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Schürmann A, Luerßen B, Mollenhauer D, Janek J, Schröder D. Singlet Oxygen in Electrochemical Cells: A Critical Review of Literature and Theory. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12445-12464. [PMID: 34319075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rechargeable metal/O2 batteries have long been considered a promising future battery technology in automobile and stationary applications. However, they suffer from poor cyclability and rapid degradation. A recent hypothesis is the formation of singlet oxygen (1O2) as the root cause of these issues. Validation, evaluation, and understanding of the formation of 1O2 are therefore essential for improving metal/O2 batteries. We review literature and use Marcus theory to discuss the possibility of singlet oxygen formation in metal/O2 batteries as a product from (electro)chemical reactions. We conclude that experimental evidence is yet not fully conclusive, and side reactions can play a major role in verifying the existence of singlet oxygen. Following an in-depth analysis based on Marcus theory, we conclude that 1O2 can only originate from a chemical step. A direct electrochemical generation, as proposed by others, can be excluded on the basis of theoretical arguments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Schürmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Luerßen
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schröder
- Institute of Energy and Process Systems Engineering (InES), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 19B, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Aguillón AR, Leão RAC, Miranda LSM, de Souza ROMA. Cannabidiol Discovery and Synthesis-a Target-Oriented Analysis in Drug Production Processes. Chemistry 2021; 27:5577-5600. [PMID: 32780909 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The current state of evidence and recommendations for cannabidiol (CBD) and its health effects change the legal landscape and aim to destigmatize its phytotherapeutic research. Recently, some countries have included CBD as an antiepileptic product for compassionate use in children with refractory epilepsy. The growing demand for CBD has led to the need for high-purity cannabinoids on the emerging market. The discovery and development of approaches toward CBD synthesis have arisen from the successful extraction of Cannabis plants for cannabinoid fermentation in brewer's yeast. To understand different contributions to the design and enhancement of the synthesis of CBD and its key intermediates, a detailed analysis of the history behind cannabinoid compounds and their optimization is provided herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson R Aguillón
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Raquel A C Leão
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-170, CEP, 21941-910, Brazil
| | - Leandro S M Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O M A de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-170, CEP, 21941-910, Brazil
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Aguillón AR, Leão RAC, de Oliveira KT, Brocksom TJ, Miranda LSM, de Souza ROMA. Process Intensification for Obtaining a Cannabidiol Intermediate by Photo-oxygenation of Limonene under Continuous-Flow Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anderson R. Aguillón
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Raquel A. C. Leão
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - Timothy John Brocksom
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Leandro S. M. Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-170, Brazil
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Eberhard J, Peuntinger K, Rath S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Guldi DM, Mattay J. A study of acridine and acridinium-substituted bis(terpyridine)zinc(ii) and ruthenium(ii) complexes as photosensitizers for O2 (1Δg) generation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:380-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50349f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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RICCIARDI GIAMPAOLO, BELVISO SANDRA, D'AURIA MAURIZIO, LELJ FRANCESCO. Synthesis, Spectro-Electrochemical Properties and Photoreaction with O2 of Lutetium Bis-ethyltetraazaporphyrin. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1409(199811/12)2:6<517::aid-jpp90>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the Lu ( oepz )2 (oepz ≡ 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octakis(ethyl)-5,10,15,20-porphyrazinato) complex are reported. The complex, as inferred from UV-vis spectra recorded at different concentrations, strongly aggregates in solution, the most likely association mode being dimerization. The complex shows a weak near-IR absorption (λ max = 834 nm) that is considerably blue-shifted compared with the near-IR absorption of bis(π-radical) lutetium analogues. The Lu ( oepz )2 neutral species is electrochemically stable between 0.73 and -0.98 V (vs Ag/AgCl), which is the largest range of stability for neutral lutetium di- tetrapyrrole complexes. Lu ( oepz )2 shows excellent Type II photodynamic activity, as indicated by the value of the singlet oxygen generation quantum yield φΔ of 0.94 obtained by comparison with meso-tetraphenylporphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- GIAMPAOLO RICCIARDI
