1
|
Rawson F, Christen M, Rose J, Paran E, Leeb T, Fadda A. Polioencephalopathy in Eurasier dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:277-284. [PMID: 38041431 PMCID: PMC10800227 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polioencephalopathies secondary to inborn errors of metabolism have been described in dogs, but few genetically characterized. OBJECTIVES Clinically and genetically characterize polioencephalopathy in a family of Eurasier dogs. ANIMALS Three Eurasier dogs (littermates) presented with early onset movement disorders (9 weeks in 2, 4-6 months in 1). Progressive gait abnormalities were detected in 2 of the dogs, persistent divergent strabismus in 1, whereas consciousness and behavior remained intact in all dogs. One dog was euthanized at 25 months. METHODS Video footage was assessed in all dogs, and Dogs 1 and 2 had examinations and investigations performed. Whole genome sequencing of Dog 1 and further genetic analyses in the family were performed. A cohort of 115 Eurasier controls was genotyped for specific variants. RESULTS Episodes were characterized by generalized ataxia, as well as a hypermetric thoracic limb gait, dystonia, and irregular flexion and extension movements of the thoracic limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in Dogs 1 and 2 identified symmetrical, bilateral T2 and fluid attenuated inversion recovery hyperintense, T1 hypo to isointense, nonenhancing lesions of the caudate nucleus, lateral and medial geniculate nuclei, thalamus, hippocampus, rostral colliculus and mild generalized brain atrophy. Genetic analyses identified a homozygous mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (MECR) missense variant in all 3 dogs, and a homozygous autophagy-related gene 4D (ATG4D) missense variant in Dogs 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We describe a presumed hereditary and progressive polioencephalopathy in a family of Eurasier dogs. Further research is needed to establish the role of the MECR gene in dogs and the pathogenic effects of the detected variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faye Rawson
- Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Matthias Christen
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | | | - Emilie Paran
- Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Angela Fadda
- Langford Veterinary ServicesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harris S, Dupanloup A, Liao PT, Jukier T. Case report: Recovery and sequential imaging of a patient with osmotic demyelination syndrome. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1146091. [PMID: 37187927 PMCID: PMC10175592 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1146091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A 4-year-old neutered-male Australian Shepherd was presented to an emergency and referral hospital for an acute onset of neurologic signs and abnormal mentation. Seven days prior, the patient had been diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism and was treated accordingly at another hospital. Based on recent clinical history, the neurologic signs were consistent with thalamic and brainstem deficits and suspected to be caused by osmotic demyelination syndrome secondary to rapid correction of hyponatremia. A brain MRI confirmed lesions consistent with osmotic demyelination syndrome. The patient's clinical signs initially worsened, and he required intensive nursing care with multimodal sedation, close monitoring of electrolytes and tailored fluid therapy. The patient recovered and was discharged on day seven of hospitalization. Four and a half months later, re-evaluation of the patient showed complete resolution of the neurological deficits with a now unremarkable neurological exam, and follow-up MRI revealed still present, yet improved bilateral thalamic lesions. This is the first known veterinary case report of sequential brain imaging of a dog that has recovered from osmotic demyelination syndrome. In humans, patients can have evidence of near to full clinical recovery, yet imaging findings may still be abnormal several months after recovery. This report details similar imaging findings in a canine with improved clinical signs, despite persistent lesions on brain MRI. Prognosis of canines with osmotic demyelination syndrome may be better than previously perceived, despite the severity of clinical signs and brain lesions apparent on MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Harris
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Adrien Dupanloup
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Pen-Ting Liao
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Tom Jukier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Tom Jukier
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lane SL, Dowgos NM, Brainard BM. Evaluation of blood thiamine concentration in hospitalized dogs with and without critical illness. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:723-732. [PMID: 36082426 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate blood thiamine concentration in healthy and critically ill hospitalized dogs over 72 hours of hospitalization and to identify any association of thiamine concentration with patient morbidity and mortality. DESIGN Prospective, observational, clinical study. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Thirty-one hospitalized healthy dogs and 37 dogs with critical illness. Dogs with critical illness had nonseptic (n = 24) or septic (n = 13) etiologies. