cook University; Townsville Queensland Australia
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Spence KL, O’Sullivan TL, Poljak Z, Greer AL. Estimating the potential for disease spread in horses associated with an equestrian show in Ontario, Canada using an agent-based model. Prev Vet Med 2018; 151:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schemann K, Annand EJ, Reid PA, Lenz MF, Thomson PC, Dhand NK. Investigation of the effect of Equivac® HeV Hendra virus vaccination on Thoroughbred racing performance. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:132-141. [PMID: 29399777 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of Equivac® HeV Hendra virus vaccine on Thoroughbred racing performance. DESIGN Retrospective pre-post intervention study. METHODS Thoroughbreds with at least one start at one of six major south-eastern Queensland race tracks between 1 July 2012 and 31 December 2016 and with starts in the 3-month periods before and after Hendra virus vaccinations were identified. Piecewise linear mixed models compared the trends in 'Timeform rating' and 'margin to winner' before and after initial Hendra virus vaccination. Generalised linear mixed models similarly compared the odds of 'winning', 'placing' (1st-3rd) and 'winning any prize money'. Timeform rating trends were also compared before and after the second and subsequent vaccinations. RESULTS Analysis of data from 4208 race starts by 755 horses revealed no significant difference in performance in the 3 months before versus 3 months after initial Hendra vaccination for Timeform rating (P = 0.32), 'Margin to winner' (P = 0.45), prize money won (P = 0.25), wins (P = 0.64) or placings (P = 0.77). Further analysis for Timeform rating for 7844 race starts by 928 horses failed to identify any significant change in Timeform rating trends before versus after the second and subsequent vaccinations (P = 0.16) or any evidence of a cumulative effect for the number of vaccines received (P = 0.22). CONCLUSION No evidence of an effect of Hendra virus vaccination on racing performance was found. The findings allow owners, trainers, industry regulators and animal health authorities to make informed decisions about vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schemann
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - E J Annand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P A Reid
- Equine veterinary surgeon, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M F Lenz
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P C Thomson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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9
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Paillot R, El-Hage CM. The Use of a Recombinant Canarypox-Based Equine Influenza Vaccine during the 2007 Australian Outbreak: A Systematic Review and Summary. Pathogens 2016; 5:E42. [PMID: 27294963 PMCID: PMC4931393 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2007, Australia experienced the most extensive equine influenza outbreak observed in recent years. Extraordinary measures were rapidly implemented in order to control and prevent the spread of this highly contagious disease. The control strategy involved stringent movement restriction and disease surveillance, seconded by emergency post-outbreak vaccination strategies. Sixteen months after the first case and 12 months following the last reported case, Australia regained its equine influenza-free OIE status. This systematic review reports and summarises information relating to the implementation of emergency vaccination during the 2007 Australian equine influenza outbreak, including the choice of vaccine and implementation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paillot
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford Newmarket, CB8 7UU Suffolk, UK.
| | - Charles M El-Hage
- The Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Pre-Clinical Centre, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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11
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A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Equine Influenza Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:797-831. [PMID: 26344892 PMCID: PMC4494246 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2040797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses, which is still causing substantial outbreaks worldwide despite several decades of surveillance and prevention. Alongside quarantine procedures, vaccination is widely used to prevent or limit spread of the disease. The panel of EI vaccines commercially available is probably one of the most varied, including whole inactivated virus vaccines, Immuno-Stimulating Complex adjuvanted vaccines (ISCOM and ISCOM-Matrix), a live attenuated equine influenza virus (EIV) vaccine and a recombinant poxvirus-vectored vaccine. Several other strategies of vaccination are also evaluated. This systematic review reports the advances of EI vaccines during the last few years as well as some of the mechanisms behind the inefficient or sub-optimal response of horses to vaccination.
