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Mishchenko AV, Mishchenko VA, Gulyukin MI, Oganesyan AS, Alexeyenkova SV, Zaberezhny AD, Gulyukin AМ. [Persistent form of bovine viral diarrhea]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:465-478. [PMID: 38156563 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The review provides an analysis of literature data on the persistent form of Bovine Viral diarrhea/Mucosal disease (BVD) and is focused on virus and host factors, including those related to immune response, that contribute the persistence of the virus. BVD is a cattle disease widespread throughout the world that causes significant economic damage to dairy and beef cattle. The disease is characterized by a variety of clinical signs, including damage to the digestive and respiratory organs, abortions, stillbirths and other failures of reproductive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V A Mishchenko
- Federal Scientific Center VIEV
- Federal Animal Healthcare Center
| | | | | | | | - A D Zaberezhny
- All-Russian Research and Technological Institution of Industry
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2
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Characterization of a Highly Virulent Noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2b Isolate Detected in Cattle in Inner Mongolia, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/3821435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection causes subclinical to severe acute disease in cattle all over the world. Two genotypes of BVDV are recognized, BVDV1 and BVDV2. Currently, the subtypes of BVDV1b and BVDV2a are mainly circulating in China. Here, a newly noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV strain named BVDVNM21 was isolated and identified from cattle. We determined the complete genome sequence of BVDVNM21, phylogenetic analysis of 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), Npro, and E2 gene, and complete genome showed the virus belongs to BVDV2b subtype and formed an independent clade within BVDV2b. Genome-wide sequence analysis showed that BVDVNM21 had high homology with SD1301 (98.10%) isolated from China. In the experimental infection study of guinea pigs and calves, they all developed similar clinical signs, including a pronounced and prolonged febrile response lasting more than 3 days and pronounced reduction in white blood cells (WBC) and platelets of more than 40%. Moreover, guinea pigs showed more acute infection characteristics after infection, and WBC decreased by more than 50% at 1 day postinfection (dpi), and they recovered in less than 3 days. The results indicated that the BVDVNM21 strain showed high virulence in calves. It was the first confirmed isolation of a highly pathogenic ncpBVDV2b in cattle, as well as the establishment of the BVDV-guinea pig model. This study may provide a basis for further research and control of the prevalence of BVDV2b in China.
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Zhu J, Wang C, Zhang L, Zhu T, Li H, Wang Y, Xue K, Qi M, Peng Q, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen X, Chen J, Chen H, Guo A. Isolation of BVDV-1a, 1m, and 1v strains from diarrheal calf in china and identification of its genome sequence and cattle virulence. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1008107. [PMID: 36467650 PMCID: PMC9709263 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1008107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important livestock viral pathogen responsible for causing significant economic losses. The emerging and novel BVDV isolates are clinically and biologically important, as there are highly antigenic diverse and pathogenic differences among BVDV genotypes. However, no study has yet compared the virulence of predominant genotype isolates (BVDV-1a, 1b, and 1m) in China and the emerging genotype isolate BVDV-1v. The serological relationship among these genotypes has not yet been described. In this study, we isolated three BVDV isolates from calves with severe diarrhea, characterized as BVDV-1a, 1m, and novel 1v, based on multiple genomic regions [including 5-untranslated region (5'-UTR), Npro, and E2] and the phylogenetic analysis of nearly complete genomes. For the novel genotype, genetic variation analysis of the E2 protein of the BVDV-1v HB-03 strain indicates multiple amino acid mutation sites, including potential host cell-binding sites and neutralizing epitopes. Recombination analysis of the BVDV-1v HB-03 strain hinted at the possible occurrence of cross-genotypes (among 1m, 1o, and 1q) and cross-geographical region transmission events. To compare the pathogenic characters and virulence among these BVDV-1 genotypes, newborn calves uninfected with common pathogens were infected intranasally with BVDV isolates. The calves infected with the three genotype isolates show different symptom severities (diarrhea, fever, slowing weight gain, virus shedding, leukopenia, viremia, and immune-related tissue damage). In addition, these infected calves also showed bovine respiratory disease complexes (BRDCs), such as nasal discharge, coughing, abnormal breathing, and lung damage. Based on assessing different parameters, BVDV-1m HB-01 is identified as a highly virulent strain, and BVDV-1a HN-03 and BVDV-1v HB-03 are both identified as moderately virulent strains. Furthermore, the cross-neutralization test demonstrated the antigenic diversity among these Chinese genotypes (1a, 1m, and 1v). Our findings illustrated the genetic evolution characteristics of the emerging genotype and the pathogenic mechanism and antigenic diversity of different genotype strains, These findings also provided an excellent vaccine candidate strain and a suitable BVDV challenge strain for the comprehensive prevention and control of BVDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunqiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaili Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingpu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Yingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, Smid B, Verheij E, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Determination of Intestinal Viral Loads and Distribution of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Classical Swine Fever Virus, and Peste Des Petits Ruminants Virus: A Pilot Study. Pathogens 2021; 10:1188. [PMID: 34578220 PMCID: PMC8466767 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine viral loads and distribution over the total length, at short distances, and in the separate layers of the intestine of virus-infected animals for future inactivation studies. Two calves, two