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Khaksari M, Shahryari M, Raji-Amirhasani A, Soltani Z, Bibak B, Keshavarzi Z, Shakeri F. Aloe vera Leaf Extract Reduced BBB Permeability and Improved Neurological Results after Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2024; 2024:5586814. [PMID: 39040520 PMCID: PMC11262876 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5586814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Recognizing the importance of medicinal plants and the absence of specific medications for traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of Aloe vera on oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and neurological scores following TBI. Materials and Methods Adult male rats were categorized into five groups: sham, TBI, vehicle, low-dose Aloe vera (LA), and high-dose Aloe vera (HA). We induced diffuse TBI using the Marmaro model and administered the aqueous Aloe vera leaf extract, as well as vehicle, via intraperitoneal injection half an hour after TBI. Neurological outcomes were assessed both before and several hours after TBI. Additionally, oxidative stress factors were measured 24 hr after TBI, and Evans blue content (a BBB permeability index) was determined 5 hr after TBI in both serum and brain. Results Both LA and HA reduced the increase in BBB permeability after TBI, with HA having a more pronounced effect than LA. Both Aloe vera doses decreased brain MDA levels, increased brain TAC, and lowered both serum and brain PC levels. The impact of Aloe vera on brain oxidative parameters was more significant than on serum. HA also counteracted the declining effects of TBI on neurological outcomes at 4 and 24 hr post-TBI. Conclusion This study suggests that Aloe vera extract may reduce BBB permeability and improve neurological outcomes after TBI by decreasing oxidative factors and increasing antioxidant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khaksari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyAfzalipour Faculty of MedicineKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Marzieh Shahryari
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of PhysiologyNeuroscience Research CenterMedical FacultyGolestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Raji-Amirhasani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyAfzalipour Faculty of MedicineKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Physiology Research CenterInstitute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Bahram Bibak
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research CenterNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchool of MedicineNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Zakieh Keshavarzi
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research CenterNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shakeri
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologySchool of MedicineNorth Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
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Hohl A, Zanela FA, Ghisi G, Ronsoni MF, Diaz AP, Schwarzbold ML, Dafre AL, Reddi B, Lin K, Pizzol FD, Walz R. Luteinizing Hormone and Testosterone Levels during Acute Phase of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Prognostic Implications for Adult Male Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29487565 PMCID: PMC5816813 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide core public health problem affecting mostly young male subjects. An alarming increase in incidence has turned TBI into a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young adults as well as a tremendous resource burden on the health and welfare sector. Hormone dysfunction is highly prevalent during the acute phase of severe TBI. In particular, investigation of the luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels during the acute phase of severe TBI in male has identified a high incidence of low testosterone levels in male patients (36.5-100%) but the prognostic significance of which remains controversial. Two independent studies showed that normal or elevated levels of LH levels earlier during hospitalization are significantly associated with higher mortality/morbidity. The association between LH levels and prognosis was independent of other predictive variables such as neuroimaging, admission Glasgow coma scale, and pupillary reaction. The possible mechanisms underlying this association and further research directions in this field are discussed. Overall, current data suggest that LH levels during the acute phase of TBI might contribute to accurate prognostication and further prospective multicentric studies are required to develop more sophisticated predictive models incorporating biomarkers such as LH in the quest for accurate outcome prediction following TBI. Moreover, the potential therapeutic benefits of modulating LH during the acute phase of TBI warrant investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Hohl
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernando Areas Zanela
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Ghisi
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fernando Ronsoni
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Paim Diaz
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Liborio Schwarzbold
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Reddi
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kátia Lin
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Serviço de Neurologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal Pizzol
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- Serviço de Neurologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Roger Walz,
