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Borowska M, Lipowicz P, Daunoravičienė K, Turek B, Jasiński T, Pauk J, Domino M. Three-Dimensional Segmentation of Equine Paranasal Sinuses in Multidetector Computed Tomography Datasets: Preliminary Morphometric Assessment Assisted with Clustering Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3538. [PMID: 38894336 PMCID: PMC11175080 DOI: 10.3390/s24113538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The paranasal sinuses, a bilaterally symmetrical system of eight air-filled cavities, represent one of the most complex parts of the equine body. This study aimed to extract morphometric measures from computed tomography (CT) images of the equine head and to implement a clustering analysis for the computer-aided identification of age-related variations. Heads of 18 cadaver horses, aged 2-25 years, were CT-imaged and segmented to extract their volume, surface area, and relative density from the frontal sinus (FS), dorsal conchal sinus (DCS), ventral conchal sinus (VCS), rostral maxillary sinus (RMS), caudal maxillary sinus (CMS), sphenoid sinus (SS), palatine sinus (PS), and middle conchal sinus (MCS). Data were grouped into young, middle-aged, and old horse groups and clustered using the K-means clustering algorithm. Morphometric measurements varied according to the sinus position and age of the horses but not the body side. The volume and surface area of the VCS, RMS, and CMS increased with the age of the horses. With accuracy values of 0.72 for RMS, 0.67 for CMS, and 0.31 for VCS, the possibility of the age-related clustering of CT-based 3D images of equine paranasal sinuses was confirmed for RMS and CMS but disproved for VCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Borowska
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15–351 Bialystok, Poland; (P.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Paweł Lipowicz
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15–351 Bialystok, Poland; (P.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Kristina Daunoravičienė
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 03224 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Bernard Turek
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02–787 Warsaw, Poland; (B.T.); (T.J.)
| | - Tomasz Jasiński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02–787 Warsaw, Poland; (B.T.); (T.J.)
| | - Jolanta Pauk
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Białystok University of Technology, 15–351 Bialystok, Poland; (P.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02–787 Warsaw, Poland; (B.T.); (T.J.)
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Hopfgartner T, Brown JA, Adams MN, Werre SR. Comparison of equine paranasal sinus trephination complications and outcome following standing computed tomography, radiography and sinoscopy guided approaches for the treatment of sinusitis. Vet Surg 2024; 53:54-66. [PMID: 37602997 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The recent availability of standing computed tomography (CT) for equine paranasal sinus disease has enhanced diagnosis and enabled more targeted surgery compared to radiography and sinoscopy. To date, there have been no studies which have critically evaluated the benefit of preoperative CT versus radiography and sinoscopy on complications and outcome in horses undergoing sinus trephination. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS A total of 229 equids. METHODS The medical records of equids (229) presented for sinusitis treated via trephination that had CT, radiography and/or sinoscopy at time of surgery between 2009 and 2022 were reviewed. Outcome and complications were evaluated for six different pre- and intraoperative imaging modalities. RESULTS The six groups did not differ in demographics or disease category, though equids with less weight (p = .0179) and shorter disease duration (p = .0075) were more likely to have radiography and sinoscopy based surgical planning. Short-term postoperative complications occurred in 30.1% and were higher in groups using preoperative CT imaging (p = .01), with hemorrhage being the most common surgical complication. Following initial trephination surgery, 57.0% (127/223) of cases resolved and there was no difference between the imaging groups. Final resolution after follow-up medical or surgical treatment increased to 94.6% (211/223) and was not different between the imaging groups or between primary or secondary sinusitis. Additional nasal fenestrations to improve sinonasal drainage, maxillary septal bulla fenestrations and trephinations to treat nasal conchal bullae were made in the CT groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE CT provided additional diagnostic information and enabled different surgical approaches but did not improve resolution in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Hopfgartner
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia - Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, Virginia, USA
| | - James A Brown
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia - Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, Virginia, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - M Norris Adams
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia - Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen R Werre
- Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Proost K, Boone MN, Josipovic I, Pardon B, Chiers K, Vlaminck L. Clinical insights into the three-dimensional anatomy of cheek teeth in alpacas based on micro-computed tomography - Part 2: Maxillary cheek teeth. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:6. [PMID: 34980090 PMCID: PMC8722134 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific knowledge regarding alpaca dentistry is relatively limited despite its clinical implications. The present gap in available supportive data leads to limited treatment options for dental pathology in alpacas in comparison to other species. The main goal of this study was to gain novel insights into the general and pulp morphology of maxillary cheek teeth to allow development of more advanced treatment strategies in the future. Also, the risk of causing pulp exposure when floating maxillary cheek teeth was of particular interest. Concurent research focusing on the anatomy of mandibular cheek teeth has been performed accordingly. The results obtained in mandibular teeth are expected to be non-extrapolatable because of the structural differences between mandibular and maxillary teeth. RESULTS Pulp morphology of maxillary cheek teeth showed great variation. A common pulp chamber was identified in 46/83 (55.4%) teeth with a mean dental age of 2 years and 7 months (± 2 years and 5 months). Pulpal segmentation was more commonly observed in teeth of increasing age. Full columnar segmentation was seen in 33/69 teeth (47.8%), whereas within-column segmentation was observed in 36/83 teeth (43.4%). Age and degree of segmentation of the pulpal tissue varied greatly according to Triadan position. Physical contact between roots of adjacent teeth was found in the majority of examined molars (range 82-94%) which resulted in morphological adaptations at the level of the root tips. The measured sub-occlusal dentinal thickness was as low as 0.46 mm above pulp horn 2 in a 14 years and 11 months old Triadan 09, emphasizing the risk of pulp exposure attributed to dental floating. CONCLUSION This study offers an objective description of age-dependent maxillary cheek teeth pulp morphology in alpacas. Current findings are of great value to provide a basis for the development of tooth-saving techniques as a treatment for dental disease in this species. Observed physical contact between the roots of different examined molars may be a facilitating factor in the spread of apical infection in chronically diseased cases. Finally, a conservative approach regarding dental floating is recommended in order to avoid iatrogenic damage to pulp tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Proost
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Matthieu N Boone
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, RP-UGCT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ivàn Josipovic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy - Radiation Physics, Faculty of Science, RP-UGCT, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Kau S, Mansfeld MD, Šoba A, Zwick T, Staszyk C. The facultative human oral pathogen Prevotella histicola in equine cheek tooth apical/ periapical infection: a case report. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:343. [PMID: 34717609 PMCID: PMC8556951 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevotella histicola is a facultative oral pathogen that under certain conditions causes pathologies such as caries and periodontitis in humans. Prevotella spp. also colonize the oral cavity of horses and can cause disease, but P. histicola has not yet been identified. CASE PRESENTATION A 12-year-old Tinker mare was referred to the clinic for persistent, malodorous purulent nasal discharge and quidding. Conservative antibiotic (penicillin), antiphlogistic (meloxicam), and mucolytic (dembrexine-hydrochloride) treatment prior to referral was unsuccessful and symptoms worsened. Oral examination, radiography, sino-/ rhinoscopy, and standing computed tomography revealed severe apical/ periapical infection of the upper cheek tooth 209 with accompanying unilateral sinonasal inflammation and conchal necrosis. The tooth exhibited extensive subocclusal mesial infundibular cemental hypoplasia and caries, and an occlusal fissure fracture. After mechanical debridement and thermoplastic resin filling of the spacious subocclusal carious infundibular lesion, the tooth was extracted intraorally. The sinusitis and conchal necrosis were treated transendoscopically. Selective bacteriological swab cultures of affected tooth roots and subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry showed an infection with the obligate anaerobic, Gram-negative bacterium P. histicola. Surgical intervention and adapted antibiotic therapy led to normal healing without complications. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first documented case of dental infection in a horse caused by P. histicola at once indicating necessity of more sufficient microbiological diagnostics and targeted antibiotic treatment in equine dental practice. This finding is also conducive to understand species-specific Prevotella diversity and cross-species distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Kau
- Institute of Morphology, Working Group Anatomy, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | - Timo Zwick
- Department of Equine Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery, Veterinary Clinic Gessertshausen, Gessertshausen, Germany
| | - Carsten Staszyk
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Vlaminck L, Pollaris E, Vanderperren K, Tremaine WH, Raes E. Diagnosis and Surgical Treatment of Idiopathic Primary Sino-Nasal Obstruction in Miniature Horse Breeds: Long-Term Follow-Up of Seven Cases. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:680150. [PMID: 34295933 PMCID: PMC8290127 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.680150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic sino-nasal obstruction resulting in retention of large amounts of liquid in the paranasal sinus compartments was diagnosed in seven young (2. 2 ± 0.7 years) miniature-breed horses based on clinical, endoscopic, radiographic, and CT scan examinations. The most prevalent clinical signs included decreased or no airflow from the nostril(s) (7/7) and nasal discharge (6/7). The problem presented bilaterally in six of seven cases. An alternative sino-nasal communication was created through bone flap osteotomy surgery and perforation of the ventromedial floor of the dorsal conchae in all cases, followed by fixation of silicone irrigation tubes/Foley catheters in six of seven cases to keep the newly created ostium patent. This resulted in long-term resolution of the problem with good cosmetic appearance in all animals following a median period of 19 months. Premature loss of fixed tubes was reported in three cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Vlaminck