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Whole blood EDTA samples were collected within 24 hours of admission and 72 hours later. Samples were stored at -80°C and batch analyzed. Total thiamine (tB1) and thiamine diphosphate (TDP) concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, and free thiamine concentration was determined using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Collected patient data included CBC, biochemistry profile, plasma lactate concentration, shock index, Acute Patient Physiologic and Laboratory Evaluation Score (APPLEfast ) score, comorbid conditions, and patient outcome. Approximately 92% of tB1 present in whole blood is measured as TDP. TDP concentration was strongly correlated with tB1 (R = 0.97, P < 0.0001). Thiamine concentration, represented by TDP, was not different at admission or at 72 hours in all dogs. TDP concentration was lower in septic dogs requiring surgery at admission (P = 0.044) and 72 hours later (P = 0.008), compared to dogs not requiring surgery. TDP concentration was not different between dogs with and without stable chronic diseases at any time point. Older dogs had lower TDP concentration. Positive correlations were seen between TDP and body weight, APPLEfast score, and WBC count. Critically ill dogs with lower admission plasma lactate concentration were more likely to have an increase in thiamine over time (P = 0.0142). CONCLUSIONS Differences in thiamine concentration were not identified in hospitalized healthy or critically ill dogs. Further investigation into the clinical relevance of thiamine deficiency is indicated in septic dogs undergoing surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selena L Lane
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole M Dowgos
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Benjamin M Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lazard M, Leroux AA, Le Rest T, Chartier C, Fusellier M. What Is Your Neurologic Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 259:1271-1274. [PMID: 34727060 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.07.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Lazard
- From Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire, Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Aurélia A Leroux
- From Clinique Équine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire, Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Tony Le Rest
- From Clinique des Ruminants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire, Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Christophe Chartier
- From Clinique des Ruminants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire, Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France.,From BIOEPAR, INRAE (Biologie, Epidemiologie et Analyse de Risque en Santé Animale; Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture et l'Environnement), Oniris, Nantes, France
| | - Marion Fusellier
- From Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vétérinaire, Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Atlanpole-La Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France.,From Inserm, UMR 1229, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, Oniris, Nantes, F-44042, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bordia T, Zahr NM. The Inferior Colliculus in Alcoholism and Beyond. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:606345. [PMID: 33362482 PMCID: PMC7759542 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.606345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-mortem neuropathological and in vivo neuroimaging methods have demonstrated the vulnerability of the inferior colliculus to the sequelae of thiamine deficiency as occurs in Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (WKS). A rich literature in animal models ranging from mice to monkeys-including our neuroimaging studies in rats-has shown involvement of the inferior colliculi in the neural response to thiamine depletion, frequently accomplished with pyrithiamine, an inhibitor of thiamine metabolism. In uncomplicated alcoholism (i.e., absent diagnosable neurological concomitants), the literature citing involvement of the inferior colliculus is scarce, has nearly all been accomplished in preclinical models, and is predominately discussed in the context of ethanol withdrawal. Our recent work using novel, voxel-based analysis of structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has demonstrated significant, persistent shrinkage of the inferior colliculus using acute and chronic ethanol exposure paradigms in two strains of rats. We speculate that these consistent findings should be considered from the perspective of the inferior colliculi having a relatively high CNS metabolic rate. As such, they are especially vulnerable to hypoxic injury and may be provide a common anatomical link among a variety of disparate insults. An argument will be made that the inferior colliculi have functions, possibly related to auditory gating, necessary for awareness of the external environment. Multimodal imaging including diffusion methods to provide more accurate in vivo visualization and quantification of the inferior colliculi may clarify the roles of brain stem nuclei such as the inferior colliculi in alcoholism and other neuropathologies marked by altered metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja Bordia
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Natalie M. Zahr