pigs, and two goats were infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), respectively. Homogenously distributed maximum BVDV viral loads were detected in the ileum of both calves, with a mean titer of 6.0 log10 TCID50-eq/g. The viral loads in colon and caecum were not distributed homogenously. In one pig, evenly distributed CSFV mean viral loads of 4.5 and 4.2 log10 TCID50-eq/g were found in the small and large intestines, respectively. Mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer/serosa showed mean viral loads of 5.3, 3.4, and 4.0 log10 TCID50-eq/g, respectively. Homogenous distribution of PPRV was shown in the ileum of both goats, with a mean viral load of 4.6 log10 TCID50-eq/g. Mean mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layer/serosa viral loads were 3.5, 2.8, and 1.7 log10 TCID50-eq/g, respectively. This pilot study provides essential data for setting up inactivation experiments with intestines derived from experimentally infected animals, in which the level and the homogeneous distribution of intestinal viral loads are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.175, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Bregtje Smid
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Eline Verheij
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; (B.S.); (E.V.); (W.H.M.v.d.P.)
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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5
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Jelsma T, Wijnker JJ, van der Poel WHM, Wisselink HJ. Intestinal Viral Loads and Inactivation Kinetics of Livestock Viruses Relevant for Natural Casing Production: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020173. [PMID: 33557372 PMCID: PMC7915499 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal intestines are the source of edible sausage casings, which are traded worldwide and may come from areas where notifiable infectious animal diseases are prevalent. To estimate the risks of virus contamination, knowledge about the quantity of virus and decimal reduction values of the standard preservation method by salting is of great importance. A literature search, based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, was performed in search engine CAB Abstracts to determine the viral load of 14 relevant animal viruses in natural casings or intestines. Only a very limited number of scientific publications per virus were found and viral loads in the intestines varied from high for ASFV (five publications), BVDV (3), CSFV (6), PPRV (3), RPV (2) and TGEV (3) to moderate for PEDV (2) and SVDV (3), low for HEV (2) and FMDV (5), very low for VESV (1) and negative for PrV (2) and VSV (1). PRRSV was found in intestines, however, viral titers were not published. Three viruses (BVDV, CSFV and PPRV) with high viral loads were selected to search for their inactivation kinetics. For casings, no inactivation data were found, however, thermal inactivation data of these viruses were available, but differed in quantity, quality and matrices. In conclusion, important data gaps still exist when it comes to the quantitative inactivation of viruses in sausage casings or livestock intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinka Jelsma
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Joris J. Wijnker
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Wim H. M. van der Poel
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR) Part of Wageningen University & Research (WUR), P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands;
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6
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Su A, Fu Y, Meens J, Yang W, Meng F, Herrler G, Becher P. Infection of polarized bovine respiratory epithelial cells by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Virulence 2021; 12:177-187. [PMID: 33300445 PMCID: PMC7801128 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1854539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is affecting cattle populations all over the world causing acute disease, immunosuppressive effects, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal, and reproductive failure in cattle. The virus is taken up via the oronasal route and infection of epithelial and immune cells contributes to the dissemination of the virus throughout the body. However, it is not known how the virus gets across the barrier of epithelial cells encountered in the airways. Here, we analyzed the infection of polarized primary bovine airway epithelial cells (BAEC). Infection of BAEC by a non-cytopathogenic BVDV was possible via both the apical and the basolateral plasma membrane, but the infection was most efficient when the virus was applied to the basolateral plasma membrane. Irrespective of the site of infection, BVDV was efficiently released to the apical site, while only minor amounts of virus were detected in the basal medium. This indicates that the respiratory epithelium can release large amounts of BVDV to the environment and susceptible animals via respiratory fluids and aerosols, but BVDV cannot cross the airway epithelial cells to infect subepithelial cells and establish systemic infection. Further experiments showed that the receptor, bovine CD46, for BVDV is expressed predominantly on the apical membrane domain of the polarized epithelial cells. In a CD46 blocking experiment, the addition of an antibody directed against CD46 almost completely inhibited apical infection, whereas basolateral infection was not affected. While CD46 serves as a receptor for apical infection of BAEC by BVDV, the receptor for basolateral infection remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
| | - Yuguang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, China
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin, China
| | - Fandan Meng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin, China
| | - Georg Herrler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation , Hannover, Germany
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7
