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Gui H, Guo YF, Liu X, Zhang JM, Yang YL, Huang GZ, Liu JG. Effects of combination therapy with levamlodipine and bisoprolol on stroke in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:178-82. [PMID: 23441690 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the effects of combination with levamlodipine and bisoprolol on stroke in rats. METHODS For acute study, Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart period (HP) were monitored in conscious stroke prone-spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP) and sinoaortic denervation (SAD) rats before and after intragastric administration of either drug at a single dose. Rats were subjected to middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) half an hour after drug administration; sacrificed 24 h later to measure the infarct size. For long-term study, drugs (either alone or in combination) were delivered via food to SHR-SP. The survival time was recorded. RESULTS SBP was significantly reduced by combination therapy both in SHR-SP and SAD rats. Neutralization on heart rate (HR) was observed in combination. The drug combination increased baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and reduced SBP variability (SBPV). In chronic experiments, the lifespan of SHR-SP rats exposed to the drug combination was longer than that in rats exposed to either drug alone. The infarct area was the smallest in subjects receiving drug combination in SD rats both with and without SAD. CONCLUSION Combined use of levamlodipine and bisoprolol produced better protection against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Gui
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Li ZY, Xu TY, Zhang SL, Zhou XM, Xu XW, Guan YF, Lo M, Miao CY. Telemetric ambulatory arterial stiffness index, a predictor of cardio-cerebro-vascular mortality, is associated with aortic stiffness-determining factors. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:667-74. [PMID: 23702193 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) has been proposed as a new measure of arterial stiffness for predicting cardio-cerebro-vascular morbidity and mortality. However, there has been no research on the direct relationships between AASI and arterial stiffness-determining factors. METHODS We utilized beat-to-beat intra-aortic blood pressure (BP) telemetry to characterize AASI in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). By determination of aortic structural components and analysis of their correlations with AASI, we provided the first direct evidence for the associations between AASI and arterial stiffness-determining factors including the collagen content and collagen/elastin. RESULTS Ambulatory arterial stiffness index was positively correlated with pulse pressure in both WKY and SHR, less dependent on BP and BP variability than pulse pressure, and relatively stable, especially the number of BP readings not less than ~36. The correlations between AASI and aortic components were comparable for various AASI values derived from BP readings not less than ~36. Not only AASI but also BP variability and pulse pressure demonstrated a direct relationship with arterial stiffness. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate AASI may become a routine measure in human arterial stiffness assessment. It is recommended to use a cluster of parameters such as AASI, BP variability, and pulse pressure for evaluating arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Turner RC, Lucke-Wold B, Lucke-Wold N, Elliott AS, Logsdon AF, Rosen CL, Huber JD. Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: moving past shortcomings and identifying promising directions. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1890-917. [PMID: 23344061 PMCID: PMC3565354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The translation of neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke from bench-to-bedside has largely failed to produce improved treatments since the development of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). One possible reason for lack of translation is the failure to acknowledge the greatest risk factor for stroke, age, and other common comorbidities such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes that are associated with stroke. In this review, we highlight both mechanisms of studying these factors and results of those that have been addressed. We also discuss the potential role of other lifestyle factors associated with an increased stroke risk such as sleep fragmentation and/or deprivation. Furthermore, many proposed therapeutic agents have targeted molecular mechanisms occurring soon after the onset of ischemia despite data indicating delayed patient presentation following ischemic stroke. Modulating inflammation has been identified as a promising therapeutic avenue consistent with preliminary success of ongoing clinical trials for anti-inflammatory compounds such as minocycline. We review the role of inflammation in stroke and in particular, the role of inflammatory cell recruitment and macrophage phenotype in the inflammatory process. Emerging evidence indicates an increasing role of neuro-immune crosstalk, which has led to increased interest in identification of peripheral biomarkers indicative of neural injury. It is our hope that identification and investigation of factors influencing stroke pathophysiology may lead to improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Noelle Lucke-Wold
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Health Restoration, West Virginia University School of Nursing, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Alisa S. Elliott
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Aric F. Logsdon
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Charles L. Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, One Medical Center Drive, West Virginia University School of Medicine, P.O. Box 9183, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (R.C.T.); (B.L.-W.); (A.S.E.)
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-304-293-5041; Fax: +1-304-293-4819
| | - Jason D. Huber
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; E-Mails: (N.L.-W.); (A.F.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Yang YL, Yu LT, Wu ZT, Yu JG, Zhang JM, Chen QH, Bao YC, Liu JG. Synergic effects of levamlodipine and bisoprolol on blood pressure reduction and organ protection in spontaneously hypertensive rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:471-4. [PMID: 22672299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Stroke is a major cause of disability and death worldwide. Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for stroke. The objective of this work was to study the synergic effects of levamlodipine and bisoprolol on blood pressure reduction and organ protection in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). METHODS Blood pressure was continuously monitored in conscious SHR. For acute study, a single dose of drugs was administrated via an intragastric catheter. For chronic study (4 months), drugs were delivered via rat chow. RESULTS A single dose of levamlodipine (from 1 mg/kg), bisoprolol (from 0.125 mg/kg), and their combinations significantly decreased blood pressure. The levamlodipine-induced tachycardia and the bisoprolol-induced bradycardia were temporized by the combination of these two drugs. Upon chronic treatment, this combination also decreased blood pressure variability and reduced organ damage. CONCLUSION Levamlodipine and bisoprolol produce synergic effects on blood pressure reduction and organ protection in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, National Pharmaceutical Engineering & Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
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Ma XJ, Cheng JW, Zhang J, Liu AJ, Liu W, Guo W, Shen FM, Lu GC. E-selectin deficiency attenuates brain ischemia in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:903-8. [PMID: 22978829 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To determine whether E-selectin deficiency can attenuate brain ischemia in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia. METHODS E-selectin was determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SPs). E-selectin knockout (Es(-/-) ) mice and wild-type control (WT) mice underwent permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Behavioral analyses were performed followed by the measurement of infarct areas. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) protein was determined by Western blot. IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were detected by ELISA. In situ detection of apoptotic cells was performed by TUNEL staining. RESULTS The brain and serum E-selectin levels were higher in SHR-SPs than in SHRs (P < 0.05) after salt intake. E-selectin deficiency improved neurological function and reduced infarct area in cerebral ischemic mice. MPO and IL-1β were lower in Es(-/-) mice than in WT mice. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells in Es(-/-) mice was significantly less than in WT mice after MCAO. CONCLUSIONS E-selectin deficiency presents protective effect on cerebral ischemia. This protective effect is likely achieved by the inhibition of inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Juan Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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