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Baker E, Southern C, Martinez J. Atropine sulfate as a continuous intravenous infusion for the treatment of organophosphate toxicity in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2024; 10:20551169241249637. [PMID: 38799116 PMCID: PMC11119382 DOI: 10.1177/20551169241249637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 1-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented on an emergency basis with clinical signs suspected to be secondary to organophosphate (OP) toxicity. The control of clinical abnormalities (bradycardia, obtundation, tachypnea, anorexia) was achieved using high-dose continuous rate intravenous infusion (CRI) of atropine sulfate (maximum rate 0.1 mg/kg/h). After 5 days of hospitalization, the patient made a full clinical recovery without the development of atropine toxicity, intermediate syndrome or delayed polyneuropathy at 4 weeks after discharge. Relevance and novel information Treatment of OP toxicity in cats is sparsely reported in veterinary literature. Current standards of treatment and published protocols recommend the use of atropine sulfate as intermittent boluses for the treatment of muscarinic signs of toxicity; however, there is a paucity of information regarding the safety and efficacy of atropine sulfate as a CRI for severe toxicosis as described in humans. This report includes the first published case using such a treatment protocol in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Baker
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carl Southern
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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2
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Schmid RD, Lombardo D, Hovda LR. Suspected intermediate syndrome in a dog after organophosphate poisoning. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2023; 33:705-709. [PMID: 37943072 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the clinical presentation and successful treatment of a suspected case of intermediate syndrome due to organophosphate (OP) poisoning in a dog. CASE SUMMARY Two dogs presented with acute cholinergic signs after ingesting an OP insecticide containing 50% acephate. Clinical signs consistent with acute cholinergic crisis resolved in both dogs within 24 hours postingestion. One dog developed an onset of neurological signs consistent with intermediate syndrome approximately 24 hours postingestion. This patient's clinical signs resolved with the use of pralidoxime chloride. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED OP poisoning most commonly presents as an acute cholinergic crisis, with rare instances of animals developing intermediate syndrome. Few reports of successful treatment and recovery from intermediate syndrome exist in the veterinary literature, particularly with instances in which 2 dogs within the same exposure setting were treated for acute cholinergic signs and only 1 progressed to an intermediate syndrome. This report also highlights the importance of early intervention with pralidoxime chloride prior to the onset of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Schmid
- Pet Poison Helpline/SafetyCall International, LLC, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Lynn R Hovda
- Pet Poison Helpline/SafetyCall International, LLC, Bloomington, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Prevalence, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment, and outcome of intermediate syndrome in anticholinesterase pesticide intoxication of dogs: A retrospective study. Vet J 2022; 287:105883. [PMID: 35988903 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphates and carbamates are important anticholinesterase intoxicants of humans and dogs. Intermediate syndrome (IMS) typically occurs 7-96 h following a toxicity-associated acute cholinergic crisis (ACC), and manifests clinically as weakness of the proximal limb, respiratory, and neck flexor muscles. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence, clinical findings, and outcome of IMS in dogs. The medical records of a veterinary teaching hospital were searched for dogs diagnosed with ACC, IMS, or both, between 2017 and 2021. Case files were retrospectively reviewed. Six historical IMS cases were additionally reviewed. Thirty-two dogs were diagnosed with anticholinesterase intoxication during the search period, of which 23 (72 %) were only diagnosed with ACC, seven (22 %) progressed from ACC to IMS, and two (6 %) were only diagnosed with IMS. Duration of hospitalisation was longer in the IMS group compared to the ACC only group (P = 0.005). When all dogs with IMS (n = 15, including the six historical cases) were considered, survival was 100 %, including four (27 %) that required positive pressure mechanical ventilation following respiratory failure. Serum butyrylcholine esterase activity, a marker of cholinesterase activity, was below reference interval when first measured in 14 (93 %) of dogs; however, was not a useful as a recovery marker. IMS should be suspected in dogs demonstrating respiratory, neck, and proximal limb muscle paresis or paralysis, especially following clinical signs consistent with ACC. Absence of clinical signs consistent with ACC or butyrylcholine esterase activity within the reference interval does not exclude IMS as a differential.
