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Nishi T, Morioka K, Kawaguchi R, Yamada M, Ikezawa M, Fukai K. Quantitative analysis of infection dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus strain O/CATHAY in pigs and cattle. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245781. [PMID: 33481934 PMCID: PMC7822254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O, topotype CATHAY is a known porcinophilic virus that has caused devastating damage to the pig industry. However, the minimum infectious dose via a natural infection route in pigs, the infection dynamics in cattle, and risk of viral transmission from infected cattle to pigs have not been quantitatively analyzed. The FMDV strain O/HKN/1/2015 was serially diluted and inoculated into pigs via an intraoral route to determine the infectious dose. We found that a 104.0 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of the virus was insufficient, but 105.5 TCID50 was sufficient to infect pigs via the oral route. While cows inoculated with the strain showed increased temperature in their feet, typical clinical signs including vesicular development were not observed. The cows showed short-term and low levels of viremia and virus excretion only before the detection of virus neutralizing antibodies. FMDV genes were not detected in esophageal-pharyngeal fluid from cows after 14 days post inoculation. No genetic insertions that could be associated with host adaptation were observed in viruses isolated from infected cows. These findings indicate that cows infected with FMDV of O/CATHAY have a low risk of viral transmission or persistence. Information on the dynamics of virus infection is essential for ensuring the rapid and accurate diagnosis of this disease, and its surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Kawaguchi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Ikezawa
- Division of Pathology and Pathophysiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Yamada M, Fukai K, Morioka K, Nishi T, Yamazoe R, Kitano R, Shimada N, Yoshida K, Kanno T, Sakamoto K, Yamakawa M. Pathogenesis of the attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus O/JPN/2000 in experimentally infected pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1669-1675. [PMID: 30224577 PMCID: PMC6261817 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the pathogenesis of the attenuated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O/JPN/2000 in pigs. The virus used in this study was passaged three times in primary bovine kidney (BK)
cells and once in baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells after isolation. A plaque assay demonstrated that this virus exhibited the small plaque (SP) phenotype. There was no clinical or
histological evidence of vesicular lesions in pigs intraorally inoculated with 106 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50)/ml of the SP virus (SPV)
of FMDV O/JPN/2000. Although fever was detected from 2 or 3 days post inoculation (dpi), there was no other prominent clinical sign up to 6 dpi. Virus shedding from saliva and nasal swab
samples was not observed in any pigs inoculated with the SPV of FMDV O/JPN/2000. In the foot, mild lamellar degeneration of prickle cells in the upper layer of the stratum spinosum was
histologically observed without development into vesicular or necrotic lesions. Immunohistochemical virus antigen- and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-nick end labeling
(TUNEL)-positive reactions observed in the foot at 1 dpi seemed to disappear after 3 and 6 dpi. Our findings suggest that the SPV of FMDV O/JPN/2000 had low pathogenicity against pigs by
intraoral inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yamada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamazoe
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Rie Kitano
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamakawa
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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Yamada M, Fukai K, Morioka K, Nishi T, Yamazoe R, Kitano R, Shimada N, Yoshida K, Kanno T, Sakamoto K, Yamakawa M. Early pathogenesis of the foot-and-mouth disease virus O/JPN/2010 in experimentally infected pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29515043 PMCID: PMC5938202 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the histological distribution of the lesions and the viral antigen associated
with the virus and virus RNA in multisystemic organs in the early stages of foot-and-mouth
disease virus (FMDV) O/JPN/2010 infection in pigs. Characteristic lesions commonly
observed in pigs with FMD arise following inoculation with 106 tissue culture
infectious dose (TCID)50/ml of FMDV O/JPN/2010 in pigs at 3
days post inoculation (dpi) by a natural infectious route. However, none of the six pigs
inoculated with 103 TCID50/ml of FMDV O/JPN/2010
showed any evidence of infection up to 6 dpi. Immunohistochemical detection for the FMDV
antigen and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-nick end labeling (TUNEL)
showed that FMDV predominantly infected prickle cells in the stratum spinosum in the
tongue, coronet and bulb of the heel, and caused these infected cells to undergo cell
death by apoptosis. However, there was no evidence that FMDV O/JPN/2010 infected
epithelial/epidermal basal cells in the basal layer. Epithelial lesions with viral antigen
in the tongue were distributed in the dorsal surface but not in the papillae, corpus
linguae or inferior surface of the tongue. Non-suppurative myocarditis and epithelial
lesions in the esophagus with FMDV antigen were observed in all three pigs examined at 3
dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yamada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamazoe
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Rie Kitano
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Toru Kanno
- Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamakawa
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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Dillon MB. Skin as a potential source of infectious foot and mouth disease aerosols. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:1761-9. [PMID: 21450741 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines whether exfoliated, virus-infected animal skin cells could be an important source of infectious foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) aerosols. Infectious material rafting on skin cell aerosols is an established means of transmitting other diseases. The evidence for a similar mechanism for FMDV is: (i) FMDV is trophic for animal skin and FMDV epidermis titres are high, even in macroscopically normal skin; (ii) estimates for FMDV skin cell aerosol emissions appear consistent with measured aerosol emission rates and are orders of magnitude larger than the minimum infectious dose; (iii) the timing of infectious FMDV aerosol emissions is consistent with the timing of high FMDV skin concentrations; (iv) measured FMDV aerosol sizes are consistent with skin cell aerosols; and (v) FMDV stability in natural aerosols is consistent with that expected for skin cell aerosols. While these findings support the hypothesis, this review is insufficient, in and of itself, to prove the hypothesis and specific follow-on experiments are proposed. If this hypothesis is validated, (i) new FMDV detection, management and decontamination approaches could be developed and (ii) the relevance of skin cells to the spread of viral disease may need to be reassessed as skin cells may protect viruses against otherwise adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Dillon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, PO Box 808, L-103, Livermore, CA 94551, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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