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Giavedoni P, Combalia A, Espinosa N, Aguilera J, Puig S. Exposure to UV Radiation in Lifeguards on Barcelona's Beaches: An Underestimated Occupational Risk. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:466-474. [PMID: 37858859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of skin cancer is closely related to high exposure to UV radiation. Lifeguards are at an increased risk of excessive sun exposure. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to measure the exposure of Barcelona's beach lifeguards to UV radiation. METHODS Measurements in the work chair were taken every 30min on a typical working day from 10:45 am to 19:15 pm. These measurements were carried out on four different days. These data were used to calculate the erythematous doses received during working hours, as well as those potentially received throughout the summer season. Vitamin D production was also estimated for the four days that the radiation received was measured, and the amount generated was calculated for the entire summer season. RESULTS Exposure to UV radiation among Barcelona lifeguards far exceeds safety limits. In some locations, the exposure to UVB radiation is more than 16 times the minimum erythematous dose for phototype II skin. LIMITATIONS This study assessed the radiation received during only four days. However, is a much higher number than most of the published papers. CONCLUSION Although the health risks of excessive exposure to UV radiation are known, Barcelona's beach lifeguards are insufficiently protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Giavedoni
- Department of Dermatology, ICMiD (Institut Clínic de Medicina i Dermatologia), Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A Combalia
- Department of Dermatology, ICMiD (Institut Clínic de Medicina i Dermatologia), Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Espinosa
- Department of Dermatology, ICMiD (Institut Clínic de Medicina i Dermatologia), Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Aguilera
- Dermatological Photobiology Laboratory, Medical and Health Research Center, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of Málaga, Spain
| | - S Puig
- Department of Dermatology, ICMiD (Institut Clínic de Medicina i Dermatologia), Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Giavedoni P, Combalia A, Espinosa N, Aguilera J, Puig S. Exposure to UV Radiation in Lifeguards on Barcelona's Beaches: An Underestimated Occupational Risk. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2024; 115:T466-T474. [PMID: 38423506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of skin cancer is closely related to high exposure to UV radiation. Lifeguards are at an increased risk of excessive sun exposure. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to measure the exposure of Barcelona's beach lifeguards to UV radiation. METHODS Measurements in the work chair were taken every 30min on a typical working day from 10:45 am to 19:15 pm. These measurements were carried out on four different days. These data were used to calculate the erythematous doses received during working hours, as well as those potentially received throughout the summer season. Vitamin D production was also estimated for the four days that the radiation received was measured, and the amount generated was calculated for the entire summer season. RESULTS Exposure to UV radiation among Barcelona lifeguards far exceeds safety limits. In some locations, the exposure to UVB radiation is more than 16 times the minimum erythematous dose for phototype II skin. LIMITATIONS This study assessed the radiation received during only four days. However, is a much higher number than most of the published papers. CONCLUSION Although the health risks of excessive exposure to UV radiation are known, Barcelona's beach lifeguards are insufficiently protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Giavedoni
- Departamento de Dermatología, Institut Clínic de Medicina i Dermatologia (ICMiD), Barcelona, España; Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España.
| | - A Combalia
- Departamento de Dermatología, Institut Clínic de Medicina i Dermatologia (ICMiD), Barcelona, España; Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - N Espinosa
- Departamento de Dermatología, Institut Clínic de Medicina i Dermatologia (ICMiD), Barcelona, España; Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
| | - J Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Fotobiología Dermatológica, Centro de Investigaciones Médico Sanitarias, Departamento de Medicina y Dermatología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - S Puig
- Departamento de Dermatología, Institut Clínic de Medicina i Dermatologia (ICMiD), Barcelona, España; Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, España
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de Troya Martín M, Aguilar S, Aguilera-Arjona J, Rivas-Ruiz F, Rodríguez-Martínez A, de Castro-Maqueda G, Cambil-Martín J, de Gálvez-Aranda V, Blázquez-Sánchez N. Risk assessment of occupational skin cancer among outdoor workers in southern Spain: local pilot study. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:14-20. [PMID: 36424170 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main preventable cause of skin cancer. Outdoor workers, exposed to the sun for many hours throughout their working lives, are at special risk. The aim of this study is to determine occupational photoexposure and photoprotection among outdoor workers employed by a municipality in southern Spain. METHODS Cross-sectional descriptive study focusing on outdoor workers employed by the municipality of Fuengirola (in areas such as construction, gardening, urban cleaning and beach maintenance). The participants were monitored by personal dosimetry, participated in a dermatological check-up and answered a validated questionnaire (CHACES) on their habits, attitudes and knowledge related to sun exposure. RESULTS The median effective erythema dose of exposure to solar UV radiation during the working day (n=20) was 379.4 J/m2, equivalent to 3.8 standard erythema doses, almost 3 times higher than the recommended limits for an 8-hour workday. Skin examination (n=128) revealed the presence of actinic lentigines (79.7%), actinic keratoses (8.6%) and skin cancer (3.9%). The CHACES questionnaire (n=128) revealed a sunburn rate of 50.0%. Photoprotection practices were markedly deficient: only 16.7% of the survey respondents sought protection in the shade, 20.3% avoided exposure during the peak exposure hours and 33.1% applied sunscreen. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to evaluate UV radiation exposure, occupational sun protection practices, sunburn and actinic injuries of different outdoor workers in one of the sunniest regions of Spain and underlines the need for effective interventions to protect outdoor workers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sierra Aguilar