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Pabón MM, Acosta S, Guedes VA, Tajiri N, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Brain Region-Specific Histopathological Effects of Varying Trajectories of Controlled Cortical Impact Injury Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:200-11. [PMID: 26775604 PMCID: PMC4849201 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when the head is impacted by an external force causing either a closed or penetrating head injury through a direct or accelerating impact. In laboratory research, most of the TBI animal models focus on a specific region to cause brain injury, but traumatic injuries in patients do not always impact the same brain regions. The aim of this study was to examine the histopathological effects of different angles of mechanical injury by manipulating the trajectory of the controlled cortical impact injury (CCI) model in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS The CCI model was manipulated as follows: conventional targeting of the frontal cortex, farthest right angle targeting the frontal cortex, closest right angle targeting the frontal cortex, olfactory bulb injury, and cerebellar injury. Three days after TBI, brains were harvested to analyze cortical and hippocampal cell loss, neuroinflammatory response, and neurogenesis via immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Results revealed cell death in the M1 region of the cortex across all groups, and in the CA3 area from olfactory bulb injury group. This observed cell death involved upregulation of inflammation as evidenced by rampant MHCII overexpression in cortex, but largely spared Ki-67/nestin neurogenesis in the hippocampus during this acute phase of TBI. CONCLUSION These results indicate a trajectory-dependent injury characterized by exacerbation of inflammation and different levels of impaired cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Such multiple brain areas showing varying levels of cell death after region-specific CCI model may closely mimic the clinical manifestations of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mibel M Pabón
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vivian A Guedes
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Naoki Tajiri
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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DE SOUZA RL, THAIS ME, CAVALLAZZI G, PAIM DIAZ A, SCHWARZBOLD ML, NAU AL, RODRIGUES GM, SOUZA DS, HOHL A, WALZ R. Side of pupillary mydriasis predicts the cognitive prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2015; 59:392-405. [PMID: 25678229 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pupils' abnormalities are associated to bad prognosis in traumatic brain injury. We investigated the association between the side of pupil mydriasis and the long-term cognitive performance of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS We analyzed the cognitive performance of patients admitted at the intensive care unit with isochoric pupils (IP, n = 28), left mydriasis (LM, n = 10), right mydriasis (RM, n = 9) evaluated in mean 2.5 years after the severe TBI and controls (n = 26) matched for age, sex and education level. RESULTS Patients and controls had similar scores in the four WAIS-III investigated subtests. In comparison with controls, LM patients had lower scores in Letters and Category Fluency and IP patients in Category Fluency. Among the 10 evaluated memory tests, LM patients had lower scores than controls in eight, RM patients in two and IP in three memory tests. IP and RM were 3.5 to nine times more associated to significant impairment (cognitive scores under the percentile 10 of controls) in six of 16 investigated cognitive tests. LM was six to 15 times more associated to significant impairment in 10 of 16 cognitive tests. The association among the pupil abnormalities and cognitive performances remained significant after the multiple linear regression analysis controlling for age, gender, admission coma Glasgow scale and serum glucose, presence of associated trauma, and cranial computed tomography abnormalities. CONCLUSION Side of admission pupil abnormalities may be a useful variable to improve prognostic models for long-term cognitive performance in severe TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. L. DE SOUZA
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis SC Brazil
- Unidade de Terapia Intensiva; Hospital Governador Celso Ramos (HGCR); Florianópolis SC Brazil
- Unidade de Terapia Intensiva; HU; UFSC; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - M. E. THAIS
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - G. CAVALLAZZI
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - A. PAIM DIAZ
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - M. L. SCHWARZBOLD
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - A. L. NAU
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - G. M. RODRIGUES
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - D. S. SOUZA
- Serviço de Neurocirurgia; HGCR; Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - A. HOHL
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - R. WALZ
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis SC Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica; HU; UFSC; Florianópolis SC Brazil
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Schwarzbold ML, Diaz AP, Nunes JC, Sousa DS, Hohl A, Guarnieri R, Linhares MN, Walz R. Validity and screening properties of three depression rating scales in a prospective sample of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 36:206-12. [PMID: 24770656 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2013-1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the validity and utility of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) as screening tools for depression after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS Forty-six consecutive survivors of severe TBI were evaluated at a median of 15 months after injury. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed using HAM-D, BDI, and HADS as predictors, and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) as gold standard. RESULTS The area under the curve (AUC) for HAM-D was 0.89, and the optimal cutoff point was 7 (sensitivity 92.9%, specificity 78.1%); for the BDI, the AUC was 0.946 and the optimal cutoff point was 14 (sensitivity 92.3%, specificity 96.7%); for the HADS, the AUC was 0.947 and the optimal cutoff point was 9 (sensitivity 100%, specificity 80.7%); and for the HADS depression subscale, the AUC was 0.937 and the optimal cutoff point was 6 (sensitivity 92.9%, specificity 83.9%). There were no statistically significant differences among the AUCs. CONCLUSION Our findings support a high validity and utility for the HAM-D, BDI, and HADS as screening tools for depression in patients with severe TBI, without major changes in standard cutoff points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo L Schwarzbold
