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Baptista MS, Cadet J, Greer A, Thomas AH. Photosensitization Reactions of Biomolecules: Definition, Targets and Mechanisms. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1456-1483. [PMID: 34133762 DOI: 10.1111/php.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitization reactions have been demonstrated to be largely responsible for the deleterious biological effects of UV and visible radiation, as well as for the curative actions of photomedicine. A large number of endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers, biological targets and mechanisms have been reported in the past few decades. Evolving from the original definitions of the type I and type II photosensitized oxidations, we now provide physicochemical frameworks, classifications and key examples of these mechanisms in order to organize, interpret and understand the vast information available in the literature and the new reports, which are in vigorous growth. This review surveys in an extended manner all identified photosensitization mechanisms of the major biomolecule groups such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids bridging the gap with the subsequent biological processes. Also described are the effects of photosensitization in cells in which UVA and UVB irradiation triggers enzyme activation with the subsequent delayed generation of superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide. Definitions of photosensitized reactions are identified in biomolecules with key insights into cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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Li JS, Xie XY, Yang Q, Yang PP, Jiang S, Li ZW, Lu CH, Liu WD. Synthesis of Chromeno[3,4-c]pyridines by Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Annulation of Coumarinyl Ketoxime Esters and Alkynes. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Barot KP, Jain SV, Kremer L, Singh S, Ghate MD. Recent advances and therapeutic journey of coumarins: current status and perspectives. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Microwave-induced domino-Knoevenagel-hetero Diels–Alder reaction—an easy route to di[1]benzopyrano[2,3-b:4′,3′-d]pyridine. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ghosh J, Biswas P, Sarkar T, Drew MG, Bandyopadhyay C. A one-pot three-component reaction in aqueous micellar medium: an easy route to chromeno[2,3-b]quinolinedione. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Das DK, Sarkar S, Khan AT, Saravanan P, Patra S. Synthesis of fused tetrahydropyrido[2,3-c]coumarin derivatives as potential inhibitors for dopamine d3 receptors, catalyzed by hydrated ferric sulfate. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra45174g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Borah P, Bhuyan PJ. Synthesis of some novel spiro substituted pyrido[2,3-c]coumarins by exploring ‘tertiary amino effect’ reaction strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Substituent-controlled domino-Henry-hetero Diels–Alder reaction: synthesis of polycyclic nitronates. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Synthesis of some tetrazole fused pyrido[2,3-c]coumarin derivatives from a one-pot three-component reaction via intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azide to nitriles. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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The reaction of tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]pyridines with activated alkynes. The first synthesis of tetrahydrochromeno[4,3-d]azocines. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Maiti S, Lakshmykanth TM, Panja SK, Mukhopadhyay R, Datta A, Bandyopadhyay C. Regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 1-benzopyrano[2,3-b]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyridines: A microwave-accelerated intramolecular [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of azomethine ylide. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gautam DR, Protopappas J, Fylaktakidou KC, Litinas KE, Nicolaides DN, Tsoleridis CA. Unexpected one-pot synthesis of new polycyclic coumarin[4,3-c]pyridine derivatives via a tandem hetero-Diels–Alder and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Marrot L, Labarussiat A, Perez P, Meunier JR. Use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a pre-screening approach for assessment of chemical-induced phototoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2006; 20:1040-50. [PMID: 16497474 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Photoreactive chemicals can induce dermatological reactions when present in the skin exposed to sunlight. Thus, new chemicals absorbing above 290 nm should have their potential phototoxicity tested. In order to screen a large number of molecules with various physico-chemical properties, a microbiological method is helpful. To this end, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated for its ability to detect phototoxic compounds. Twelve products known to be phototoxic in vivo and previously used as standards for validating the regulatory test 3T3 NRU were used in this work. Eleven of them could be detected in the yeast assay and, among them, 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP), 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), angelicin and, to a lower extend, tiaprofenic acid induced genetic alterations. Interestingly, a pre-incubation with yeast cells in the dark before exposure decreased the phototoxicity of 5-MOP and 8-MOP but had no effect on this of chlorpromazine and ketoprofen. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA100 and TA102) were compared for the evaluation of 5-MOP and 8-MOP photogenotoxicity; only the yeast assay allowed to perform experiments in exposure conditions close to those encountered in environmental situations. Finally, an application of this experimental approach to the detection of traces of furocoumarins in fragrance materials was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marrot
- L'OREAL Advanced Research, Life Sciences Research, Genotoxicity Group, 1 Avenue E Shueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.