- Occupational Risk Prevention Service, Fuengirola City Council, Fuengirola, Spain
| | - José Aguilera-Arjona
- Photobiological Dermatology Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Guillermo de Castro-Maqueda
- Physical Education Department, Education Science Faculty, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain.,Nursing Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jacobo Cambil-Martín
- Nursing Department, Health Science Faculty, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Grifoni D, Betti G, Bogi A, Bramanti L, Chiarugi A, Gozzini B, Morabito M, Picciolo F, Sabatini F, Miligi L. Protective Measures From Solar Ultraviolet Radiation for Beach Lifeguards in Tuscany (Italy): Shade and Clothing Strategies. Saf Health Work 2022; 13:421-428. [PMID: 36579014 PMCID: PMC9772484 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is a significant risk factor generally underestimated by outdoor workers and employers. Several studies have pointed out that occupational solar exposure increased eye and skin diseases with a considerable impact on the lives and productivity of affected workers.The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness against ultraviolet radiation of some measures recently undertaken for the protection of lifeguards in a coastal area of Tuscany. Methods Different shading structures (gazebos and beach umbrella) were tested during a sunny summer's day on a sandy beach by means of two radiometers; the UV protection offered by some T-shirts used by lifeguards was also tested in the laboratory with a spectrophotometer. Results The analysed shading structures strongly reduced the ultraviolet radiation by up to 90%, however a not always negligible diffuse radiation is also present in the shade, requiring further protective measures (T-shirt, sunglasses, sunscreen, etc.); the tested T-shirts showed a very good-excellent protection according to the Australian/New Zealand standard. Conclusion Results obtained in this study suggest how the adoption and dissemination of good practices, including those tested, could be particularly effective as a primary prevention for lifeguards who are subjected to very high levels of radiation for long periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Grifoni
- CNR-IBE - Institute of Bioeconomy - National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy,LaMMA Consortium, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy,Corresponding author. Institute of Bioeconomy - National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Giulio Betti
- CNR-IBE - Institute of Bioeconomy - National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy,LaMMA Consortium, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrea Bogi
- Physical Agents Sector, Regional Public Health Laboratory, Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Bramanti
- AUSL North West Tuscany, Hygiene and Health at Work Unit, Prevention Department, Versilia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Chiarugi
- Screening and Secondary Prevention Unit, Institut for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Bernardo Gozzini
- CNR-IBE - Institute of Bioeconomy - National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy,LaMMA Consortium, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Morabito
- CNR-IBE - Institute of Bioeconomy - National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Sabatini
- CNR-IBE - Institute of Bioeconomy - National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucia Miligi
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Branch - Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
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Calvache Ruales MF, Westerhausen S, Zapata Gallo HA, Strehl B, Naza Guzman SD, Versteeg H, Stöppelmann W, Wittlich M. UVR Exposure and Prevention of Street Construction Workers in Colombia and Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127259. [PMID: 35742508 PMCID: PMC9223545 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
(1) Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) poses a major risk factor for developing skin cancer after years of chronic exposure. The irradiation is strongly dependent upon the activity or occupation carried out, but also on the climate conditions at the workplace. Knowledge of both has been tested within the occupational group of road construction workers in Colombia and Germany. (2) The GENESIS-UV measurement system has been used at both locations for consistency. A number of workers in both countries wore an electronic data logging dosimeter for several months to deliver detailed information on UVR exposure. (3) It was found that in a tropical climate, UVR exposure remains constant throughout the year, while in a temperate climate seasonal effects are visible, superimposed by behavioural aspects e.g., in springtime. The daily distribution of the radiation shows a distinct dip, especially in the Colombian data. Derived data show the high fraction of working days exceeding a threshold set by the skin type. (4) Road construction work involves high UVR exposure. In both countries, preventive measures are required to reduce the personal exposure to a minimum. Exceedance of the minimal erythema dose (MED) suggests a possible enhancing effect, especially in fair skinned people. Intercomparison of UVR exposure at workplaces is possible between countries and climate zones, emphasizing efforts for global action against skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan Westerhausen
- Department of Ergonomics: Physical Environmental Factors, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany;
| | | | - Benjamin Strehl
- Department Accident Prevention: Digitalisation—Technologies, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany;
| | - Sergio D. Naza Guzman
- Risk Management Consultancy CGR, SURA, Cali 760046, Colombia; (M.F.C.R.); (S.D.N.G.)
