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Mariani CL, Niman ZE, Boozer LB, Ruterbories LK, Early PJ, Muñana KR, Olby NJ. Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with neoplastic or inflammatory central nervous system disorders. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:1873-1883. [PMID: 34105831 PMCID: PMC8295675 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key molecular driver of angiogenesis and vascular permeability and is expressed by a wide variety of neoplasms. Although blood VEGF concentrations have been quantified in intracranial tumors of dogs, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) VEGF concentration might be a more sensitive biomarker of disease. Objective Concentrations of VEGF in CSF are higher in dogs with central nervous system (CNS) neoplasia compared to those with meningoencephalomyelitis and other neurologic disorders. Animals One hundred and twenty‐six client‐owned dogs presented to a veterinary teaching hospital. Methods Case‐control study. Cerebrospinal fluid was archived from dogs diagnosed with CNS neoplasia and meningoencephalomyelitis. Control dogs had other neurological disorders or diseases outside of the CNS. A commercially available kit was used to determine VEGF concentrations. Results Detectable CSF VEGF concentrations were present in 49/63 (77.8%) neoplastic samples, 22/24 (91.7%) inflammatory samples, and 8/39 (20.5%) control samples. The VEGF concentrations were significantly different between groups (P < .0001), and multiple comparison testing showed that both neoplastic and inflammatory groups had significantly higher concentrations than did controls (P < .05), but did not differ from each other. Gliomas and choroid plexus tumors had significantly higher VEGF concentrations than did the control group (P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cerebrospinal fluid VEGF concentrations may serve as a marker of neoplastic and inflammatory CNS disorders relative to other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Mariani
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary E Niman
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lindsay B Boozer
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura K Ruterbories
- Comparative Neuroimmunology and Neuro-oncology Laboratory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter J Early
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen R Muñana
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Mander KA, Finnie JW. Tumour angiogenesis, anti-angiogenic therapy and chemotherapeutic resistance. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:371-378. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KA Mander
- Adelaide Medical School; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - JW Finnie
- Adelaide Medical School; University of Adelaide; Adelaide South Australia Australia
- SA Pathology Centre for Neurological Diseases; Adelaide South Australia Australia
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3
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Frenz M, Kaup FJ, Neumann S. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor in dogs with haemangiosarcoma and haematoma. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:257-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Sobczyńska-Rak A, Polkowska I, Silmanowicz P. Elevated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) levels in the blood serum of dogs with malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:362-71. [PMID: 24659713 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2014.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays an essential role in the development of a neoplastic tumour by conditioning both its growth and the formation of metastases. The induction of blood vessel growth occurs under the influence of proangiogenic factors, among which Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) seems to be the most important. The aim of this research was to study the level of VEGF measured by ELISA in the serum of dogs with neoplasms of the oral cavity. The study material comprised samples of neoplastic tissue from 17 operated dogs and the serum of the examined animals as well as of dogs from the control group. The tissue samples were taken from dogs of different breeds, aged 6-14 years. The tumour type was determined in accordance with the applicable WHO classification. Blood samples taken from sick dogs and from animals of the control group were centrifuged, and immunoenzymatic labelling of VEGF was performed in the obtained serum using ELISA and R&D system reagents (Quantikine Canine VEGF). All stages of VEGF labelling were performed according to the recommendation of the test manufacturer. The median of VEGF in the serum of the dogs with neoplasms of the oral cavity was 40.64 pg/mL. The lowest value of 14.26 pg/mL was observed in the case of fibrosarcoma, and the highest value of 99.19 pg/mL in the case of squamous cell carcinoma. The VEGF median in the control group amounted to 11.14 pg/mL whereas the VEGF value in the groups of animals diagnosed with benign tumours ranged between 2.30 and 19.74 pg/mL. Elevated VEGF in the blood serum, in comparison with the benign tumour group and the control group, was observed in all examined neoplasms of the oral cavity. It was suggested that overexpression of VEGF can have a prognostic value and is useful in the early detection of neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sobczyńska-Rak