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Malacari DA, Pécora A, Pérez Aguirreburualde MS, Cardoso NP, Odeón AC, Capozzo AV. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Typical and a High Pathogenic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Type II Strains. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:75. [PMID: 29707546 PMCID: PMC5908881 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-cytopathic (ncp) type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-2) is widely prevalent in Argentina causing high mortality rates in cattle herds. In this study, we characterized an Argentinean ncp BVDV-2 field isolate (98-124) compared to a high-virulence reference strain (NY-93), using in silico analysis, in vitro assays, and in vivo infections of colostrum-deprived calves (CDC) to compare pathogenic characters and virulence. In vitro infection of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with BVDV 98-124 induced necrosis shortly after infection while NY-93 strain increased the apoptotic rate in infected cells. Experimental infection of CDC (n = 4 each) with these strains caused an enteric syndrome. High pyrexia was detected in both groups. Viremia and shedding were more prolonged in the CDC infected with the NY-93 strain. In addition, NY-93 infection elicited a severe lymphopenia that lasted for 14 days, whereas 98-124 strain reduced the leukocyte counts for 5 days. All infected animals had a diminished lymphoproliferation activity in response to a mitogen. Neutralizing and anti-NS3 antibodies were detected 3 weeks after infection in all infected calves. Virulence was associated with a more severe clinical score, prolonged immune-suppression, and a greater window for transmission. Studies of apoptosis/necrosis performed after in vitro PBMC infection also revealed differences between both strains that might be correlated to the in vivo pathogenesis. Our results identified 98-124 as a low-virulence strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Amilcar Malacari
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Pécora
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Sol Pérez Aguirreburualde
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Patricia Cardoso
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anselmo Carlos Odeón
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Peddireddi L, Foster KA, Poulsen EG, An B, Hoang QH, O'Connell C, Anderson JW, Thomson DU, Hanzlicek GA, Bai J, Hesse RA, Oberst RD, Anderson GA, Leyva-Baca I. Molecular detection and characterization of transient bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle commingled with ten BVDV persistently infected cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:413-422. [PMID: 29322882 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717753962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifty-three cattle of unknown serologic status that were not persistently infected (PI) with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were commingled with 10 cattle that were PI with different strains of BVDV, and were monitored for an extended commingle period using a reverse-transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR) BVDV assay on various sample types. Transient infections with BVDV were also assessed by virus isolation, virus neutralization (VN) assays, and direct buffy coat 5'-UTR sequencing. Infections were demonstrated in all cattle by RT-rtPCR; however, the detection rate was dependent on the type of sample. Buffy coat samples demonstrated a significantly greater number of positive results ( p ≤ 0.05) than either serum or nasal swab samples. Presence of elevated BVDV VN titers at the onset inversely correlated with the number of test days positive that an individual would be identified by RT-rtPCR from buffy coat samples, and directly correlated with the average Ct values accumulated over all RT-rtPCR test days from buffy coat samples. Both single and mixed genotype/subgenotype/strain infections were detected in individual cattle by direct sample 5'-UTR sequencing. A BVDV-2a strain from a PI animal was found to be the predominant strain infecting 64% of all non-PI cattle; BVDV-1b strains originating from 3 PI cattle were never detected in non-PI cattle. Although direct sample 5'-UTR sequencing was capable of demonstrating mixed BVDV infections, identifying all strains suspected was not always efficient or possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Peddireddi
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Kelly A Foster
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Elizabeth G Poulsen
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Baoyan An
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Quoc Hung Hoang
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Catherine O'Connell
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Joseph W Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Daniel U Thomson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Gregg A Hanzlicek
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Richard A Hesse
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Richard D Oberst
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Gary A Anderson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
| | - Ivan Leyva-Baca
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Peddireddi, An, Poulsen, JW Anderson, Hanzlicek, Bai, Oberst, GA Anderson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (Foster, Thomson), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.,Animal Health Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX (Hoang, O'Connell).,Life Technologies, Austin, TX (Leyva-Baca)
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9
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Cardoso N, Franco-Mahecha OL, Czepluch W, Quintana ME, Malacari DA, Trotta MV, Mansilla FC, Capozzo AV. Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infects Monocyte-Derived Bovine Dendritic Cells by an E2-Glycoprotein-Mediated Mechanism and Transiently Impairs Antigen Presentation. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:417-29. [PMID: 27529119 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of professional antigen presenting cells by viruses can have a marked effect on these cells and important consequences for the generation of subsequent immune responses. In this study, we demonstrate that different strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infect bovine dendritic cells differentiated from nonadherent peripheral monocytes (moDCs). BVDV did not cause apoptosis in these cells. Infection of moDC was prevented by incubating the virus with anti-E2 antibodies or by pretreating the cells with recombinant E2 protein before BVDV contact, suggesting that BVDV infects moDC through an E2-mediated mechanism. Virus entry was not reduced by incubating moDC with Mannan or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) before infection, suggesting that Ca(2+) and mannose receptor-dependent pathways are not mediating BVDV entry to moDC. Infected moDC did not completely upregulate maturation surface markers. Infection, but not treatment with inactivated virus, prevented moDC to present a third-party antigen to primed CD4(+) T cells within the first 24 hours postinfection (hpi). Antigen-presenting capacity was recovered when viral replication diminished at 48 hpi, suggesting that active infection may interfere with moDC maturation. Altogether, our results suggest an important role of infected DCs in BVDV-induced immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Cardoso