| | - Helmut Versteeg
- Department Exposure and Risk Assessment, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany; (H.V.); (W.S.)
| | - Wiho Stöppelmann
- Department Exposure and Risk Assessment, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany; (H.V.); (W.S.)
| | - Marc Wittlich
- Department Accident Prevention: Digitalisation—Technologies, Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, D-53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)30-13001-3500
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Bringing Light into Darkness-Comparison of Different Personal Dosimeters for Assessment of Solar Ultraviolet Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179071. [PMID: 34501660 PMCID: PMC8431201 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
(1) Measuring personal exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) poses a major challenges for researchers. Often, the study design determines the measuring devices that can be used, be it the duration of measurements or size restrictions on different body parts. It is therefore of great importance that measuring devices produce comparable results despite technical differences and modes of operation. Particularly when measurement results from different studies dealing with personal UV exposure are to be compared with each other, the need for intercomparability and intercalibration factors between different measurement systems becomes significant. (2) Three commonly used dosimeter types—(polysulphone film (PSF), biological, and electronic dosimeters)—were selected to perform intercalibration measurements. They differ in measurement principle and sensitivity, measurement accuracy, and susceptibility to inaccuracies. The aim was to derive intercalibration factors for these dosimeter types. (3) While a calibration factor between PSF and electronic dosimeters of about 1.3 could be derived for direct irradiation of the dosimeters, this was not the case for larger angles of incidence of solar radiation with increasing fractions of diffuse irradiation. Electronic dosimeters show small standard deviation across all measurements. For biological dosimeters, no intercalibration factor could be found with respect to PSF and electronic dosimeters. In a use case, the relation between steady-state measurements and personal measurements was studied. On average, persons acquired only a small fraction of the ambient radiation.
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de Troya Martín M, Blázquez Sánchez N, García Harana C, Alarcón Leiva MC, Aguilera Arjona J, Rivas Ruiz F, de Gálvez Aranda MV. "Beach Lifeguards' Sun Exposure and Sun Protection in Spain". Saf Health Work 2021; 12:244-248. [PMID: 34178403 PMCID: PMC8209343 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunburn is the main avoidable cause of skin cancer. Beach lifeguards spend many hours exposed to the effects of solar radiation during their work day, precisely at times of the year when levels of solar irradiation are highest. The aim of this study is to quantify the risk to beach lifeguards of sun exposure. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the Western Costa del Sol, southern Spain, during the summer of 2018. The research subjects were recruited during a skin cancer prevention course for beach lifeguards. All participants were invited to complete a questionnaire on their habits, attitudes, and knowledge related to sun exposure. In addition, ten were specially monitored using personal dosimeters for three consecutive days, and the results were recorded in a photoprotection diary. A descriptive analysis (mean and standard deviation for the quantitative variables) was performed, and inter-group differences were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Two hundred fifteen lifeguards completed the questionnaire, and 109 met the criteria for inclusion in this analysis. The mean age was 23.8 years (SD: 5.1), 78.0% were male, 71.5% were phototype III or IV (Fitzpatrick's phototype), and 77.1% had experienced at least one painful sunburn during the previous summer. The mean daily personal ultraviolet exposure per day, the minimal erythema dose, and the standard erythema dose, in J/m2, were 634.7 [standard deviation (SD): 356.2], 2.5 (SD: 1.4) and 6.35 (SD: 3.6), respectively. CONCLUSION Beach lifeguards receive very high doses of solar radiation during the work day and experience correspondingly high rates of sunburn. Intervention strategies to modify their sun exposure behavior and working environment are necessary to reduce the risk of skin cancer for these workers and to promote early diagnosis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristina García Harana
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Costal Del Sol, Marbella, Spain
- Medicine Department, University of Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Francisco Rivas Ruiz
- Research Unit, Hospital Costal Del Sol, Marbella, Spain
- Research Network of Health Services in Chronic Diseases (REDISSEC), Spain
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Abstract