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4
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Kolb N, Matiasek K, van Renen J, Fischer A, Zablotski Y, Wieländer F, Nessler J, Tipold A, Cappello R, Flegel T, Loderstedt S, Dietzel J, Gnirs K, Rentmeister K, Rupp S, von Klopmann T, Steffen F, Jurina K, Del Vecchio OV, Deutschland M, König F, Gandini G, Harcourt-Brown T, Kornberg M, Bianchi E, Gagliardo T, Menchetti M, Schenk H, Tabanez J, Rosati M. Biopsy Characteristics, Subtypes, and Prognostic Features in 107 Cases of Feline Presumed Immune-Mediated Polyneuropathy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:928309. [PMID: 35812863 PMCID: PMC9263917 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.928309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy (IMPN) is one of the causes of sudden onset of neuromuscular signs such as para-/tetraparesis in young cats. Even though most cases have a favorable outcome, persistent deficits, relapses, and progressive courses are occasionally seen. As clinical presentation does not always appear to predict outcome and risk of recurrence, this study was initiated to screen for prognostic biopsy findings in a large cohort of histologically confirmed IMPN cases with clinical follow-up. In total, nerve and muscle specimens of 107 cats with biopsy diagnosis of presumed autoreactive inflammatory polyneuropathy and 22 control cases were reviewed by two blinded raters for a set of 36 histological parameters. To identify patterns and subtypes of IMPN, hierarchical k-means clustering of 33 histologic variables was performed. Then, the impact of histological parameters on IMPN outcome was evaluated via an univariate analysis to identify variables for the final multivariate model. The data on immediate outcome and follow-up were collected from submitting neurologists using a purpose-designed questionnaire. Hierarchical k-means clustering sorted the tissues into 4 main categories: cluster 1 (44/129) represents a purely inflammatory IMPN picture, whereas cluster 2 (47/129) was accompanied by demyelinating features and cluster 3 (16/129) by Wallerian degeneration. Cluster 4 (22/129) reflects normal tissues from non-neuropathic control cats. Returned questionnaires provided detailed information on outcome in 63 animals. They were categorized into recovered and non-recovered. Thereby, fiber-invasive infiltrates by mononuclear cells and mild fiber loss in intramuscular nerve branches correlated with higher probabilities of recovery. Remyelination in semithin sections, on the other hand, is correlated with a less favorable outcome. Animals grouping in cluster 1 had a tendency to a higher probability of recovery compared to other clusters. In conclusion, diagnosis of feline IMPN from nerve and muscle biopsies allowed for the identification of histologic features that were positively or negatively correlated with outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninja Kolb
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana van Renen
- Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Wieländer
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Jasmin Nessler
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Rodolfo Cappello
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, The Brewerstreet Dairy Business Park, Bletchingley, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Flegel
- Small Animal Department, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Kirsten Gnirs
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Advetia Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Kai Rentmeister
- Specialty Practice for Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dettelbach, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank Steffen
- Neurology Service, Department of Small Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Gualtiero Gandini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tom Harcourt-Brown
- Langford Veterinary Services, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ezio Bianchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Marika Menchetti
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Division, San Marco Veterinary Clinic, Veggiano, Italy
| | | | - Joana Tabanez
- Neurology Section, Fitzpatrick Referrals, Godalming, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Rosati
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Institute for Veterinary Pathology, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marco Rosati
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5
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Klainbart S, Grabarnik M, Kelmer E, Chai O, Cuneah O, Segev G, Aroch I. Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome of acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication in 39 cats. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1633. [PMID: 35437770 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphates and carbamates are important sources of intoxication for humans and animals. However, large-scale studies of these intoxications in cats are unavailable. METHODS The medical records of 39 cats presented to a veterinary teaching hospital with acute organophosphate or carbamate intoxication were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Mortality in intoxicated cats was 15%. Low respiratory rate and low rectal temperature at presentation were associated with death. Other common clinical signs included weakness, ataxia, apathy, recumbency, anorexia and bradycardia, but these were unassociated with the outcome. The common biochemical abnormalities included decreased serum butyryl-choline esterase activity, acidaemia, hypercarbaemia and total hypocalcaemia, and increased creatine kinase activity and total plasma protein concentration. There were no significant differences in haematological, biochemical and blood gas analytes between survivors and non-survivors. Common medications and treatments included 2-pyridine aldoxime methyl-chloride-pralidoxime (2-PAM) (74%), metoclopramide (64%), antibiotics (64%), diphenhydramine (59%) and atropine sulphate (54%). There were no significant drug and treatment differences between survivors and non-survivors. The secondary complications of the intoxication included pneumonia (10%), acute kidney injury (10%) and pancreatitis (8%). CONCLUSIONS Acute cholinergic crisis due to organophosphate or carbamate intoxication has a fair prognosis in cats. Low respiratory rate and low rectal temperature at presentation were associated with death. The most commonly used specific medications in this study included 2-PAM, diphenhydramine and atropine sulphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Klainbart