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Song JH, Jung DI. Thiamine deficiency in a dog associated with exclusive consumption of boiled sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas): Serial changes in clinical findings, magnetic resonance imaging findings and blood lactate and thiamine concentrations. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:69-76. [PMID: 32966700 PMCID: PMC7840196 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential nutrient that significantly influences ATP production in the body. It needs to be supplemented consistently through an exogenous source to prevent deficiency; however, it is easily affected by a variety of mitigating factors. Additionally, thiamine requirements can be influenced by an individual's dietary composition. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable to thiamine deficiency due to its high metabolic demand. Thiamine deficiency is typically diagnosed based on clinical signs, dietary history and response to thiamine administration. A 5‐year‐old neutered male Maltese Terrier dog presented with an acute onset of seizures and generalized ataxia. The dog was exclusively fed boiled sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) as a primary diet source for 4 weeks. MR findings and hyperlactatemic conditions were consistent with thiamine deficiency, and the diagnosis was confirmed by measuring thiamine concentrations in blood using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Appropriate thiamine supplementation and diet changes resulted in a rapid improvement in neurological signs. Repeated MR imaging 2 weeks after starting the treatment completely resolved the previously identified abnormalities, and repeated measurements of blood lactate and thiamine levels revealed complete recovery of the thiamine‐deficient status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Hyun Song
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.,Department of Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-In Jung
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bischoff K, Rumbeiha WK. Pet Food Recalls and Pet Food Contaminants in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:917-931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Rosenstein PG, Tennent-Brown BS, Hughes D. Clinical use of plasma lactate concentration. Part 1: Physiology, pathophysiology, and measurement. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2018. [PMID: 29533512 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the current literature with respect to the physiology, pathophysiology, and measurement of lactate. DATA SOURCES Data were sourced from veterinary and human clinical trials, retrospective studies, experimental studies, and review articles. Articles were retrieved without date restrictions and were sourced primarily via PubMed, Scopus, and CAB Abstracts as well as by manual selection. HUMAN AND VETERINARY DATA SYNTHESIS Lactate is an important energy storage molecule, the production of which preserves cellular energy production and mitigates the acidosis from ATP hydrolysis. Although the most common cause of hyperlactatemia is inadequate tissue oxygen delivery, hyperlactatemia can, and does occur in the face of apparently adequate oxygen supply. At a cellular level, the pathogenesis of hyperlactatemia varies widely depending on the underlying cause. Microcirculatory dysfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epinephrine-mediated stimulation of Na+ -K+ -ATPase pumps are likely important contributors to hyperlactatemia in critically ill patients. Ultimately, hyperlactatemia is a marker of altered cellular bioenergetics. CONCLUSION The etiology of hyperlactatemia is complex and multifactorial. Understanding the relevant pathophysiology is helpful when characterizing hyperlactatemia in clinical patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Rosenstein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett S Tennent-Brown
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dez Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Investigating owner use of dietary supplements in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:276-284. [PMID: 30064067 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disorder in dogs. Some diets have been shown to have a positive impact upon the seizure activity in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE), while other diets and dietary supplements (DS), although marketed as providing health benefits, lack conclusive scientific evidence on their actual beneficial effects. A web-based owner questionnaire was designed to assess how and why owners of dogs with IE use different dietary regimes and DS. The study cohort, with 297 valid responses, consisted mainly of pure-breed (82.5%) male neutered (52.9%) dogs. Over two-thirds of owners (67.7%) changed their dog's diet after their dog received a diagnosis of IE. Nearly half of the owners (45.8%) reported giving DS, the most common being coconut oil or derived medium-chain triglyceride oil (71.3%). Some owner justifications of DS use included improvement of seizure frequency (88.2%), seizure severity (61.8%) and protection from potential drug side effects (62.5%). Many owners give DS to their dog with IE. The pharmacokinetic properties of anti-epileptic drugs, such as efficacy, absorption and clearance can be influenced by other medications, diets and possibly by DS. We propose that use of DS should be considered and monitored by veterinary surgeons in epilepsy management.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Recent pet food recalls for insufficient dietary thiamine have highlighted the importance of adequate thiamine intake in dogs and cats, as thiamine is an essential dietary nutrient with a critical role in energy metabolism. Prolonged thiamine deficiency leads to clinical signs that can span several organ systems, and deficiency can be fatal if not reversed. In this review, the current knowledge of thiamine metabolism will be summarized. Dietary recommendations for dogs and cats will be discussed, and the risk factors and clinical signs associated with thiamine deficiency will be examined.