- 1 University of Life Sciences in Lublin Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Lublin Poland
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- 1 University of Life Sciences in Lublin Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Lublin Poland
| | - Piotr Silmanowicz
- 1 University of Life Sciences in Lublin Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Lublin Poland
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5
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Balicki I, Sobczyńska-Rak A. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in dogs diagnosed with chronic superficial keratitis. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:22-32. [PMID: 24334076 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in dogs diagnosed with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK). The study was performed on 25 German shepherds (14 males and 11 females, aged between 3 and 11 years). The VEGF levels were determined in blood serum using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Quantikine Canine VEGF Immunoassay, R&D Systems). The test group of affected German shepherds was subdivided into two subgroups, based on the area of corneal neovascularisation. The first subgroup (9 patients) comprised dogs with neovascularisation observed in 1 to 2 quadrants of the right and left cornea, while the second subgroup (16 patients) comprised dogs with neovascularisation observed in 3 to 4 quadrants of the right and left cornea. The control group comprised 12 clinically healthy German shepherds (7 males and 5 females, aged between 3 and 9 years). The results were then statistically analysed by the Mann-Whitney test. The study indicated that the median serum VEGF concentration in healthy dogs was 14.9 pg/mL. The VEGF level observed in sick German shepherds was elevated (19.5 pg/mL) as compared to the values found in healthy dogs; however, a statistically significant increase in VEGF concentration, as compared to the values observed in healthy dogs, was only noted in the first subgroup, where the median VEGF concentration was 22.0 pg/mL. Elevated serum VEGF concentration was observed in German shepherds diagnosed with CSK. A statistically significant increase in VEGF levels was observed in dogs in the first stage of the disease, i.e. the early stage of neovascularisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Balicki
- 1 University of Life Sciences in Lublin Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Gleboka 30 20-612 Lublin Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sobczyńska-Rak
- 1 University of Life Sciences in Lublin Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Gleboka 30 20-612 Lublin Poland
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6
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Borgatti A. Binding of VEGF-A to canine cancer cells with preferential expression of VEGFR1. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.1-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Graf C, Raila J, Schweigert FJ, Kohn B. Effect of leukoreduction treatment on vascular endothelial growth factor concentration in stored canine blood transfusion products. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:2001-6. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.12.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Queiroz GF, Dagli MLZ, Meira SA, Matera JM. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor in dogs with soft tissue sarcomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 11:230-5. [PMID: 22372675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2011.00316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in 25 dogs with soft tissue sarcoma, and in 30 healthy dogs. Blood was collected once time from the control animals and three times, in the same way, from animals with sarcoma. Blood count was performed in the blood collected, and serum VEGF was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay quantitative method. Serum VEGF in control animals was similar to patients with soft tissue sarcoma. There was a reduction in serum VEGF after the sarcoma resection. There was positive correlation between serum VEGF and neutrophil counts, and negative between VEGF and hemoglobin content in animals with sarcoma. Animals with hemangiopericytoma showed higher serum VEGF levels compared to the patients with malignant peripheral nerve sheath. Circulating blood cells can contribute to elevate VEGF serum concentrations in dogs with soft tissue sarcomas and a possible role of VEGF in the angiogenesis of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fernandes de Queiroz
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Mossoró, RN, Brazil
