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Fortuny-Clanchet M, Anaya C, Cairó M, Fenollosa-Romero E, González A, Costa D. Prevalence of anterior uveitis in cases of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in dogs and cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38701003 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of anterior uveitis in dogs and cats hospitalized with a diagnosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). ANIMALS STUDIED Dogs and cats hospitalized between May 2020 and January 2021 were prospectively included. PROCEDURES Patients were categorized into two different groups: The first group included patients diagnosed with SIRS, and the second group included patients hospitalized without SIRS as a control group. Daily physical and ophthalmological examinations were conducted during hospitalization. Diagnosis of anterior uveitis was made based on the presence of aqueous flare, low intraocular pressure, and other associated ocular signs such as episcleral injection and miosis. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate factors associated with SIRS and anterior uveitis development. RESULTS The study comprised 42 patients with SIRS and 26 patients without SIRS. Among those with SIRS, 38% developed anterior uveitis, whereas only 7.7% of patients without SIRS showed signs of anterior uveitis. The prevalence of uveitis was significantly higher in animals with SIRS compared to those without SIRS (p < .05). CONCLUSION Anterior uveitis is more prevalent in patients with SIRS than patients without SIRS. Therefore, complete ophthalmic examination is recommended in all patients presenting with this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Costa
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital of Hong Kong, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
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Wollanke B, Gerhards H, Ackermann K. Infectious Uveitis in Horses and New Insights in Its Leptospiral Biofilm-Related Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:387. [PMID: 35208842 PMCID: PMC8875353 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is a sight-threatening eye disease in equids known worldwide that leads to considerable pain and suffering. By far the most common type of uveitis in Germany and neighboring countries is classical equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), which is caused by chronic intraocular leptospiral infection and is the main cause of infectious uveitis in horses. Other infectious causes are extremely rare and are usually clinically distinguishable from ERU. ERU can be treated very effectively by vitreous cavity lavage (vitrectomy). For proper indications of this demanding surgery, it is necessary to differentiate ERU from other types of uveitis in which vitrectomy is not helpful. This can be conducted on the basis of anamnesis in combination with ophthalmologic findings and by aqueous humor examination. During vitrectomy, vitreous material is obtained. These vitreous samples have historically been used for numerous etiologic studies. In this way, a chronic intraocular leptospiral infection has been shown to be the cause of typical ERU and, among other findings, ERU has also been recognized as a biofilm infection, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of ERU and explaining some thus far unexplainable phenomena of ERU. ERU may not only have transmissible aspects to some types of uveitis in humans but may also serve as a model for a spontaneously occurring biofilm infection. Vitreous material obtained during therapeutically indicated vitrectomy can be used for further studies on in vivo biofilm formation, biofilm composition and possible therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wollanke
- Equine Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (H.G.); (K.A.)
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Flores MM, Del Piero F, Habecker PL, Langohr IM. A retrospective histologic study of 140 cases of clinically significant equine ocular disorders. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:382-388. [PMID: 32207378 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720912698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases are an important category in equine medicine; however, most articles regarding histologic ocular lesions in horses are exclusive to a specific condition and do not provide a complete review of clinically significant ocular disease frequency in a diagnostic laboratory. We reviewed sections of equine eyes from 140 cases (98 enucleations [biopsies] and 42 autopsies) with clinically relevant ocular alterations at 2 diagnostic centers in the United States. The most common primary conditions were non-traumatic keratitis (36), equine recurrent uveitis (ERU; 31), traumatic injuries (22), ocular and periocular neoplasms (19), and uveitis and/or endophthalmitis resulting from sepsis (18). Congenital anomalies (3) and retinal atrophy and detachment alone (3) were infrequent. Non-traumatic keratitis was frequently accompanied by anterior uveitis (22), corneal rupture (16), pre-iridal fibrovascular membrane formation (13), and secondary mycotic infection (11). ERU was the second and third most prevalent disease in autopsies and enucleations, respectively. This condition was commonly associated with glaucoma (15). Glaucoma (25) and cataract (20) were the most prevalent secondary alterations in the evaluated cases. Keratitis (20) and corneal rupture (16) were among the most prevalent consequences of trauma. Information presented herein may guide clinicians and pathologists, contributing to the early diagnosis of potentially vision-impairing conditions and raising the chances of successful treatment and cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Flores
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
| | - Fabio Del Piero
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
| | - Perry L Habecker
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
| | - Ingeborg M Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA (Flores, Del Piero, Langohr).,Large Animal Pathology Service, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (Habecker).,Current address: Departamento de Patologia, Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil (Flores)
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Tarancón I, Leiva M, Jose‐Cunilleras E, Ríos J, Peña T. Ophthalmologic findings associated with
Rhodococcus equi
bronchopneumonia in foals. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22:660-665. [DOI: 10.1111/vop.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iciar Tarancón
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Unitat Equina‐Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Marta Leiva