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elke Pollaris
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien Vanderperren
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Els Raes
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals and Orthopedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Dixon PM, Kennedy R, Poll K, Barakzai S, Reardon RJM. A long-term study of sinoscopic treatment of equine paranasal sinus disease: 155 cases (2012-2019). Equine Vet J 2020; 53:979-989. [PMID: 33222250 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little objective information concerning the intra- and post-operative complications or the long-term outcome of sinoscopic treatment of equine sinus disorders. OBJECTIVES To document the long-term outcome, including intra-operative complications, reasons for treatment failure and other complications, in horses undergoing standing sinoscopic treatment of sinus disorders. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective clinical study. METHODS Records of sinus disease cases presented to The University of Edinburgh Veterinary School between January 2012 and July 2019 were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained from clinical records and a telephone questionnaire. RESULTS Long-term follow up for 155 cases treated sinoscopically showed that 108/155 (69.7%) fully responded to their initial treatment. Concurrent intranasal lesions were identified in 37.4% of cases. Sinusotomy was later required in 10 cases to improve surgical access or sinonasal drainage. Reasons for failure to fully respond to the initial treatment (n = 47) included: intra-sinus bone sequestra (n = 9), inspissated exudate (n = 6) or insects (n = 2); similar material and/or infected conchal bullae in the middle meatus (n = 7); persistent oro-maxillary fistulae (n = 4), misdiagnosed dental apical infections (n = 4); impaired sinonasal drainage (n = 4), progressive ethmoid haematoma regrowth (n = 3) and undiagnosed causes (n = 5). Further treatment of 43 of these cases (67% as outpatients) showed 34/43 cases fully responding to their second treatment. Only 4/155 cases (2.6%) required sinonasal fenestration. In the long term, 149/155 cases (96.1%) showed full and 2/155 cases (1.3%) showed partial improvement. Sinoscopy portal wound infection occurred in nine cases. MAIN LIMITATIONS The length of time between treatment and obtaining follow-up information in some cases. Advances in knowledge and techniques over the duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS Sinoscopic treatment is a minimally-invasive technique causing minimal morbidity and was successful in 96.1% of cases. Meticulous care should be taken to ensure that bony sequestrae and inspissated exudate are fully removed from the sinuses and nasal cavity during sinoscopic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic M Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Rebekah Kennedy
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kirsty Poll
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Safia Barakzai
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Richard J M Reardon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Dixon PM, Barnett TP, Morgan RE, Reardon RJM. Computed Tomographic Assessment of Individual Paranasal Sinus Compartment and Nasal Conchal Bulla Involvement in 300 Cases of Equine Sinonasal Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:580356. [PMID: 33195594 PMCID: PMC7652901 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.580356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Computed tomographic (CT) imaging has allowed new anatomical studies and detailed clinical imaging of the complex, overlapping equine sinonasal structures. Despite the widespread use of CT, no study has specifically identified which compartments are most commonly affected with sinus disorders. CT has also shown the presence of intercurrent, ipsilateral nasal disorders, especially infection of the nasal conchal bullae (NCB) in many cases of sinus disease, but the frequency of intercurrent NCB infections has not been reported. Objectives: To identify which sinus compartments are most commonly affected in horses with clinical sinus disorders and to record the prevalence of NCB involvement in such cases. Study Design: Retrospective examination of CT images of horses with confirmed unilateral sinus disease. Methods: The CT images of 300 horses, from three different equine hospitals with clinically confirmed sinus disease [mainly dental (53%) and primary sinusitis (25.7%)] were retrospectively examined to determine which sinus compartments and NCBs were affected. Results: The rostral, more dependent sinus compartments were most commonly involved, i.e., the rostral maxillary sinus in 284/300 (94.7% affected) and the ventral conchal sinus (87% affected). The caudal maxillary sinus (65.3%), dorsal conchal sinus (52.7%), frontal sinus (26%), ethmoidal sinus (32%) and sphenopalatine sinus (28.7%) were less commonly affected. There was infection or destruction of the ipsilateral NCBs in 56% of horses with sinus disorders, including the ventral NCBs in 42.3%, dorsal NCBs in 29% and both NCBs in 18% of cases. Main Limitations: The horses with sinonasal disease that underwent head CT imaging include more problematic cases and horses of high value, rather than the general horse population. Conclusions: The more dependant (i.e., the RMS and VCS) sinus compartments are most commonly involved in sinus disorders, with the RMS involved in nearly every case. The more dorsally located sinuses (i.e., caudal group) are less commonly involved. Many horses with sinus disease also have disorders of their nasal conchal bullae and so the term sinonasal disease seems appropriate for these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic M Dixon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Richard J M Reardon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Dixon PM, Puidupin C, Borkent D, Liuti T, Reardon RJM. A Computed Tomographic Assessment of Osteitis of Sinus Bony Structures in Horses With Sinonasal Disorders. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:627. [PMID: 33062655 PMCID: PMC7518044 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Computed tomographic (CT) imaging has shown some horses with sinonasal diseases to have changes in their sinus bony structures. Scintigraphic and clinical evidence of sinus osteitis have also been reported. However, no study has objectively examined for the presence and degree of osteitis in equine sinonasal disease. Objectives: To assess for the presence and extent of osteitis of sinus-related bony structures by examination of CT images of horses with clinically and sinoscopically confirmed unilateral sinonasal disease. Study Design: Retrospective examination of CT images of horses with confirmed, mainly chronic (>2 month duration) unilateral sinus disease of different etiologies. Methods: Bone thickness at designated sites of the maxillary bone (n = 3), frontal bone (n = 1), infraorbital canal (n = 2), and bony nasolacrimal duct (n = 1) were measured, as were the maximal diameters of the infraorbital canal and the bony nasolacrimal duct on both affected and control sides. Maxillary bone density (in Hounsfield Units) was also assessed bilaterally. Bone thickness was compared between affected and controlled sides using paired statistical tests. Results: Bone was significantly thicker in the affected sinuses compared to the control sides at the three maxillary bone sites (all, P < 0.001) and at both infraorbital bone sites (both, P < 0.001), but not at the two most dorsal sites examined, i.e. frontal bone (P = 0.188) and bony nasolacrimal duct (P = −0.260) sites. Infraorbital canal and bony nasolacrimal duct diameters were significantly wider in the affected as compared to the control sides (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). Maxillary bone density did not differ significantly between the affected (mean = 1,075 HU, SD = 230.01) and control (mean = 1,100, SD = 200.71) sides (t(58) = −1.03, P = 0.306). Main Limitations: Possible variation in selecting measurement sites. Variation in the severity and chronicity of sinonasal disease between horses. Conclusions: Osteitis and enlargement of paranasal bony structures commonly occurs in horses with sinonasal disease and can explain the clinical presence of ipsilateral diffuse soft tissue facial swelling, epiphora, and scintigraphic evidence of bone inflammation in sinonasal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic M Dixon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Coline Puidupin
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dewi Borkent
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tiziana Liuti
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J M Reardon
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Schwieder A, Pfarrer C, Ohnesorge B, Staszyk C, Bienert-Zeit A. Comparative studies on the histological characteristics of equine nasomaxillary aperture and paranasal sinus mucosa considering topographic and age-related differences. Acta Vet Scand 2020; 62:34. [PMID: 32576268 PMCID: PMC7310435 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-020-00534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Horses may acquire a range of paranasal sinus diseases. Clinical studies show slight differences regarding anatomical regions and age. Histopathological examination of tissue samples could play an important role in the diagnostic process. Therefore, detailed knowledge of the histological appearance of the paranasal sinus mucosa (PSM) and the nasomaxillary aperture mucosa (NAM) is essential. The objective of this study was to determine topographic and age-related differences within the healthy equine PSM. In addition, we aimed to gain detailed knowledge of the histological appearance of the NAM in comparison to the PSM. Results The PSM had an average height of 75.72 ± 44.48 μm with a two-row pseudostratified columnar epithelium of 13.52 ± 4.78 μm. The parameters mucosal height, epithelial height and number of goblet cells revealed significant dependency of the sample site and age group. The maxillary and dorsal conchal sinus showed the highest values for these parameters. In terms of age, younger horses showed a significantly higher total mucosal height in contrast to a significantly lower epithelial height than older horses. Positive correlation was seen between the epithelial height and number of goblet cells. The NAM had an average height of 820.27 ± 653.21 μm. Its pseudostratified epithelium was usually arranged in three rows and had an average height of 44.9 ± 12.78 μm. The number of goblet cells in the NAM was five times higher than in the PSM. Serous glands were found in only 4% of the PSM samples and 100% of the NAM samples. Conclusions There are significant histological differences between different paranasal sinus sites and between different groups of age. This may be related to an altered susceptibility for certain pathologies. The striking difference in the histological appearance of the NAM compared to the PSM could be due to an enhanced role in mucociliary clearance. Further studies are necessary to improve the understanding of mucosal function in specific paranasal sinus compartments and mucosal changes generated by different diseases.
