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Sma-Air S, Ritchie RJ. Spectrofluorometric Insights into the Application of PAM Fluorometry in Photosynthetic Research. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:991-1000. [PMID: 33704805 DOI: 10.1111/php.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry has revolutionized photosynthetic studies, Photosynthetic Electron Transport Rate (ETR) cannot be measured using PAM technology in some organisms. We compare in vivo absorbance information on a selection of photosynthetic organisms using an integrating sphere spectrophotometry on a variety of oxygenic and nonoxygenic photo-organisms and provide fluorescence data to help in understanding why PAM technology is unsuccessful on some organisms, particularly cyanobacteria. The study includes anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria: Afifella marina, Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Thermochromatium which are all RC-2 type photosynthetic bacteria (Bacteriochlorophyll a or BChl a) which are known to have measureable delayed fluorescence, Yield and hence measureable ETR. The common unicellular green alga, Chlorella sp (Chl a + b) uses the same primary photosynthetic pigments as vascular plants. Comparisons are made to some other representative oxygenic unicellular organisms: Trebouxia (Chlorophyta, Chl a + b), Chaetoceros (a diatom, Chl a + c1 c2 ) and the unusual cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina which has Chl d + a but uses Chl d as its primary photosynthetic pigment. Synechococcus R-2 (Cyanobacteria) has only Chl a. Its fluorescence is outside the range normally used for measuring photosynthesis using PAM technology: delayed fluorescence is not readily detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhailar Sma-Air
- ANED (Andaman Environment and Natural Disaster Research Centre), Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University-Phuket, Phuket, Thailand
| | - Raymond J Ritchie
- ANED (Andaman Environment and Natural Disaster Research Centre), Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University-Phuket, Phuket, Thailand
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George DM, Vincent AS, Mackey HR. An overview of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and their applications in environmental biotechnology for sustainable Resource recovery. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 28:e00563. [PMID: 33304839 PMCID: PMC7714679 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) are a phylogenetically diverse group of organisms that can harness solar energy for their growth and metabolism. These bacteria vary broadly in terms of their metabolism as well as the composition of their photosynthetic apparatus. Unlike oxygenic phototrophic bacteria such as algae and cyanobacteria, APB can use both organic and inorganic electron donors for light-dependent fixation of carbon dioxide without generating oxygen. Their versatile metabolism, ability to adapt in extreme conditions, low maintenance cost and high biomass yield make APB ideal for wastewater treatment, resource recovery and in the production of high value substances. This review highlights the advantages of APB over algae and cyanobacteria, and their applications in photo-bioelectrochemical systems, production of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates, single-cell protein, biofertilizers and pigments. The ecology of ABP, their distinguishing factors, various physiochemical parameters governing the production of high-value substances and future directions of APB utilization are also discussed.
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Key Words
- ALA, 5-Aminolevulinic acid
- APB, Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria
- Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB)
- BChl, Bacteriochlorophyll
- BES, Bioelectrochemical systems
- BPV, Biophotovoltaic
- BPh, Bacteriopheophytin
- Bacteriochlorophyll (BChl)
- Chl, Chlorophyll
- CoQ10, Coenzyme Q10
- DET, Direct electron transfer
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DO, Dissolved oxygen
- DXP, 1 deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate
- FPP, Farnesyl pyrophosphate
- Fe-S, Iron-Sulfur
- GNSB, Green non sulfur bacteria
- GSB, Green sulfur bacteria
- IPP, Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase
- LED, light emitting diode
- LH2, light-harvesting component II
- MFC, Microbial fuel cell
- MVA, Mevalonate
- PH3B, Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
- PHA, Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates
- PHB, Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate
- PNSB, Purple non sulfur bacteria
- PPB, Purple phototrophic bacteria
- PSB, Purple sulfur bacteria
- Pheo-Q, Pheophytin-Quinone
- Photo-BES, Photosynthetic bioelectrochemical systems
- Photo-MFC, Photo microbial fuel cell
- Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
- Purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB)
- Resource recovery
- RuBisCO, Ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
- SCP, Single-cell protein
- SOB, Sulfide oxidizing bacteria
- SRB, Sulfate reducing bacteria
- Single-cell proteins (SCP)
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya M. George
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Annette S. Vincent
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Biological Sciences Program, Carnegie Mellon University in Qatar, Qatar
| | - Hamish R. Mackey
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
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Hak K, Ritchie RJ, Dummee V. Bioaccumulation and physiological responses of the Coontail, Ceratophyllum demersum exposed to copper, zinc and in combination. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 189:110049. [PMID: 31812820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ceratophyllum demersum is a submerged aquatic angiosperm which is fast growing in contaminated water. This plant has no roots and so takes up nutrients from the water column without the complicating factor of differential shoot/root uptake of nutrients. This study aimed to compare the bioaccumulative capacities of Cu, Zn and their combination by C. demersum and physiological responses (growth, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate) of C. demersum to Cu and Zn. Additionally, pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) technology and integrating sphere spectrometer were applied to detect copper and zinc toxicity effects on the light reactions of photosynthesis C. demersum is an aquatic plant that could be a good accumulator of Cu and Zn in actual solution in the water column. Additionally, RGR (relative growth rate) and chlorophyll content of C. demersum show that toxic effects of Cu or Zn increased over time. Cu and Zn effects manifested themselves more slowly than expected: at least 5 to 10 d were needed for noticeable effects both macroscopically (physical appearance), biochemical (chlorophyll content) and from measurements of photosynthesis using Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) fluorometry. Moreover, the combination of Cu and Zn caused more toxic effect than either Cu or Zn separately. Whole plant scans using an integrating sphere spectrophotometer showed that Cu, Zn and Zn + Cu toxicity effects could be identified from spectral scans but were not specific enough for Cu, Zn and Zn + Cu toxicity to be distinguished from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosal Hak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Earth System Science and Andaman Natural Disaster Management, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Kathu, Phuket, 83120, Thailand.