- Center of Applied Neurosciences (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU-UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandre P Diaz
- Center of Applied Neurosciences (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU-UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Jean C Nunes
- Center of Applied Neurosciences (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU-UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Daniel S Sousa
- Center of Applied Neurosciences (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU-UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hohl
- Center of Applied Neurosciences (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU-UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Guarnieri
- Center of Applied Neurosciences (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU-UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Marcelo N Linhares
- Center of Applied Neurosciences (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU-UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Center of Applied Neurosciences (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (HU-UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Mendes Arent A, de Souza LF, Walz R, Dafre AL. Perspectives on molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant strategies in traumatic brain injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:723060. [PMID: 24689052 PMCID: PMC3943200 DOI: 10.1155/2014/723060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is frequently associated with abnormal blood-brain barrier function, resulting in the release of factors that can be used as molecular biomarkers of TBI, among them GFAP, UCH-L1, S100B, and NSE. Although many experimental studies have been conducted, clinical consolidation of these biomarkers is still needed to increase the predictive power and reduce the poor outcome of TBI. Interestingly, several of these TBI biomarkers are oxidatively modified to carbonyl groups, indicating that markers of oxidative stress could be of predictive value for the selection of therapeutic strategies. Some drugs such as corticosteroids and progesterone have already been investigated in TBI neuroprotection but failed to demonstrate clinical applicability in advanced phases of the studies. Dietary antioxidants, such as curcumin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane, have been shown to attenuate TBI-induced damage in preclinical studies. These dietary antioxidants can increase antioxidant defenses via transcriptional activation of NRF2 and are also known as carbonyl scavengers, two potential mechanisms for neuroprotection. This paper reviews the relevance of redox biology in TBI, highlighting perspectives for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mendes Arent
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, University of South Santa Catarina (Unisul), 88137-270 Palhoça, SC, Brazil
- Neurosurgery Service, São José Regional Hospital (HRSJ-HMG), 88103-901 São José, SC, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Applied Neurosciences Centre (CeNAp) and Department of Medical Clinics, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Biological Sciences Centre, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Zhou JX, Ke P, Huan G, Shao BZ, Liu C. Combined treatment with anisodamine and neostigmine inhibits joint inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:186-7. [PMID: 24393231 PMCID: PMC4234011 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jv-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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de Oliveira Thais MER, Cavallazzi G, Formolo DA, de Castro LD, Schmoeller R, Guarnieri R, Schwarzbold ML, Diaz AP, Hohl A, Prediger RDS, Mader MJ, Linhares MN, Staniloiu A, Markowitsch HJ, Walz R. Limited predictive power of hospitalization variables for long-term cognitive prognosis in adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychol 2012; 8:125-39. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Cavallazzi
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Douglas Afonso Formolo
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Lucas D'Ávila de Castro
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Roseli Schmoeller
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Ricardo Guarnieri
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Centro de Epilepsia do Estado de Santa Catarina (CEPESC); Hospital Governador Celso Ramos; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Marcelo Liborio Schwarzbold
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Alexandre Paim Diaz
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Centro de Epilepsia do Estado de Santa Catarina (CEPESC); Hospital Governador Celso Ramos; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hohl
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Rui D. S. Prediger
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Departamento de Farmacologia; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | - Maria Joana Mader
- Hospital de Clínicas; Universidade Federal do Paraná; Curitiba Paraná Brazil
| | - Marcelo Neves Linhares
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Centro de Epilepsia do Estado de Santa Catarina (CEPESC); Hospital Governador Celso Ramos; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Unidade de Neurocirurgia; Serviço de Cirurgia; HU, UFSC; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
| | | | | | - Roger Walz
- Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp); Hospital Universitário (HU); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Centro de Epilepsia do Estado de Santa Catarina (CEPESC); Hospital Governador Celso Ramos; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
- Departamento de Clínica Médica; HU, UFSC; Florianópolis Santa Catarina Brazil
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