Collapse
|
11
|
Dieste-Pérez L, Dobak TP, Vilaplana Grosso FR, Bergmann W, Tobias TJ. Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of the brain and cervical spinal cord in an edema disease affected pig. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 60:E15-E19. [PMID: 28681491 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A 7-week-old male pig was presented with signs of a central nervous system disorder. An MRI of the head and cervical spine was performed immediately after euthanasia. The MRI revealed multifocal bilaterally symmetric T2-weighted hyperintense lesions in the brain and spinal cord, likely due to a toxic metabolic process. Histopathological examination supported the MRI findings and confirmed the diagnosis of edema disease due to Shiga-like toxin produced by Escherichia coli. This is the first case published of the MRI findings in an edema disease affected pig.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Dieste-Pérez
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tetyda P Dobak
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wilhelmina Bergmann
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tijs J Tobias
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang YP, Chiu PY, Lin CT, Liu IH, Liu CH. Outbreak of thiamine deficiency in cats associated with the feeding of defective dry food. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 19:336-343. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15625353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to determine disease progression, association between neurological signs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and long-term outcome in feline thiamine deficiency associated with defective dry food. Methods The clinical records of 17 cats diagnosed with thiamine deficiency related to a defective dry food were examined and data collected. The thiamine level in the food was analysed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results The thiamine level in the food was below the recommendation of the National Research Council. Fifteen cats were fed the food exclusively. Prior to the acute development of neurological signs, most cats displayed non-specific signs such as anorexia, lethargy or vomiting. Vestibular signs of varying severity were observed in 94% of the cats, and all but one of these presented with bilateral dysfunction. Other main neurological signs included altered mentation (76%), blindness (59%) and seizures (59%). Moreover, 80% of the cats with seizures presented with cluster seizures or status epilepticus. MRI abnormalities consistent with findings reported in the previous literature were detected in five cases. MRI was unremarkable in one cat with ongoing severe neurological signs even though thiamine had been administered. Most surviving cats recovered rapidly within 2 weeks of treatment and had either returned to normal or had minimal neurological signs at the 2 month follow-up. One cat recovered slowly over 6 months. Most cats with seizures in the initial stage of the disease remained seizure free at the 24 month follow-up. Conclusions and relevance This study documented the association between feline thiamine deficiency and defective dry food. MRI examination provided valuable information in the diagnosis. However, normal MRI findings do not exclude the diagnosis of feline thiamine deficiency, especially once thiamine has been supplemented. MRI findings also may not always reflect the neurological status or severity. If treated promptly, most cats will recover rapidly with a good outcome. Occasionally, recovery may be slow and take several months.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Pei Chang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Section of Small Animal Surgery, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Section of Small Animal Surgery, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Tien Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Section of Small Animal Surgery, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ertelt K, Oevermann A, Precht C, Lauper J, Henke D, Gorgas D. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN SMALL RUMINANTS WITH BRAIN DISEASE. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:162-9. [PMID: 26776819 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain disease is an important cause of neurologic deficits in small ruminants, however few MRI features have been described. The aim of this retrospective, case series study was to describe MRI characteristics in a group of small ruminants with confirmed brain disease. A total of nine small ruminants (six sheep and three goats) met inclusion criteria. All had neurologic disorders localized to the brain and histopathologic confirmation. In animals with toxic-metabolic diseases, there were bilaterally symmetric MRI lesions affecting either the gray matter (one animal with polioencephalomalacia) or the white matter (two animals with enterotoxemia). In animals with suppurative inflammation, asymmetric focal brainstem lesions were present (two animals with listeric encephalitis), or lesions typical of an intra-axial (one animal) or dural abscess (one animal), respectively. No MRI lesions were detected in one animal with suspected viral cerebellitis and one animal with parasitic migration tracts. No neoplastic or vascular lesions were identified in this case series. Findings from the current study supported the use of MRI for diagnosing brain diseases in small ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Ertelt
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, and Division of Neurological Sciences, DCR-VPH, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christina Precht
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josiane Lauper
- Division of Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diana Henke
- Division of Clinical Neurology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Gorgas
- Division of Clinical Radiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rusbridge C, Long S, Jovanovik J, Milne M, Berendt M, Bhatti SFM, De Risio L, Farqhuar RG, Fischer A, Matiasek K, Muñana K, Patterson EE, Pakozdy A, Penderis J, Platt S, Podell M, Potschka H, Stein VM, Tipold A, Volk HA. International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force recommendations for a veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:194. [PMID: 26319136 PMCID: PMC4594743 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases in veterinary practice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is regarded as an important diagnostic test to reach the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy. However, given that the diagnosis requires the exclusion of other differentials for seizures, the parameters for MRI examination should allow the detection of subtle lesions which may not be obvious with existing techniques. In addition, there are several differentials for idiopathic epilepsy in humans, for example some focal cortical dysplasias, which may only apparent with special sequences, imaging planes and/or particular techniques used in performing the MRI scan. As a result, there is a need to standardize MRI examination in veterinary patients with techniques that reliably diagnose subtle lesions, identify post-seizure changes, and which will allow for future identification of underlying causes of seizures not yet apparent in the veterinary literature. There is a need for a standardized veterinary epilepsy-specific MRI protocol which will facilitate more detailed examination of areas susceptible to generating and perpetuating seizures, is cost efficient, simple to perform and can be adapted for both low and high field scanners. Standardisation of imaging will improve clinical communication and uniformity of case definition between research studies. A 6–7 sequence epilepsy-specific MRI protocol for veterinary patients is proposed and further advanced MR and functional imaging is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rusbridge
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, Surrey, UK.
| | - Sam Long
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jelena Jovanovik
- Fitzpatrick Referrals, Halfway Lane, Eashing, Godalming, GU7 2QQ, Surrey, UK.
| | - Marjorie Milne
- University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Weibee, 3015, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mette Berendt
- Department of Veterinary and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Sofie F M Bhatti
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, 9820, Belgium.
| | - Luisa De Risio
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, CB8 7UU, Suffolk, UK.
| | - Robyn G Farqhuar
- Fernside Veterinary Centre, 205 Shenley Road, Borehamwood, SG9 0TH, Hertfordshire, UK.
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical & Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Karen Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1052 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Edward E Patterson
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, D426 Veterinary Medical Center, 1352 Boyd Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Akos Pakozdy
- Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jacques Penderis
- Vet Extra Neurology, Broadleys Veterinary Hospital, Craig Leith Road, Stirling, FK7 7LE, Stirlingshire, UK.
| | - Simon Platt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Michael Podell
- Chicago Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3123 N. Clybourn Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60618, USA.