- 1 INTA, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas , Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas , CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olga Lucía Franco-Mahecha
- 1 INTA, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas , Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas , CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Wenzel Czepluch
- 1 INTA, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas , Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Quintana
- 1 INTA, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas , Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas , CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Amílcar Malacari
- 1 INTA, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas , Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Myrian Vanesa Trotta
- 1 INTA, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas , Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Celeste Mansilla
- 1 INTA, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas , Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas , CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- 1 INTA, Instituto de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas , Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina .,2 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas , CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Glotov AG, Glotova TI, Koteneva SV, Semenova OV, Sergeev AA, Titova KA, Morozova AA, Sergeev AA. Virulent Properties of Russian Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Strains in Experimentally Infected Calves. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:7034509. [PMID: 27190687 PMCID: PMC4848454 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7034509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The results of experimental study of three noncytopathic and two cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains isolated from cattle in the Siberian region and belonging to the type 1 (subtypes 1a, 1b, and 1d) have been presented. All investigated strains caused the development of infectious process in the seronegative 4-6-month-old calves after aerosol challenge with the dose of 6 log10 TCID50. The greatest virulence had noncytopathic strain and cytopathic strain related to the subtypes 1d and 1b, respectively. All strains in infected calves caused some signs of moderate acute respiratory disease and diarrhea: depression 3-5 days postinfection (p.i.), refusal to food, severe hyperthermia to 41.9°С, serous exudate discharges from the nasal cavity and eyes, transient diarrhea with blood, leukopenia (up to 2700 cells/mm(3)), and macroscopic changes in the respiratory organs and intestine. The infected animals recovered from 12 to 15 days p.i. and in 90% cases formed humoral immune response 25 days p.i. (antibody titers to BVDV: 1 : 4-1 : 16). Our results confirmed the presence of virulent BVDV1 strains and showed the need for researches on the molecular epidemiology of the disease, development of more effective diagnostic systems, and optimization of control programs with use of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Glotov
- Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science of Siberia and the Far East, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Region 630501, Russia
| | - Tatyana I. Glotova
- Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science of Siberia and the Far East, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Region 630501, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Koteneva
- Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science of Siberia and the Far East, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Region 630501, Russia
| | - Olga V. Semenova
- Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science of Siberia and the Far East, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Region 630501, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Sergeev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Ksenya A. Titova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Morozova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Artemiy A. Sergeev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
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11
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Lanyon SR, Hill FI, Reichel MP, Brownlie J. Bovine viral diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis. Vet J 2014; 199:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Park SJ, Huh JW, Kim YH, Lee SR, Kim SH, Kim SU, Kim HS, Kim MK, Chang KT. Selection of internal reference genes for normalization of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis in the canine brain and other organs. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:47-57. [PMID: 22531949 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is a specific and sensitive technique for quantifying gene expression. To analyze qRT-PCR data accurately, suitable reference genes that show consistent expression patterns across different tissues and experimental conditions should be selected. The objective of this study was to obtain the most stable reference genes in dogs, using samples from 13 different brain tissues and 10 other organs. 16 well-known candidate reference genes were analyzed by the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper programs. Brain tissues were derived from several different anatomical regions, including the forebrain, cerebrum, diencephalon, hindbrain, and metencephalon, and grouped accordingly. Combination of the three different analyses clearly indicated that the ideal reference genes are ribosomal protien S5 (RPS5) in whole brain, RPL8 and RPS5 in whole body tissues, RPS5 and RPS19 in the forebrain and cerebrum, RPL32 and RPS19 in the diencephalon, GAPDH and RPS19 in the hindbrain, and MRPS7 and RPL13A in the metencephalon. These genes were identified as ideal for the normalization of qRT-PCR results in the respective tissues. These findings indicate more suitable and stable reference genes for future studies of canine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chungbuk 363-883, Republic of Korea
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