During leisure time, people can decide if they want to expose themselves to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to what extent. While working, people do not have this choice. Outdoor workers are exposed to solar UV radiation (UVR) on a daily basis. This may pose a certain health risk, which can be estimated when the personal solar UVR exposure (PE) is known. During past decades, a variety of studies were conducted to measure PE of outdoor workers and our knowledge of the PE of outdoor workers has increased remarkably. As shown by this review, studies clearly indicate that PE of most outdoor workers exceeds the internationally proposed threshold limit value, which is comparable to 1.0 to 1.3 standard erythema dose (SED), respectively, to 1.1 to 1.5 UV Index received over one hour. Besides working in a high UVR environ, monotonic workflow (limited movement, nearly static posture) is a risk factor. In such cases, PE can be higher than ambient UVR. In this review, we provide also a list of milestones, depicting the progress and the most important findings in this field during the past 45 years. However, in many respects our knowledge is still rudimentary, for several reasons. Different measuring positions have been used so that measured PE is not comparable. Few studies were designed to enable the extension of measured PE to other locations or dates. Although the importance of a proper calibration of the measuring devices in respect to the changing solar spectrum was pointed out from the beginning, this is often not performed, which leads to high uncertainties in the presented PE levels. At the end of our review, we provide some key points, which can be used to evaluate the quality of a study respectively to support the design of future studies.
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Dillane D, Balanay JAG. Comparison between EPA UV index app and UV monitor to assess risk for solar ultraviolet radiation exposure in agricultural settings in Eastern North Carolina. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2021; 18:16-27. [PMID: 33284740 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2020.1842880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural workers are exposed to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to the significant amount of time spent working outdoors. Risk information on UV exposure from the EPA SunWise UV Index mobile app is conveniently available for timely advice on risk management, but its reliability is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the EPA UV Index app in providing accurate risk information to reduce UV exposure and prevent related illnesses among agricultural workers in eastern North Carolina. UV radiation effective irradiance (UV eff ) indices were datalogged at two agricultural sites using radiometers from April-August 2019 and were assigned to risk levels (low, moderate, high, very high, extreme) based on the ACGIH® Threshold Limit Values (TLVs®). The UV index (UV app ) and its corresponding risk level were obtained using the app. Hourly UV app -based risk level assignments were time-matched to their corresponding UV eff /TLV-based risk level assignments (871 pairs) and analyzed using cross tabulation by determining the percentage of hourly UV eff /TLV-based risk levels ("gold standard") with the same hourly UV app -based risk levels, with a larger percentage indicating higher app reliability. Results showed that the app correctly identified 100% of low risk conditions, but its reliability decreased as the UV risk condition became more severe. The app correctly identified 0% of moderate, high and very high risk conditions but instead assigned 100% of them to lower risk levels (30-100% as low risk, 5-70% as moderate risk), indicating that the app was less protective in assessing UV risk. The app correctly identified 0.6% of extreme risk conditions but assigned 99.4% of them to lower risk levels (9.4% as low, 29.7% as moderate, 24.6% as high, 35.8% as very high). It is concluded that the performance of the EPA UV Index app in assessing occupational UV risk is not protective of workers particularly for high risk conditions, and that the use of the app for the assessment of risk to UV exposure in agricultural settings is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dillane
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jo Anne G Balanay
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Moldovan HR, Wittlich M, John SM, Brans R, Tiplica GS, Salavastru C, Voidazan ST, Duca RC, Fugulyan E, Horvath G, Alexa A, Butacu AI. Exposure to solar UV radiation in outdoor construction workers using personal dosimetry. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108967. [PMID: 31806287 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to solar UV radiation (SUVR), a Group 1 carcinogen according to the IARC classification is at high exposure levels in outdoor construction workers, usually above the suggested occupational limits. Furthermore, there are no regulations related to this exposure in the EU, except for the artificial UVR. Also, the use of the ICNIRP exposure guideline in an outdoor setting poses problems of adequate dose assessment. In this context, the main purpose of the study was to perform direct measurements of the SUVR dose in outdoor workers from the construction sector, using individual SUVR dosimeters (GENESIS-UV system), for a period of 7 months, from April to October, in a prospective, observational study in two groups of 10 outdoor workers in Romania, located at two different geographic sites. In term of cumulative standard erythema dose (SED), our study population of outdoor construction workers received high levels of solar UV radiation, ranging from 165 SED to 453 SED during 7 months of occupational activity, from April to October. Our results, ranging from 1.28 SED (standard erythema dose) per day to 6.4 SED per day pose an alarm signal to the national and European health authorities to take preventive action for outdoor workers, as the ICNIRP suggested limit value of 1.33 SED for mean daily erythemal UV exposure is vastly exceeded. We suggest that personal dosimetry for SUVR, from simple devices to complex systems as GENESIS-UV should be regularly and mandatory used in outdoor workers, similarly to the usage of personal dosimetry in occupational exposure to ionizing radiations, which could be included in European and national legislation to reduce both, the level of exposure and the detrimental effects on outdoor workers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horatiu Remus Moldovan
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu-Mures, Targu-Mures, Romania.