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximillians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Veronika M Stein
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bentley RT. Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of brain tumors in dogs. Vet J 2015; 205:204-16. [PMID: 25792181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A great deal of information is now available regarding the range of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of many primary and secondary brain tumors from dogs. In this review, these canine neoplasms are grouped into meningeal masses, ventricular masses, intra-axial enhancing lesions, intra-axial mildly to non-enhancing lesions, and multifocal lesions. For each of these patterns, the major and sporadic neoplastic differential diagnoses are provided, and guidance on how to rank differential diagnoses for each individual patient is presented. The implication of MRI features such as contrast-enhancement, signal intensities and location is discussed. However, the information garnered from MRI must be correlated with all available clinical information and with epidemiological data before creating a differential diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Timothy Bentley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bilateral Telencephalic Gliomatosis Cerebri in a Dog. Case Rep Vet Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/915808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old intact male Lagotto Romagnolo was presented with forebrain signs. Neuroanatomic localization was diffuse prosencephalon. MRI revealed diffuse, bilateral, and symmetric T2 and FLAIR hyperintensities in the parieto-occipital white matter and corpus callosum. No mass effect or contrast enhancement was noted. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid revealed normal protein content and mild mononuclear pleocytosis. Atypical cells were not identified. 15 days later because of the worsening of clinical condition the patient was euthanized upon owner’s request. Neuropathological investigations were consistent with gliomatosis cerebri (GC). Such an unusual imaging pattern appeared similar to some cases of human GC and to a previous reported case in a dog, suggesting a possible repeatable imaging findings for this rare brain neoplasm. GC should be included in the MRI differentials for diffuse bilateral white matter signal changes and specific MRI findings described in this report may help in reaching a presumptive diagnosis of this tumor.
Collapse
|
17
|
Moon SJ, Kang MH, Park HM. Clinical signs, MRI features, and outcomes of two cats with thiamine deficiency secondary to diet change. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:499-502. [PMID: 23820206 PMCID: PMC3885747 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.4.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cats were presented with vestibular signs and seizures. Both cats were diagnosed with thiamine deficiency. The transverse and dorsal T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images revealed the presence of bilateral hyperintense lesions at specific nuclei of the midbrain, cerebellum, and brainstem. After thiamine supplementation, the clinical signs gradually improved. Repeated MR images taken 3 weeks after thiamine supplementation had started showed that the lesions were nearly resolved. This case report describes the clinical and MR findings associated with thiamine deficiency in two cats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So-Jeung Moon
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bischoff K, Rumbeiha WK. Pet food recalls and pet food contaminants in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 42:237-50, v. [PMID: 22381176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most pet foods are safe, but incidents of chemical contamination occur and lead to illness and recalls. There were 11 major pet food recalls in the United States between 1996 and 2010 that were due to chemical contaminants or misformulations: 3 aflatoxin, 3 excess vitamin D3, 1 excess methionine, 3 inadequate thiamine, and 1 adulteration with melamine and related compounds and an additional 2 warnings concerning a Fanconilike renal syndrome in dogs after ingesting large amounts of chicken jerky treat products. This article describes clinical findings and treatment of animals exposed to the most common pet food contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Bischoff
- New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center, PO Box 5786, Room A2, 232, Ithaca, NY 13081, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
The neurology of balance: Function and dysfunction of the vestibular system in dogs and cats. Vet J 2010; 185:247-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Palus V, Penderis J, Jakovljevic S, Cherubini GB. Thiamine deficiency in a cat: resolution of MRI abnormalities following thiamine supplementation. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:807-10. [PMID: 20674425 PMCID: PMC7128264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential component of a number of metabolic pathways and thiamine deficiency results in a progressive encephalopathy in both humans and animals. Confirming thiamine deficiency is problematic and relies on demonstrating reduced red blood cells transketolase activity, or indirect methods including urinary organic acid analysis and dietary analysis. The characteristic and selective vulnerability of different brain regions in carnivores has been demonstrated by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the dog and cat as an aid to diagnosis. A 2-year-old, female, domestic shorthair cat was presented with an acute onset of seizures and ataxia. MR imaging was consistent with thiamine deficiency and supplementation resulted in a progressive clinical improvement. Repeated MR imaging 4 days after starting thiamine supplementation revealed near complete resolution of the MR abnormalities. Repeated MR imaging following appropriate therapy may be useful to further confirm thiamine deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Palus