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Sandberg CA, Herring IP, Huckle WR, LeRoith T, Pickett JP, Rossmeisl JH. Aqueous humor vascular endothelial growth factor in dogs: association with intraocular disease and the development of pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 15 Suppl 1:21-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Abrams KL, Stabila PF, Kauper K, Elliott S. Vascular endothelial growth factor in diabetic and nondiabetic canine cataract patients. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:93-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pancotto T, Rossmeisl JH, Panciera DL, Zimmerman KL. Blood-brain-barrier disruption in chronic canine hypothyroidism. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:485-93. [PMID: 20874830 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of hypothyroidism have been associated with cerebrovascular complications. Reports of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities are rare in hypothyroid dogs. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine if chronic hypothyroidism causes blood-brain-barrier (BBB) abnormalities that are detectable using indirect CSF biomarkers. METHODS The study included 18 normal, euthyroid, female mixed-breed dogs. Hypothyroidism was induced by (131) iodine administration in 9 dogs; 9 served as untreated controls. Evaluations included physical and neurologic examination, complete CSF analysis, serum and CSF protein electrophoresis, measurement of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and serum S-100B concentrations, and calculation of CSF albumin quota (AQ) and were conducted at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months after induction of hypothyroidism. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS At baseline, differences between groups were not detected for any variable. Throughout the study, controls dogs remained free of neurologic disease and had test variables that remained within reference intervals. Two hypothyroid dogs developed CNS signs during the study, and evidence of cerebrovascular disease was found at necropsy. At 12 and 18 months, the CSF total protein, VEGF, S-100B, and fractional albumin concentrations, and AQ were significantly higher (P<.04) in hypothyroid dogs than controls. Among test variables assayed in serum or plasma, the only significant difference was a higher S-100B concentration in hypothyroid dogs (P=.003) at 18 months. CONCLUSIONS BBB integrity is disrupted in chronic hypothyroidism. Significant increases in CSF concentrations of VEGF and S100-B in hypothyroid dogs indicate dysfunction in both endothelial and glial elements of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pancotto
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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12
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Zizzo N, Patruno R, Zito FA, Di Summa A, Tinelli A, Troilo S, Misino A, Ruggieri E, Goffredo V, Gadaleta CD, Ranieri G. Vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations from platelets correlate with tumor angiogenesis and grading in a spontaneous canine non-Hodgkin lymphoma model. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:291-6. [PMID: 20001231 DOI: 10.3109/10428190903452818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Published data strongly suggest that tumor progression and malignancy are associated with increased angiogenesis. However, no data have been published concerning the relationship between microvascular density (MVD), tumor cytosol, and blood vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations in canine non-Hodgkin lymphoma (C-NHL), a neoplasm that shares biological and clinical characteristics with human NHL. We have evaluated MVD and tumor cytosol, serum (S), platelet-poor plasma (P-PP), plasma-activated platelet rich (P-APR) VEGF concentration in a series of 63 B-cells C-NHL by means of immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) detection of VEGF. We found that MVD, VEGF from cytosol, and VEGF from P-APR are significantly correlated (p ranging from 0.001 to 0.003) and that these parameters paralleled with the malignancy degree of NHL. Accordingly, spontaneous C-NHL seems to be an interesting model to study the role of angiogenesis as interspecies pathway of tumor malignancy and we suggest that VEGF from P-APR might be a novel useful circulating bio-marker of tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Zizzo
- Department of Animal Health and Well-Being, University of Bari Veterinary Medical School, Bari, Italy
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13
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Thamm DH, O'Brien MG, Vail DM. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations and postsurgical outcome in dogs with osteosarcoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 6:126-32. [PMID: 19178672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2007.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key angiogenic growth factor, playing putative roles in both tumour growth and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to correlate pretreatment serum concentrations of VEGF in dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA) with disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS). Additionally, the effect of serum from dogs with OSA on ex vivo canine endothelial cell (EC) growth was determined. Pretreatment platelet-corrected serum VEGF levels correlated significantly with DFI. No other examined variable predicted outcome. The ability of sera from dogs with OSA to stimulate canine EC proliferation did not correlate with VEGF concentration or outcome. These data support a role for VEGF in the development or progression of metastatic disease in dogs with OSA. The VEGF concentration in tested sera was not a major determinant of ex vivo canine EC proliferation in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Thamm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Animal Cancer Center, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1620, USA.