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - SANDRA BELVISO
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - MAURIZIO D'AURIA
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - FRANCESCO LELJ
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Basilicata, Via N. Sauro 85, I-85100 Potenza, Italy
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Amati M, Belviso S, D'Auria M, Lelj F, Racioppi R, Viggiani L. Tandem Photoarylation-Photoisomerization of Halothiazoles: Synthesis, Photophysical and Singlet Oxygen Activation Properties of Ethyl 2-Arylthiazole-5-carboxylates. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201000096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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An attempt to determine the polarity of bilayer of cationic and anionic surfactants vesicle: A chemical probe technique study. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Suga K, Ohkubo K, Fukuzumi S. Oxygenation of α-Methylstyrene with Molecular Oxygen, Catalyzed by 10-Methylacridinium Ion via Photoinduced Electron Transfer. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034213x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyou Suga
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kei Ohkubo
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Fukuzumi S, Fujita S, Suenobu T, Imahori H, Araki Y, Ito O. Dehydrogenation vs Oxygenation in Photosensitized Oxidation of 9-Substituted 10-Methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine in the Presence of Scandium Ion. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0128729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fujita
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Suenobu
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Araki
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Osamu Ito
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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11
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Iijima Y, Obara S, Ohba Y, Kubo K, Sakurai T. 2,4,6-Triphenylpyrylium ion-mediated photooxidation of N,N-dibenzylhydroxylamine and its derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(01)00469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Kojima M, Takeya H, Kuriyama Y, Oishi S. Mechanism ofCis-to-TransOne Way Isomerization of Stilbene and Formation of Its Stable Dimer Cation Radicals in Zeolite Cavities. CHEM LETT 1997. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1997.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Salemi-Delvaux C, Luccioni-Houzé B, Baillet G, Giusti G, Guglielmetti R. Photooxygenation of α,α′-dimethylstilbenes sensitised by photochromic compounds. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)01066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Leigh WJ, Lewis TJ, Lin V, Postigo JA. The photochemistry of 3,3′,4,4′-tetramethoxy-and 4-hydroxy-3,3′,4′-trimethoxystilbene — models for stilbene chromophores in peroxide-bleached, high-yield wood pulps. CAN J CHEM 1996. [DOI: 10.1139/v96-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of the title compounds has been investigated in ethanol and tetrahydrofuran solution under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Direct irradiation of trans-3,3′,4,4′-tetramethoxystilbene (trans-1) in deoxygenated ethanol leads to the rapid establishment of a photostationary state with the cis isomer, and the slower formation of the ethyl ether corresponding to addition of ethanol across the olefinic C=C bond and cyclobutane dimers. The same products are formed upon photolysis in the presence of oxygen under the same conditions but, in addition, two isomeric tetramethoxyphenanthrenes and 3, 4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde are formed. Photolysis of trans-1 in oxygenated tetrahydrofuran leads to the same products in different relative yields. Quantum yields for cis, trans photoisomerization, phenanthrene formation, and addition of ethanol have been determined by ferrioxalate actinometry. Direct irradiation of tran-4-hydroxy-3,3′,4′-trimethoxystilbene (trans-2) in ethanol solution also results in rapid cis–trans isomerization and the formation of (three) isomeric phenanthrene derivatives in photolyses carried out in the presence of oxygen, although the material balance is low. The various products of photolysis of trans-2 have been independently synthesized by desilylation of the products isolated from photolysis of trans-4-tert-butyldimethylsiloxy-3,3′,4′-trimethoxystilbene (trans-3) under similar conditions. Fluorescence-quenching experiments have been carried out to determine the relative rates of quenching of the excited singlet states of trans-1 and trans-2 by alcohols and oxygen. The formation of aldehydes is proposed to arise via reaction of superoxide ion with stilbene radical cations, which are formed by electron-transfer quenching of the stilbene excited singlet state by oxygen. Key words: stilbenes, lignin, photochemistry, photooxidation.