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Khan IA, Kulkarni MV, Gopal M, Shahabuddin MS, Sun CM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel angularly fused polycyclic coumarins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3584-7. [PMID: 15967664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In a three-step sequence, an array of angularly fused polycyclic heterocycles with coumarin, benzofuran and pyridine rings were synthesized from 4-bromomethylcoumarins and salicylonitrile. All the final compounds were fully characterized and screened for anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Several compounds exhibited promising inflammation inhibiting and anti-microbial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtyaz A Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad-580003, India
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Angelov D, Beylot B, Spassky A. Origin of the heterogeneous distribution of the yield of guanyl radical in UV laser photolyzed DNA. Biophys J 2004; 88:2766-78. [PMID: 15613625 PMCID: PMC1305372 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.049015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative guanine lesions were analyzed, at the nucleotide level, within DNA exposed to nanosecond ultraviolet (266 nm) laser pulses of variable intensity (0.002-0.1 J/cm(2)). Experiments were carried out, at room temperature, in TE buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; 1 mM EDTA) containing 35 mM NaCl, on 5'-end radioactively labeled double-stranded and single-stranded oligomer DNA at a size of 33-37 nucleobases. Lesions were analyzed on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis by taking advantage of the specific removal of 8-oxodG from DNA by the formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg protein) and of the differential sensitivity of 8-oxodG and oxazolone to piperidine. The quantum yields of lesions at individual sites, determined from the normalized intensities of bands, were plotted against the irradiation energy levels. Simplified model fitting of the experimental data enabled to evaluate the spectroscopic parameters characterizing excitation and photoionization processes. Results show that the distribution of guanine residues, excited to the lowest triplet state or photoionized, is heterogeneous and depends on the primary and secondary DNA structure. These findings are generalized in terms of excitation energy and charge-migration mediated biphotonic ionization. On the basis of the changes in the yield of the guanyl radical resulting from local helical perturbations in the DNA pi-stack, it can be assessed that the distance range of migration is <6-8 bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Angelov
- UMR 8113 French National Center for Scientific Research, Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
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Marrot L, Belaïdi JP, Jones C, Perez P, Riou L, Sarasin A, Meunier JR. Molecular responses to photogenotoxic stress induced by the antibiotic lomefloxacin in human skin cells: from DNA damage to apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:596-606. [PMID: 12925221 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photo-unstable chemicals sometimes behave as phototoxins in skin, inducing untoward clinical side-effects when exposed to sunlight. Some drugs, such as psoralens or fluoroquinolones, can damage genomic DNA, thus increasing the risk of photocarcinogenesis. Here, lomefloxacin, an antibiotic from the fluoroquinolone family known to be involved in skin tumor development in photoexposed mice, was studied using normal human skin cells in culture: fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and Caucasian melanocytes. When treated cells were exposed to simulated solar ultraviolet A (320-400 nm), lomefloxacin induced damage such as strand breaks and pyrimidine dimers in genomic DNA. Lomefloxacin also triggered various stress responses: heme-oxygenase-1 expression in fibroblasts, changes in p53 status as shown by the accumulation of p53 and p21 proteins or the induction of MDM2 and GADD45 genes, and stimulation of melanogenesis by increasing the tyrosinase activity in melanocytes. Lomefloxacin could also lead to apoptosis in keratinocytes exposed to ultraviolet A: caspase-3 was activated and FAS-L gene was induced. Moreover, keratinocytes were shown to be the most sensitive cell type to lomefloxacin phototoxic effects, in spite of the well-established effectiveness of their antioxidant equipment. These data show that the phototoxicity of a given drug can be driven by different mechanisms and that its biologic impact varies according to cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Marrot
- Genotoxicity Group, L'Oreal Research, 1 avenue Eugene Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-bois, France.
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Beylot B, Spassky A. Chemical probing shows that the intron-encoded endonuclease I-SceI distorts DNA through binding in monomeric form to its homing site. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:25243-53. [PMID: 11279183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101200200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its small size (27.6 kDa), the group I intron-encoded I-SceI endonuclease initiates intron homing by recognizing and specifically cleaving a large intronless DNA sequence. Here, we used gel shift assays and footprinting experiments to analyze the interaction between I-SceI and its target. I-SceI was found to bind to its substrate in monomeric form. Footprinting using DNase I, hydroxyl radical, phenanthroline copper complexes, UV/DH-MePyPs photosensitizer, and base-modifying reagents revealed the asymmetric nature of the interaction and provided a first glimpse into the architecture of the complex. The protein interacts in the minor and major grooves and distorts DNA at three distinct sites: one at the intron insertion site and the other two, respectively, downstream (-8, -9) and upstream (+9, +10) from this site. The protein appears to stabilize the DNA curved around it by bridging the minor groove on one face of the helix. The scissile phosphates would lie on the outside of the bend, facing in the same direction relative to the DNA helical axis, as expected for an endonuclease that generates 3' overhangs. An internally consistent model is proposed in which the protein would take advantage of the concerted flexibility of the DNA sequence to induce a synergistic binding/kinking process, resulting in the correct positioning of the enzyme active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Beylot
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Biomoléculaires, Institut Curie, Rue des Saint-Pères, Paris, France
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