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meital Grabarnik
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Efrat Kelmer
- Department of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orit Chai
- Department of Small Animal Neurology, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Olga Cuneah
- Department of Toxicology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine, The Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Roy S, Islam S, Alam S, Ahmed J, Chowdhury QMMK. Successful management of a kitten with chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin toxicosis with pralidoxime and atropine. JFMS Open Rep 2021; 7:20551169211045647. [PMID: 34616562 PMCID: PMC8488412 DOI: 10.1177/20551169211045647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE SUMMARY Organophosphates and pyrethroids have been widely used as agricultural and domestic insecticides. This case report describes a 3-month-old free-roaming female kitten, weighing 930 g, that developed hypersalivation, hypothermia, dyspnoea due to increased bronchial secretion, bradycardia, miosis and neurological signs, including restlessness, ataxia, disorientation, apparent hallucination, muscle twitching and seizures within 6 h of accidental ingestion of an insecticide containing chlorpyrifos (500 g/l) and cypermethrin (50 g/l). The kitten was treated empirically with intramuscular atropine and dexamethasone, and rectal diazepam. The history of insecticide exposure was obtained after 6 h of treatment and intramuscular 2-pyridine aldoxime methochloride (pralidoxime [2-PAM]) and atropine therapy was started 2 h later. Recovery was complicated by suspected aspiration, but there were no sequelae from the insecticide exposure and by 7 days post-ingestion the kitten was normal and playful. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of successful management of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin toxicosis in a cat in Bangladesh. This case report suggests that 2-PAM followed by atropine and other supportive therapy may be an effective strategy to manage a cat poisoned by chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin; however, expanded clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawrab Roy
- Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
- Sylhet Pet Care, Sylhet,
Bangladesh
| | - Saiful Islam
- Sylhet Pet Care, Sylhet,
Bangladesh
- Department of Livestock
Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet,
Bangladesh
| | - Shahrul Alam
- Sylhet Pet Care, Sylhet,
Bangladesh
- Faculty of Agricultural and
Nutritional Sciences, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Juned Ahmed
- Sylhet Pet Care, Sylhet,
Bangladesh
- Department of Pathology, Sylhet
Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Q M Monzur Kader Chowdhury
- Sylhet Pet Care, Sylhet,
Bangladesh
- Department of Comparative
Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State
University, MS, USA
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7
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Tinson E, Boller E, Davis M. A suspected case of intermediate syndrome in a dog with carbamate toxicosis. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:201-206. [PMID: 28555948 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CASE REPORT A 7-year-old female spayed Labrador Retriever was managed for suspected carbamate toxicosis after confirmed ingestion of a large amount of methiocarb. Therapy included decontamination, supportive care and management for aspiration pneumonia. On the third day of hospitalisation, after an initial clinical improvement, the dog developed respiratory muscle weakness, inspiratory dyspnoea and pronounced cervical muscle weakness. These delayed clinical signs were consistent with the 'intermediate syndrome' described in some cases of organophosphate and carbamate toxicoses in humans and also described in one case of organophosphate toxicosis in the dog. Intermediate syndrome has not been reported in carbamate toxicosis in the dog. CONCLUSION This case report highlights the necessity for veterinarians to monitor for additional complications not commonly considered in acute carbamate toxicoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tinson
- University of Melbourne Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - E Boller
- University of Melbourne Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - M Davis
- University of Melbourne Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Princes Highway, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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Intermediate Syndrome of Chlorpyriphos Toxicity (Polaris®) in a Caracal (Caracal caracal). J Zoo Wildl Med 2011; 42:144-8. [DOI: 10.1638/2010-0075.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Diagnostic and prognostic value of serum creatine-kinase activity in ill cats: a retrospective study of 601 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:466-75. [PMID: 20236849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In veterinary medicine, serum creatine-kinase (CK) activity is mostly used to assess skeletal muscle damage. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of increased CK activity in a large, ill-cat population and to characterise associated diseases, clinical and laboratory findings and its prognostic value. Cats with a complete serum biochemistry analysis were consecutively enrolled, divided into two CK activity-based groups (within and above reference interval) and compared. The study included 601 cats. Median serum CK was 402 U/l (range 16-506870). Increased CK (>250 U/l) was observed in 364 (60%) cats, and>30-fold its upper reference limit in 43 (7%). Cats with increased CK had greater (P < or = 0.05) body weight, and were more likely to have a history of collapse, dyspnoea, abnormal lung sounds, cyanosis, shock and paraplegia, higher median serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities and total bilirubin and triglyceride concentrations, but lower, median total protein, albumin, globulin and cholesterol concentrations and proportion of anorexia than cats with normal CK. Cardiac diseases, trauma, bite wounds, systemic bacterial infections, prior anaesthesia and intramuscular injections were more common (P < or = 0.05) in cats with increased compared to normal CK activity. The hospitalisation period was longer (P=0.007) and treatment cost and mortality were higher (P<0.005) in cats with increased CK activity. However, CK activity was an inaccurate outcome predictor (area under the receiver operator characteristics curve 0.58). Increased CK activity is very common in ill cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Strongly protests avian influenza virus response .... Chlorpyrifos poisoning overlooked as potential diagnosis .... Dr. Lee responds: .... Readers disturbed about letter on free-roaming cats .... Dr. Wolff responds: .... Comments on dosing lufenuron .... JAVMA cover receives complaints .... The editor responds: .... J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.2002.221.929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hopper K, Aldrich J, Haskins SC. The recognition and treatment of the intermediate syndrome of organophosphate poisoning in a dog. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1435-6935.2002.00008.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Shelton GD. Myasthenia gravis and disorders of neuromuscular transmission. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2002; 32:189-206, vii. [PMID: 11785729 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(03)00085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis is a disorder of neuromuscular transmission that occurs in congenital and acquired autoimmune forms. Acquired myasthenia gravis is probably the most common neuromuscular disorder in dogs that can be diagnosed and treated. An early, accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy is of utmost importance to a good clinical outcome in this disorder. This article focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of acquired myasthenia gravis in dogs and cats with brief discussions of other disorders of neuromuscular transmission, including congenital myasthenia gravis, tick paralysis, botulism, and organophosphate intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0612, USA.
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Abstract
Polyneuropathies of cats have a variety of clinical presentations. Areflexic flaccid quadriparesis, or quadriplegia, progressing over a 24- to 48-hour period, may be associated with polyneuropathies, as can chronic insidiously progressive tremors and muscle weakness that wax and wane or progress slowly over weeks or months, and which can go undiagnosed for years. In addition, these neurological signs may be due to spinal cord, neuromuscular junction or muscle disorders, so the diagnosis of polyneuropathy can be a challenge even for the most astute of clinicians. Polyneuropathies may have congenital, inherited, inflammatory, metabolic and toxic causes. Sometimes the underlying aetiology is not found and a diagnosis of idiopathic polyneuropathy is made. Since the treatment and prognosis of polyneuropathies in cats vary, the purpose of this review is to assist the veterinary practitioner to recognise, appropriately manage and provide an accurate prognosis for these challenging cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chrisman
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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Olson CT, Blank JA, Menton RG. Neuromuscular effects of low level exposures to Sarin, pyridostigmine, DEET, and chlorpyrifos. Drug Chem Toxicol 1999; 21 Suppl 1:149-69. [PMID: 10028408 DOI: 10.3109/01480549809007408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A study is being initiated to investigate subtle neurobehavioral effects and neuropathology in rats due to exposure to combinations of low levels of Sarin (GB), N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and pyridostigmine bromide (PB). A similar study is being initiated in rhesus monkeys to investigate neurophysiologic effects and neuromuscular pathology due to exposure to a combination of GB, DEET, CPF, and PB, along with vaccination with botulinum toxoid. A description of these studies is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Olson
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Medical Research and Evaluation Facility, Columbus, OH 43201-2693, USA
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Abstract
Recent advances in our knowledge of cat flea biology and the discovery of new nontoxic control methods have greatly simplified and improved flea control. Instead of relying on adulticides for the bulk of flea control, the veterinarian now focuses on the immature stages, particularly the larvae and the eggs. By doing this, environmentally "friendly" flea control methods are employed that are much safer for the veterinarian, the pet owner, and the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Logas
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
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18
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Fikes JD, Beasley VR. Chlorpyrifos toxicosis in two cats. J Vet Intern Med 1991; 5:202. [PMID: 1717685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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