- Dick White Referrals, Veterinary Specialist Centre, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lee K, Yamada K, Tsuneda R, Kishimoto M, Shimizu J, Kobayashi Y, Furuoka H, Matsui T, Sasaki N, Ishii M, Inokuma H, Iwasaki T, Miyake Y. Clinical experience of using multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of disorders in cattle. Vet Rec 2010; 165:559-62. [PMID: 19897870 DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.19.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To determine the clinical usefulness of multidetector-row CT for the diagnosis of disorders in cattle, images were obtained from 27 cattle, which were then subjected to postmortem and histopathological examinations. The cattle were divided into three categories of disorder: neurological (18 cases), skeletal (four cases) and other (five cases). In five cattle, which were suspected to have brain diseases, no abnormalities were identified by either CT or histopathological examination. Eight types of lesions were detected by CT in the cattle with neurological and vestibular disorders. The diseases diagnosed included hydrocephalus (three cases), intracranial arachnoid cysts (three cases), otitis media (five cases), cerebral abscess (one case), meningoencephalocele (one case), porencephaly (one case), bicephalus (one case) and rupture of the spinal cord (one case). Lesions were identified in all the cattle with skeletal disorders, including luxation (two cases), fracture (two cases), spondylosis (one case) and congenital disorders of the skeletal system (one case). Morphological disorders in the eyes (one case), nasal cavity (two cases), frontal sinuses (one case), thyroid glands (two cases), lung fields (two cases) and abdominal organs (two cases) were diagnosed by CT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
COOPER JOCELYNJ, LEVINE JONATHANM, YOUNG BENJAMIND, HICKS DANIELG, HOFFMAN ANTON, BRATTON GERALD. IMAGING DIAGNOSISâMAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PSEUDOLESION ASSOCIATED WITH THE PETROUS TEMPORAL BONE. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2010; 51:39-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2009.01618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
23
|
Hecht S, Adams WH. MRI of Brain Disease in Veterinary Patients Part 2: Acquired Brain Disorders. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:39-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
24
|
Elwood C, Devauchelle P, Elliott J, Freiche V, German AJ, Gualtieri M, Hall E, den Hertog E, Neiger R, Peeters D, Roura X, Savary-Bataille K. Emesis in dogs: a review. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:4-22. [PMID: 20137004 PMCID: PMC7167204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emesis is a common presenting sign in small animal practice. It requires a rational approach to management that is based upon a sound understanding of pathophysiology combined with logical decision making. This review, which assesses the weight of available evidence, outlines the physiology of the vomiting reflex, causes of emesis, the consequences of emesis and the approach to clinical management of the vomiting dog. The applicability of diagnostic testing modalities and the merit of traditional approaches to management, such as dietary changes, are discussed. The role and usefulness of both traditional and novel anti-emetic drugs is examined, including in specific circumstances such as following cytotoxic drug treatment. The review also examines areas in which common clinical practice is not necessarily supported by objective evidence and, as such, highlights questions worthy of further clinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Elwood
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin, Hertfordshire SG5 3HR
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kent M, Platt SR, Rech RR, Neravanda D, Uhl EW, Schatzberg SJ. Clinicopathologic and magnetic resonance imaging characteristics associated with polioencephalomyelopathy in a Shih Tzu. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2009; 235:551-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.235.5.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Schatzberg SJ. Disorders of the Brain. HANDBOOK OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE 2008. [PMCID: PMC7152123 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3949-5.50027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Schenk HC, Ganter M, Seehusen F, Schroeder C, Gerdwilker A, Baumgaertner W, Tipold A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Metabolic and Toxic Disorders of 3 Small Ruminants. J Vet Intern Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
29
|
Viitmaa R, Cizinauskas S, Bergamasc LA, Kuusela E, Pascoe P, Teppo AM, Jokinen T, Kivisaari L, Snellman M. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Finnish Spitz Dogs with Focal Epilepsy. J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|