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14
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Patruno R, Arpaia N, Gadaleta CD, Passantino L, Zizzo N, Misino A, Lucarelli NM, Catino A, Valerio P, Ribatti D, Ranieri G. VEGF concentration from plasma-activated platelets rich correlates with microvascular density and grading in canine mast cell tumour spontaneous model. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:555-61. [PMID: 18429933 PMCID: PMC3822515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumour (CMCT) is a common cutaneous tumour in dog, with a higher incidence than in human. CMCT is classified in three subgroups, well and intermediately differentiated (G1 and G2), corresponding to a benign disease, and poorly differentiated (G3), corresponding to a malignant disease, which metastasize to lymph nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow. In this study, we have evaluated serum (S), platelet-poor plasma (P-PP), plasma-activated platelet rich (P-APR) and cytosol vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations, microvascular density (MVD) and mast cell density (MCD) in a series of 86 CMCTs and we have correlated these parameters with each other, by means of ELISA detection of VEGF and immunohistochemistry. Results show that VEGF level from cytosol P-APR and MVD were significantly higher in G3 CMCTs as compared to G1 or G2 subgroups. Moreover, a significantly strong correlation among VEGF levels from P-PAR and cytosol, MVD and MCD was found in G3 subgroup. Because VEGF levels from P-APR well correlated with MVD and malignancy grade in CMCT, we suggest that VEGF might be secreted from MCs and it may be a suitable surrogate inter-species angiogenetic markers of tumour progression in CMCT. Finally, CMCT seems to be a useful model to study the role of MCs in tumour angiogenesis and inhibition of MCs degranulation or activation might be a new anti-angiogenic strategy worthy to further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Patruno
- Department of Animal Health and Well-Being, University of Bari Veterinary Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Rossmeisl JH, Duncan RB, Huckle WR, Troy GC. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in tumors and plasma from dogs with primary intracranial neoplasms. Am J Vet Res 2008; 68:1239-45. [PMID: 17975980 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.11.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively evaluate expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in intracranial tumors in dogs and determine whether relationships exist between circulating and intratumoral VEGF concentrations and tumor type and grade. ANIMALS 27 dogs with primary intracranial neoplasms and 4 unaffected control dogs. PROCEDURES Plasma and brain tumor samples were obtained from each dog, and plasma and intratumoral concentrations of VEGF were measured by use of an ELISA. RESULTS Dogs with meningiomas (n = 11) were significantly older than dogs with oligodendrogliomas (7) or astrocytomas (9). Measurable VEGF was detected in all tumors, and a significant negative correlation between age and intratumoral VEGF concentration was detected. Age-adjusted comparisons identified significant differences in intratumoral VEGF concentrations among all tumor types; the highest VEGF concentrations were associated with astrocytomas. Within each tumor type, increasing tumor grade was significantly associated with increasing VEGF expression. Plasma VEGF concentrations were detectable in 9 of 27 dogs; the proportion of dogs with astrocytomas and a detectable circulating VEGF concentration (7/9 dogs) was significantly higher than the proportion of dogs with meningiomas (1/11 dogs) or oligodendrogliomas (1/7 dogs) with a detectable circulating VEGF concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Overexpression of VEGF appears common in canine astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and meningiomas. In the neoplasms examined, intratumoral VEGF concentrations correlated well with tumor malignancy. The VEGF expression patterns paralleled those of analogous human tumors, providing evidence that dogs are a suitable species in which to study angiogenesis and intracranial neoplasia for human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Rossmeisl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Kato Y, Asano K, Mogi T, Kutara K, Teshima K, Edamura K, Tsumagari S, Hasegawa A, Tanaka S. Clinical Significance of Circulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Dogs with Mammary Gland Tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:77-80. [PMID: 17283406 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is suggested as a prognostic indicator in human patients with malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of circulating VEGF in dogs with mammary gland tumors (MGT). Both plasma and serum VEGF were significantly higher in dogs with MGT when compared with those in the healthy dogs. In dogs with MGT, the plasma and serum VEGF of the malignant group increased significantly compared with those of the benign group. Additionally, there was a significant difference between the plasma and serum VEGF in the groups with postoperative metastasis and no metastasis. Circulating VEGF is expected to be clinically available for the determination of prognosis in canine MGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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