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Jo NC, Jung J, Kim JN, Lee J, Jeong SY, Kim W, Sung HG, Seo S. Effect of vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease on growth performance of Korean native goat (Capra hircus coreanae)1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2578-86. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. C. Jo
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Jung
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - J. N. Kim
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Lee
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - S. Y. Jeong
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - W. Kim
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - H. G. Sung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sangji University, Wonju, Gangwon 220-702, Republic of Korea
| | - S. Seo
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Glass K, Barnes B. Eliminating infectious diseases of livestock: A metapopulation model of infection control. Theor Popul Biol 2013; 85:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Schemann K, Gillespie JA, Toribio JALML, Ward MP, Dhand NK. Controlling equine influenza: policy networks and decision-making during the 2007 Australian equine influenza outbreak. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 61:449-63. [PMID: 23279804 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, evidence-based decision-making is critical during a disease outbreak response; however, compliance by stakeholders is necessary to ensure that such decisions are effective - especially if the response depends on voluntary action. This mixed method study evaluated technical policy decision-making processes during the 2007 outbreak of equine influenza in Australia by identifying and analysing the stakeholder network involved and the factors driving policy decision-making. The study started with a review of the outbreak literature and published policy documents. This identified six policy issues regarding policy modifications or differing interpretations by different state agencies. Data on factors influencing the decision-making process for these six issues and on stakeholder interaction were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 24 individuals representing 12 industry and government organizations. Quantitative data were analysed using social network analysis. Qualitative data were coded and patterns matched to test a pre-determined general theory using a method called theory-oriented process-tracing. Results revealed that technical policy decisions were framed by social, political, financial, strategic and operational considerations. Industry stakeholders had influence through formal pre-existing channels, yet specific gaps in stakeholder interaction were overcome by reactive alliances formed during the outbreak response but outside the established system. Overall, the crisis management system and response were seen as positive, and 75-100% of individuals interviewed were supportive of, had interest in and considered the outcome as good for the majority of policy decisions, yet only 46-75% of those interviewed considered that they had influence on these decisions. Training to increase awareness and knowledge of emergency animal diseases (EADs) and response systems will improve stakeholder participation in emergency disease management and preparedness for future EAD incursions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schemann
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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EL-HAGE CM, SAVAGE CJ, MINKE JM, FICORILLI NP, WATSON J, GILKERSON JR. Accelerated vaccination schedule provides protective levels of antibody and complete herd immunity to equine influenza. Equine Vet J 2012; 45:235-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Read A, Arzey K, Finlaison D, Gu X, Davis R, Ritchie L, Kirkland P. A prospective longitudinal study of naturally infected horses to evaluate the performance characteristics of rapid diagnostic tests for equine influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2012; 156:246-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Schemann K, Firestone SM, Taylor MR, Toribio JALML, Ward MP, Dhand NK. From the Horse’s Mouth: Perceptions of the Management of the 2007 Equine Influenza Outbreak in Australia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 59:503-16. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01305.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Minke JM, El-Hage CM, Tazawa P, Homer D, Lemaitre L, Cozette V, Gilkerson JR, Kirkland PD. Evaluation of the response to an accelerated immunisation schedule using a canarypox-vectored equine influenza vaccine, shortened interdose intervals and vaccination of young foals. Aust Vet J 2011; 89 Suppl 1:137-9. [PMID: 21711312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The results of an accelerated immunisation schedule for horses used as part of the emergency response plan to contain and eradicate equine influenza in Australia in 2007 is described. The horses studied were vaccinated with a recombinant canarypox-vectored vaccine (ProteqFlu®, Merial) with a shorter interdose interval. Vaccinated horses included foals aged less than 4 months.
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Moloney B, Sergeant ESG, Taragel C, Buckley P. Significant features of the epidemiology of equine influenza in New South Wales, Australia, 2007. Aust Vet J 2011; 89 Suppl 1:56-63. [PMID: 21711291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine influenza (EI) was first diagnosed in the Australian horse population on 24 August 2007 at Centennial Park Equestrian Centre (CPEC) in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. By then, the virus had already spread to many properties in NSW and southern Queensland. The outbreak in NSW affected approximately 6000 premises populated by approximately 47,000 horses. Analyses undertaken by the epidemiology section, a distinct unit within the planning section of the State Disease Control Headquarters, included the attack risk on affected properties, the level of under-reporting of affected properties and a risk assessment of the movement of horses out of the Special Restricted Area. We describe the epidemiological features and the lessons learned from the outbreak in NSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Moloney
- Industry & Investment, Orange, New South Wales, Australia.
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Diallo IS, Read AJ, Kirkland PD. Potential of vaccination to confound interpretation of real-time PCR results for equine influenza. Vet Rec 2011; 169:252. [PMID: 21813581 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I S Diallo
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation, PO Box 156, Archerfield, QLD 4108, Australia.
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Glanville RJ, Christie B. High-level coordination and strategy in the 2007 equine influenza outbreak response. Aust Vet J 2011; 89 Suppl 1:97-100. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Diallo I, Read AJ, Kirkland PD. Positive results in a real-time PCR for type A influenza associated with the use of an inactivated vaccine. Aust Vet J 2011; 89 Suppl 1:145-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kirkland PD, Delbridge G. Use of a blocking ELISA for antibodies to equine influenza virus as a test to distinguish between naturally infected and vaccinated horses: proof of concept studies. Aust Vet J 2011; 89 Suppl 1:45-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kannegieter NJ, Frogley A, Crispe E, Kirkland PD. Clinical outcomes and virology of equine influenza in a naïve population and in horses infected soon after receiving one dose of vaccine. Aust Vet J 2011; 89 Suppl 1:139-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2011.00768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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