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Applications of the photochemical reaction of iodoheterocyclic derivatives with aromatic compounds in the synthesis of new singlet oxygen sensitizers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(95)04107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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18
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Takahashi Y, Okitsu O, Ando M, Miyashi T. Electron-transfer induced intramolecular [2 + 2] cyloaddition of 2,6-diarylhepta-1,6-dienes. Tetrahedron Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)76711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Niederländer H, Gooijer C, Velthorst N. Chemiluminescence detection in liquid chromatography based on photo-oxygenation involving reactive oxygen intermediates. Anal Chim Acta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(94)85018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Electron-transfer-induced photo-oxygenation reactions and the special salt effect: determination of efficiencies of free radical ion formation from solvent-separated radical ion pairs in oxygen-saturated acetonitrile solutions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(93)80109-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kojima M, Ishida A, Takamuku S. Mechanism of Photochemical Reaction of Contact Charge Transfer Pair between 1,1-Diarylethene and Oxygen. CHEM LETT 1993. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1993.979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hydroxyanthraquinones as sensitizers of electron-transfer-induced photo-oxygenation reactions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(93)85033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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D'Auria M, Tofani D. Photochemical approach to the synthesis of naturally occurring thienylacetylenes. Tetrahedron 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)85621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Konuma S, Aihara S, Kuriyama Y, Misawa H, Akaba R, Sakuragi H, Tokumaru K. Structural Effects of Olefins in the Photooxygenation with Electron-Accepting Sensitizers. Kinetic Approach to Reactive Intermediates. CHEM LETT 1991. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1991.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gollnick K, Held S. Single-electron transfer from 1,1-bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)ethylene to singlet oxygen in a polar aprotic solvent. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1010-6030(91)87068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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D'AURIA MAURIZIO, VANTAGGI ANNA. 1H-INDENYLFURAN AND THIOPHENE DERIVATIVES– A NEW CLASS OF SINGLET OXYGEN SENSITIZERS. Photochem Photobiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1991.tb03921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Takahashi Y, Wakamatsu K, Kikuchi K, Miyashi T. Role of exciplex and ion pair in the photosensitized oxygenation of 1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene. J PHYS ORG CHEM 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.610030805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gollnick K, Held S. Merbromin (mercurochrome)--a photosensitizer for singlet oxygen reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1990; 5:85-93. [PMID: 1692875 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(90)85007-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Merbromin, produced in many countries and used world wide as an antiseptic under the trademark "mercurochrome", is shown to be an efficient sensitizer for type II (singlet oxygen) photo-oxygenations by using 2-methyl-2-butene, (+)-limonene, (+)-alpha-pinene, alpha,alpha'-dimethylstilbenes and (--)-L-methionine as oxygen acceptors. Type I photo-oxygenations are negligible. An estimate of the quantum yield of singlet oxygen formation by merbromin in methanol gives a value of about 0.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gollnick
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität München, F.R.G
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Müller K, Duchstein HJ. Oxygenierung von Dithranol durch Übergangsmetallkomplexe. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19893220109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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McGoran EC, Wyborney M. Chemical source of singlet oxygen, or its synthetic equivalent. Generation from resin-bound peroxomolybdate. Tetrahedron Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)80612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Elektronen- und Ladungsübertragung: Zur Vereinheitlichung der Mechanismen organischer und metallorganischer Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19881001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Müller K. Active oxygen species and structure specificity of antipsoriatic anthrones. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1988; 321:385-9. [PMID: 3219054 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.19883210703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Gollnick K, Koegler S. Photosensitized oxygenation of 2,3-dihydropyrazines: Unexpected synthesis of isonitriles. Tetrahedron Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)86667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Davidson RS, Goodwin D, Pratt JE. Problems associated with distinguishing between singlet oxygen and electron transfer photooxygenation reactions. FREE RADICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 1987; 2:313-20. [PMID: 3333035 DOI: 10.3109/10715768709065297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the introduction a review is given of the various methods available for probing the mechanism of photooxygenation reactions. To illustrate the methodology, some new results on the photooxygenation of alpha-ketocarboxylic acids and esters is given in which it is shown that these compounds sensitise singlet oxygen formation but are relatively unreactive to this oxidising species. Alternative mechanistic schemes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, City University, Northampton Square, London, UK
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