| | - Raymond J Ritchie
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Kathu, Phuket, 83120, Thailand.
| | - Vipawee Dummee
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Kathu, Phuket, 83120, Thailand.
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Muzziotti D, Adessi A, Faraloni C, Torzillo G, De Philippis R. H2 production in Rhodopseudomonas palustris as a way to cope with high light intensities. Res Microbiol 2016; 167:350-6. [PMID: 26916624 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of coping with the damaging effects of high light intensity represents an essential issue when purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) are grown under direct sunlight for photobiological hydrogen production. This study was aimed at investigating whether H2 photo-evolution could represent, for Rhodopseudomonas palustris 42OL, a safety valve to dissipate an excess of reducing power generated under high light intensities. The physiological status of this strain was assessed under anaerobic (AnG) and aerobic (AG) growing conditions and under H2-producing (HP) conditions at low and high light intensities. The results obtained clearly showed that Fv/Fm ratio was significantly affected by the light intensity under which R. palustris 42OL cells were grown, under either AnG or AG conditions, while, under HP, it constantly remained at its highest value. The increase in light intensity significantly increased the H2 production rate, which showed a positive correlation with the maximum electron transfer rate (rETRmax). These findings are important for optimization of hydrogen production by PNSB under solar light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Muzziotti
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 24, I 50144, Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Adessi
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 24, I 50144, Florence, Italy; Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), CNR, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Faraloni
- Institute of Ecosystem Study (ISE), CNR, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Torzillo
- Institute of Ecosystem Study (ISE), CNR, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Roberto De Philippis
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 24, I 50144, Florence, Italy; Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM), CNR, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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Ritchie RJ, Mekjinda N. Measurement of Photosynthesis Using PAM Technology in a Purple Sulfur BacteriumThermochromatium tepidum(Chromatiaceae). Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:350-8. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J. Ritchie
- Tropical Plant Biology Unit; Faculty of Technology and Environment; Prince of Songkla University-Phuket; Kathu Thailand
| | - Nutsara Mekjinda
- Tropical Plant Biology Unit; Faculty of Technology and Environment; Prince of Songkla University-Phuket; Kathu Thailand
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Mekjinda N, Ritchie RJ. Breakdown of food waste by anaerobic fermentation and non-oxygen producing photosynthesis using a photosynthetic bacterium. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 35:199-206. [PMID: 25465509 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Large volumes of food waste are produced by restaurants, hotels, etc generating problems in its collection, processing and disposal. Disposal as garbage increases the organic matter in landfills and leachates. The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris (CGA 009) easily broke down food waste. R. palustris produces H2 under anaerobic conditions and digests a very wide range of organic compounds. R. palustris reduced BOD by ≈70% and COD by ≈33%, starch, ammonia, nitrate, was removed but had little effect on reducing sugar or the total phosphorus, lipid, protein, total solid in a 7-day incubation. R. palustris produced a maximum of 80ml H2/g COD/day. A two-stage anaerobic digestion using yeast as the first stage, followed by a R. palustris digestion was tested but production of H2 was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mekjinda
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand
| | - R J Ritchie
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Kathu, Phuket 83120, Thailand.
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Ritchie RJ. The Use of Solar Radiation by the Photosynthetic Bacterium,Rhodopseudomonas palustris: Model Simulation of Conditions Found in a Shallow Pond or a Flatbed Reactor. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1143-62. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J. Ritchie
- Tropical Plant Biology Unit; Faculty of Technology and Environment; Prince of Songkla University-Phuket; Kathu; Thailand
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