| | - Marc Wittlich
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, St. Augustin, Germany
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany; Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Lower-Saxonian Institute of Occupational Dermatology, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - George Sorin Tiplica
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Dermatology 2, "Colentina" Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Salavastru
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dermato-oncology Research Unit, Paediatric Dermatology Discipline, "Colentina" Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Septimiu Toader Voidazan
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu-Mures, Targu-Mures, Romania.
| | - Radu Corneliu Duca
- Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, National Health Laboratory (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Ecaterina Fugulyan
- Occupational Medicine Clinic, Mures County Clinical Hospital, Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Gyopar Horvath
- Occupational Medicine Clinic, Mures County Clinical Hospital, Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Andrei Alexa
- Occupational Medicine Clinic, Mures County Clinical Hospital, Targu-Mures, Romania
| | - Alexandra Irina Butacu
- 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Dermatology 2, "Colentina" Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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Salvadori G, Lista D, Burattini C, Gugliermetti L, Leccese F, Bisegna F. Sun Exposure of Body Districts: Development and Validation of an Algorithm to Predict the Erythemal Ultra Violet Dose. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193632. [PMID: 31569692 PMCID: PMC6801664 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solar Ultra-Violet (UV) radiation has positive and negative effects on human body tissues. Small doses of solar UV radiation are needed by the human skin for the activation of the vitamin D production. Overexposure to solar UV radiation can produce acute and long-term negative effects, such as sunburns and, in the worst cases, cataracts and skin cancers. For this reason, knowing the amount of UV doses received by people is essential to evaluate their risk to UV overexposure and to evaluate the adequate countermeasure to avoid the negative effects. The original contribution of the present study consists in having searched, collected, adapted and processed a series of technical information and analytical relations, developing an algorithm suitable for the calculation of the erythemal UV dose on sloped surfaces exposed to solar radiation, which at the moment is not present in the scientific literature. The results obtained by the algorithm have been compared to the results of a field measurements campaign, carried out in three different Italian sites. Results comparison indicated that measured and calculated values show a sufficient level of agreement, with a mean absolute error equal to 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Salvadori
- Department of Energy, Systems, Territory and Constructions Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Davide Lista
- Department of Energy, Systems, Territory and Constructions Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Chiara Burattini
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Gugliermetti
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Leccese
- Department of Energy, Systems, Territory and Constructions Engineering, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fabio Bisegna
- Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University, 00184 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Modenese A, Korpinen L, Gobba F. Solar Radiation Exposure and Outdoor Work: An Underestimated Occupational Risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2063. [PMID: 30241306 PMCID: PMC6209927 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A considerably high number of outdoor workers worldwide are constantly exposed for the majority of their working life to solar radiation (SR); this exposure is known to induce various adverse health effects, mainly related to its ultraviolet (UV) component. The skin and the eye are the principal target organs for both acute and long-term exposure. Actinic keratosis, non-melanoma skin cancers, and malignant melanoma are the main long-term adverse skin effects, whereas in the eye pterygium, cataracts, and according to an increasing body of evidence, macular degeneration may be induced. Despite this, SR exposure risk is currently undervalued, if not neglected, as an occupational risk factor for outdoor workers. SR exposure is influenced by various environmental and individual factors, and occupation is one of the most relevant. For a better understanding of this risk and for the development of more effective prevention strategies, one of the main problems is the lack of available and adequate methods to estimate SR worker exposure, especially long-term exposure. The main aims of this review were to provide a comprehensive overview of SR exposure risk of outdoor workers, including the UV exposure levels and the main methods recently proposed for short-term and cumulative exposure, and to provide an update of knowledge on the main adverse eye and skin effects. Finally, we also outline here preventive interventions to reduce occupational risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Modenese
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Leena Korpinen
- Clinical Physiology and Neurophysiology Unit, The North Karelia Central Hospital, 80210 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Fabriziomaria Gobba
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy.