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Servei d’Oftalmologia de la Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Facultat de Veterinària Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Eduard Jose‐Cunilleras
- Servei de Medicina Interna Equina, Unitat Equina‐Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - José Ríos
- Medical Statistics Core FacilityInstitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) and Hospital Clinic Barcelona Spain
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of MedicineUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Teresa Peña
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animal, Facultat de Veterinària Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
- Servei d’Oftalmologia de la Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Facultat de Veterinària Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
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General Systemic States. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7195945 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hytychová T, Bezděková B. Retrospective evaluation of blood culture isolates and sepsis survival rate in foals in the Czech Republic: 50 cases (2011-2013). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015. [PMID: 26220509 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the specific pathogens causing sepsis in hospitalized foals in the Czech Republic and identify important factors associated with their survival. DESIGN A retrospective study from 2011 to 2013. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Fifty compromised foals. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS Blood was aseptically collected for bacterial culture from compromised foals. The foals were classified as septic according to a positive blood culture result or sepsis score ≥11. Blood cultures were positive in 44% of the foals. In these positive cultures, 27.3% had only Gram-positive (G+) bacteria and 54.5% had only Gram-negative (G-) bacteria. A mixed bacterial population was presented in 18.2% of the positive cultures. Thirty-six foals were classified as septic on the basis of positive blood culture or a sepsis score ≥11. In the group of foals that did not survive, there were significantly more foals with low levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) than foals with normal levels of IgG (P < 0.0001). We also found a significant difference in the proportion of foals with low levels of IgG and positive blood cultures when compared to negative blood cultures. Twenty-six of the 50 foals were discharged from the hospital. Survival was significantly lower in foals with a diagnosis of sepsis than in foals without sepsis. There was no statistically significant difference between foals that died as a result of infection caused by G- or G+ pathogens. There was no difference in the proportion of survivors that did or did not receive antimicrobials prior to admission. CONCLUSIONS In our study, we confirmed the increasing trend for G+ bacteria in blood cultures but G- still predominate. The percentage of nonsurviving septic foals was high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tat'ana Hytychová
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Bezděková
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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Malalana F, Stylianides A, McGowan C. Equine recurrent uveitis: Human and equine perspectives. Vet J 2015; 206:22-9. [PMID: 26188862 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous disease characterised by repeated episodes of intraocular inflammation. The epidemiology of ERU has not been fully elucidated, but the condition appears to be much more common in horses than is recurrent uveitis in humans, especially in certain breeds and geographical regions. Both humans and horses show a similarly altered immune response and a marked autoimmune response as the primary disease pathophysiology. However, an inciting cause is not always clear. Potential inciting factors in horses include microbial agents such as Leptospira spp. Microbial factors and genetic predisposition to the disease may provide clues as to why the horse appears so susceptible to this disease. The aim of this review is to discuss the immunology and genetics of ERU, compare the disease in horses with autoimmune anterior uveitis in humans, and discuss potential reasons for the increased prevalence in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Amira Stylianides
- St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Catherine McGowan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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Barsotti G, Sgorbini M, Marmorini P, Corazza M. Ocular abnormalities in healthy Standardbred foals. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 16:245-50. [PMID: 22943566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and describe ocular abnormalities in healthy Standardbred foals within 48 h of birth. ANIMALS One hundred and two neonatal foals. PROCEDURES All foals had an unassisted delivery. On the basis of physical examination and the results of hematological and biochemical parameters, all foals were unaffected by systemic diseases. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed within 48 h of birth. Foals with ocular hemorrhages were re-examined weekly until the abnormalities were resolved. RESULTS 65/102 (63.7%) foals did not show ocular abnormalities, while in 37/102 (36.3%) cases, ocular abnormalities were present. Retinal and subconjunctival hemorrhages were recorded in 19/102 (18.6%), and in 13/102 (12.7%), respectively. In 4/102 (3.9%) animals, an entropion of the lower eyelid was present. Only one foal (1%) showed a congenital nuclear unilateral cataract. No other ocular abnormalities were detected. However, all foals showed various degrees of remnants of hyaloid system. One week after the first ocular examination, retinal hemorrhages had resolved in 100% of the eyes, whereas subconjunctival hemorrhages had disappeared in all eyes by the second week following the first examination. CONCLUSIONS The acquired ocular lesions observed with relatively high frequency in the examined healthy Standardbred foals were ocular hemorrhages, which always showed a good outcome. Although these abnormalities were present at birth, they were not considered strictly congenital but likely acquired during parturition. Instead, congenital ocular abnormalities were rarely diagnosed, and the entropion of the lower eyelid was the most common disease in the breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barsotti
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, University of Pisa, 56122 San Piero a Grado, Pisa, Italy.
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Labelle AL, Hamor RE, Townsend WM, Mitchell MA, Zarfoss MK, Breaux CB, Thomasy SM, Hall T. Ophthalmic lesions in neonatal foals evaluated for nonophthalmic disease at referral hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 239:486-92. [PMID: 21838586 DOI: 10.2460/javma.239.4.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine types and frequency of ophthalmic lesions detected in neonatal foals evaluated for nonophthalmic disease at 3 veterinary referral hospitals and to investigate associations between systemic and ophthalmic diseases in these foals. DESIGN Prospective cross-sectional study. ANIMALS 70 foals < 30 days old. PROCEDURES Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed. Signalment, clinical signs, mentation during ophthalmic examination, results of clinicopathologic tests, and diagnosis of systemic disease were recorded. Descriptive data analysis including a χ(2) test for associations was performed. RESULTS Most foals (39/70 [55.7%]) with systemic disease had ≥ 1 ophthalmic lesion detected. Of the 39 foals with ophthalmic disease, 24 (61.5%) had potentially vision-threatening lesions. Clinically important abnormalities included conjunctival hyperemia or episcleral injection (30/70 [42.9%]), uveitis (18/70 [25.7%]), ulcerative keratitis (13/70 [18.6%]), nonulcerative keratitis (10/70 [14.3%]), entropion (8/70 [11.4%]), retinal hemorrhage (8/70 [11.4%]), and cataract (6/70 [8.6%]). Foals with sepsis were significantly more likely to have uveitis than were those without sepsis. Foals with sepsis and uveitis were also significantly less likely to survive to discharge than were foals that had sepsis without uveitis. Acquired ophthalmic disease (detected in 37/70 [52.9%] foals) was significantly more common than congenital ophthalmic disease (detected in 9/70 [12.9%]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ophthalmic lesions were detected in 55.7% of neonatal foals with systemic disease. Acquired ophthalmic disease was more commonly detected than congenital ophthalmic disease. Foals with sepsis were more likely to have uveitis than were foals without sepsis. A complete ophthalmic examination is indicated in neonatal foals evaluated for systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Labelle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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A Fresh Look at the Process of Arriving at a Clinical Prognosis. Part 3: Neonatal Illness. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pumphrey SA, Pirie CG, Rozanski EA. Uveitis associated with septic peritonitis in a cat. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2011; 21:279-84. [PMID: 21631715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2011.00637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a case of bilateral uveitis believed to be a consequence of septic peritonitis in a 19-month-old cat. CASE SUMMARY Bilateral anterior uveitis with suspicion of extension to the posterior segment was documented in a previously healthy young cat during hospitalization for severe septic peritonitis. Based on medical history and other findings uveitis was believed to result from concurrent abdominal sepsis, due either to metastatic seeding of bacterial organisms or to effects of bacterial toxins and inflammatory mediators on the blood-aqueous barrier. The cat was surgically and medically managed, and made a full recovery with respect to both his ocular and his abdominal disease. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED Ocular complications secondary to systemic sepsis are well documented in people but seldom reported in the veterinary literature. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of uveitis linked to septic peritonitis in any veterinary species and the first to report sepsis-related uveitis in a cat. Ocular inflammatory disease in the context of critical illness deserves attention as a potential significant source of morbidity. The development of ocular inflammatory disease may serve as a sentinel lesion for systemic sepsis and other life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Pumphrey
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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HUTCHINSON RE. Highlights of recent clinically relevant papers. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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