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13
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Serrano MA. Contribution of sun exposure to the vitamin D dose received by various groups of the Spanish population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:545-551. [PMID: 29156273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the harmful effects of excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation are well known, the recommended dose of UV radiation is beneficial for the synthesis of vitamin D by the skin, in addition to being useful in the treatment of various illnesses and mental problems. Numerous studies have shown that vitamin D performs important functions in the human organism, such as absorbing calcium and phosphorous and contributing to the immune system, among others. Several studies have found that a high percentage of various groups of the Spanish population suffer from vitamin D deficiency, and since very few natural foods contain vitamin D, it was considered important to determine whether groups such as schoolchildren, outdoor workers and athletes, receive enough solar radiation to produce adequate levels of vitamin D in their daily activities. It was found that the amount of vitamin D (in IU) produced by personal effective solar UV doses could exceed the recommended dose of 1000IU/day in spring and summer, while the winter estimate (about 220IU/day) is only one quarter of the recommended dose. These results suggest that most people would not receive the recommended daily vitamin D dose in winter from exposure to solar UV radiation, the main source of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Antonia Serrano
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Bodekær M, Harrison G, Philipsen P, Petersen B, Triguero-Mas M, Schmalwieser A, Rogowski-Tylman M, Dadvand P, Lesiak A, Narbutt J, Eriksen P, Heydenreich J, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Thieden E, Young A, Wulf H. Personal UVR exposure of farming families in four European countries. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 153:267-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Giménez VB, Ysasi GG, Moreno JC, Serrano MA. Maximum Incident Erythemally Effective UV Exposure Received by Construction Workers, in Valencia, Spain. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1505-9. [PMID: 26346996 DOI: 10.1111/php.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This article analyzes the influence of Ultraviolet Erythematic Radiation (UVER) dose received by construction workers in Valencia highlighting the upper limit of the dose received for a worker in different periods of a year. Building construction usually implies workers to stand for several hours outdoors while working until roof top is finished. In Valencia, construction carried out near the coastline has been very intense in the last few years with the construction of a great amount of summer flats. This article focuses on the maximum values UVER can reach in different seasons of the year for cities with similar latitude to Valencia (39°28'N, 0°22'W), as an important way of warning construction workers about the necessity of taking preventive actions. Viospor dosimeters placed on a mannequin have been used in this study. The measurements took place between 2012 December and 2013 July.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Blanca Giménez
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - Gonzalo Gurrea Ysasi
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - Juan Carlos Moreno
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
| | - María Antonia Serrano
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
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16
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Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC, Gurrea G. Occupational UV exposure of environmental agents in Valencia, Spain. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:911-8. [PMID: 24494834 DOI: 10.1111/php.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is considered the most important environmental risk factor in the development of melanoma and skin cancer. Outdoor workers are among those with the highest risk from exposure to solar UVR, as their daily activities constantly expose them to this radiation source. A study was carried out in Valencia, Spain, in summer 2012 and involved a group of 11 workers for a period of six 2-day recordings. Sensitive spore-film filter-type personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were used to measure erythemal UVR received by environmental agents in the course of their daily work. Median 2-day UV exposure was 6.2 standard erythema dose (SED), with 1 SED defined as effective 100 J m(-2) when weighted with the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage's (CIE) erythemal response function. These workers were found to receive a median of 8.3% total daily ambient ultraviolet erythemal radiation. Comparison with the occupational UV exposure limit showed that the subjects had received an erythemal UV dose in excess of occupational guidelines, indicating that protective measures against this risk are highly advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Antonia Serrano
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, España
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17
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Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC, Gurrea G. Personal UV exposure for different outdoor sports. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:671-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50348h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to measure UV exposure for three groups of amateur athletes in their training/recreational schedules using VioSpor personal dosimeters and we found that two of these groups exceeded the international UV threshold level for non-sun-adapted Mediterranean skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Antonia Serrano
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Cañada
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Moreno
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Gurrea
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética
- Universitat Politècnica de València
- 46022 Valencia, Spain
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18
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Siani AM, Casale GR, Modesti S, Parisi AV, Colosimo A. Investigation on the capability of polysulphone for measuring biologically effective solar UV exposures. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 13:521-30. [PMID: 24352228 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50267h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polysulphone (PS) dosimetry is a well-known technique broadly used to assess the erythemally effective solar UV dose received by anatomical sites (personal exposure). We investigate the capability of PS dosimetry to convert doses absorbed by PS badges into biologically effective solar UV exposures taking as examples two relevant effects for human skin: erythema induction and pre-vitamin D3 production. PS calibration curves for erythemal and pre-vitamin D3 were distinctly determined by using an empirical relationship between the biologically effective UV exposures and the PS absorbance change. This relationship is parameterized by a coefficient, distinct for each of the two considered biological effects, multiplying the same cubic polynomial function. It is shown how the multiplying coefficient is related to the ratio between the biologically effective and the PS weighted irradiances which is the prevailing factor affecting the accuracy of the calibration and, consequently, the capability of PS films for measuring biologically effective solar UV exposures. The points addressed in this paper can be extended to other biological effects of interest whose action spectra have some similarity with the PS film response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Siani
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Physics Department, P.le A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
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19
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Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC. Solar UV exposure in construction workers in Valencia, Spain. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:525-530. [PMID: 22739681 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has long been recognized as the most important environmental risk factor for melanoma and skin cancer. Outdoor workers are among the groups most at risk from exposure to solar UVR in their daily activities. Sensitive spore-film filter-type personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were used to measure the biologically effective UVR received by construction workers in the course of their daily work. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, in July 2010 and involved a group of eight workers for a period of 5 days. The median UV exposure was 6.11 standard erythema dose (SED) per day, with 1 SED defined as effective 100 J/m(2) when weighted with the Commission Internationale de L'Eeclairage erythemal response function. These workers were found to receive a median of 13.9% of total daily ambient ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER). Comparison with the occupational UVR exposure limit showed that the subjects had received UVER exposure in excess of occupational guidelines, indicating that protective measures against this risk are highly advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Antonia Serrano
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, España.
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20
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Weihs P, Schmalwieser A, Reinisch C, Meraner E, Walisch S, Harald M. Measurements of personal UV exposure on different parts of the body during various activities. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1004-7. [PMID: 23587050 DOI: 10.1111/php.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Within this study, the erythemal ultraviolet (UV) exposure received by different parts of the body during four different activities is determined. Optoelectronic devices were used to measure the erythemal UV exposure at 10 different positions of the body. The measuring devices were fixed on the forehead, on the shoulders, on the arms, on the chest, on the thighs and on the lower legs. The measurements were performed during the following activities of the test persons: walking, sitting, lying and sitting up. The measurements were performed on four clear sky days in the early afternoon at 1 s interval. One measurement sequence was taking 30-40 min. For the analysis of the measured UV exposures, the ambient UV is taken as a reference to remove the atmospheric fluctuations on the measured UV exposure. The strong dependence of the UV exposure on the activity and on the orientation of the test person is shown. Most of the body parts receive the highest exposure, when the test subject is sitting up or lying. The shoulders are most at risk when the test person is walking, whereas during the activities sitting up and lying the legs are most at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Weihs
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Liljendahl TS, Blomqvist A, Andersson EM, Barregard L, Segerbäck D. Urinary levels of thymine dimer as a biomarker of exposure to ultraviolet radiation in humans during outdoor activities in the summer. Mutagenesis 2013; 28:249-56. [PMID: 23339196 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancer is rising rapidly in many countries, presumably due to increased leisure time exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVR causes DNA lesions, such as the thymine dimer (T=T), which have been causatively linked to the development of skin cancer. T=T is clearly detectable in urine and may, thereby, be a potentially valuable biomarker of UVR exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between UVR exposure and urinary levels of T=T in a field study involving outdoor workers. Daily ambient and personal exposure of 52 beach lifeguards and agricultural workers to UVR were determined (employing 656 personal polysulphone dosimeters). In 22 of these subjects, daily urinary T=T levels (120 samples) were measured, the area of skin exposed calculated and associations assessed utilizing mixed statistical models. The average daily UVR dose was approximately 600 J/m(2) (7.7 standard erythemal doses), i.e. about 20% of ambient UVR. T=T levels were correlated to UVR dose, increasing by about 6 fmol/µmol creatinine for each 100 J/m(2) increase in dose (average of the three preceding days). This is the first demonstration of a relationship between occupational UVR exposure and urinary levels of a biomarker of DNA damage. On a population level, urinary levels of T=T can be used as a biomarker for UVR exposure in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Sandberg Liljendahl
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Novum, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.
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22
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Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC. Solar UV exposure of children in a summer school in Valencia, Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2012; 56:371-377. [PMID: 21560029 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-011-0440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the major environmental factor involved in the development of skin cancers and occurs mainly during outdoor activities. During summer schools, children receive regular and significant solar ultraviolet erythemal radiation (UVER) while practising outdoor activities. Personal dosimeters (VioSpor) were attached to the shoulders of schoolchildren and used to quantify their exposure to UVER. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, during July 2008, with three age groups (7-8, 9-10 and 11-12 years old) and involved about 15 schoolchildren. The median (25, 75 percentiles) twice-daily UV exposure values for all groups was 5.49 (3.59, 8.00) standard erythemal doses (SEDs), where 1 SED is defined as effective 100 Jm(-2) when weighted with the CIE erythemal response function. Exposure ratio (ER) is defined as the ratio between the personal dose on a selected body site and the corresponding ambient dose received on a horizontal plane during the same exposure period. The median (25, 75 percentiles) ER value for all groups in the study was 5.9% (4.1, 8.7).
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Antonia Serrano
- Department of Applied Physics, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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23
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Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC. Ultraviolet exposure for different outdoor sports in Valencia, Spain. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2011; 27:311-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María-Antonia Serrano
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética; Universitat Politècnica de València; Valencia; España
| | - Javier Cañada
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética; Universitat Politècnica de València; Valencia; España
| | - Juan Carlos Moreno
- Instituto de Ingeniería Energética; Universitat Politècnica de València; Valencia; España
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24
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Siani AM, Casale GR, Sisto R, Colosimo A, Lang CA, Kimlin MG. Occupational Exposures to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation of Vineyard Workers in Tuscany (Italy). Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:925-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata Sisto
- ISPESL (Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione E la Sicurezza del Lavoro), Occupational Hygiene Department, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Alfredo Colosimo
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolyn A. Lang
- Australian Sun and Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael G. Kimlin
- Australian Sun and Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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25
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Dadvand P, Basagaña X, Barrera-Gómez J, Diffey B, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Measurement errors in the assessment of exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and its impact on risk estimates in epidemiological studies. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:1161-8. [PMID: 21465050 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00333f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To date, many studies addressing long-term effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure on human health have relied on a range of surrogates such as the latitude of the city of residence, ambient UVR levels, or time spent outdoors to estimate personal UVR exposure. This study aimed to differentiate the contributions of personal behaviour and ambient UVR levels on facial UVR exposure and to evaluate the impact of using UVR exposure surrogates on detecting exposure-outcome associations. Data on time-activity, holiday behaviour, and ambient UVR levels were obtained for adult (aged 25-55 years old) indoor workers in six European cities: Athens (37°N), Grenoble (45°N), Milan (45°N), Prague (50°N), Oxford (52°N), and Helsinki (60°N). Annual UVR facial exposure levels were simulated for 10,000 subjects for each city, using a behavioural UVR exposure model. Within-city variations of facial UVR exposure were three times larger than the variation between cities, mainly because of time-activity patterns. In univariate models, ambient UVR levels, latitude and time spent outdoors, each accounted for less than one fourth of the variation in facial exposure levels. Use of these surrogates to assess long-term exposure to UVR resulted in requiring more than four times more participants to achieve similar statistical power to the study that applied simulated facial exposure. Our results emphasise the importance of integrating both personal behaviour and ambient UVR levels/latitude in exposure assessment methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Dadvand
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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UV index forecasts and measurements of health-effective radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 102:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Serrano MA, Cañada J, Moreno JC. Erythemal ultraviolet exposure of cyclists in Valencia, Spain. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 86:716-21. [PMID: 20158673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UV exposure is considered to be one of the most important risk factors in skin cancers, mainly in outdoor occupational or recreational activities. Outdoor athletes such as cyclists receive regular and significant solar UV erythemal radiation (UVER). The aim of this work was to quantify UVER exposure of amateur cyclists over the course of several days in their training schedules. To quantify UVER exposure of this group, dosimeters (Viospor) were attached at the top of the helmet in the course of their training. The study took place in Valencia, Spain, in June to July 2008 and February to March 2009, and involved a group of five cyclists over a period of 4 days for each period. The mean 2-day personal UV exposure was 32.24 +/- 4.14 SED (standard erythema dose) in summer and 11.30 +/- 5.36 SED in the winter period. One SED is defined as an effective radiant exposure of 100 J m(-2) when weighted with the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) erythemal response function. The mean exposure ratio (ER) of cyclists was 0.37 +/- 0.04 in summer and 0.40 +/- 0.11 in winter. The cyclists received the highest UVER exposure in the summer period, but in both training periods UVER exposure was in excess of occupational and recreational guidelines, indicating that protective measures are very necessary.
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