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Ostrowska J, Lindström L, Tóth T, Hansson K, Uhlhorn M, Ley CJ. Computed tomography characteristics of equine paranasal sinus cysts. Equine Vet J 2020; 52:538-546. [PMID: 31793020 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computed tomography (CT) is commonly used to investigate equine paranasal sinus disease, however, only limited information is available in the literature about the detailed CT appearance of equine paranasal sinus cysts. OBJECTIVES To investigate if paranasal sinus cysts have specific characteristics in CT images that allow differentiation from other sinus diseases. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective observational study. METHODS Evaluation and comparison of CT studies of eight horses with surgically and/or histopathologically confirmed paranasal sinus cysts and 10 horses with other confirmed paranasal sinus diseases. RESULTS A discrete hyperattenuating wall-like structure was detected in the periphery of the sinus lesion in precontrast acquisition in 7/8 horses with paranasal sinus cysts. A similar wall-like structure was detected in 3/10 horses with other sinus diseases, however, in contrast to horses with paranasal sinus cysts, two of these also had hyperattenuating regions within the contents of the sinus lesion. Bone destruction and formation affecting cancellous and cortical bone and dental disease were frequent in horses with paranasal sinus cysts. No significant difference in attenuation values was found when the fluid/soft tissue attenuation contents of lesions in horses with paranasal sinus cysts (mean 28.9 ± SD 9.2 HU) were compared with other sinus diseases when ethmoid haematomas were excluded (30.4 ± 12.9 HU, P = .8). MAIN LIMITATIONS Low number of cases. CONCLUSIONS Detection of a hyperattenuating cystic wall is a helpful feature for identifying paranasal sinus cysts in CT images of horses. In contrast, measurement of attenuation values of the soft tissue/fluid contents of the sinus lesions was not helpful in identifying paranasal sinus cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Ostrowska
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa Lindström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tamás Tóth
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Uhlhorn
- University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles J Ley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Kološ F, Bodeček Š, Vyvial M, Krisová Š, Mráčková M. Transnasal endoscopic treatment of equine sinus disease in 14 clinical cases. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Kološ
- Equine Clinic University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic
| | - Š. Bodeček
- Equine Clinic University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic
| | - M. Vyvial
- Equine Clinic University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic
| | - Š. Krisová
- Equine Clinic University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic
| | - M. Mráčková
- Equine Clinic University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno Czech Republic
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Gergeleit H, Verspohl J, Rohde J, Rohn K, Ohnesorge B, Bienert-Zeit A. A prospective study on the microbiological examination of secretions from the paranasal sinuses in horses in health and disease. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:43. [PMID: 29976217 PMCID: PMC6034245 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostics in equine sinusitis can be challenging and often require a combination of different imaging tools to ascertain its underlying aetiology. The bacterial flora of healthy and diseased paranasal sinuses, respectively, has only sporadically been assessed in horses. The objectives of this study were to determine whether assessment of microbiological features of secretions from the paranasal sinuses displays a useful diagnostic tool in equine sinusitis to distinguish between different aetiologies. Secretion samples from 50 horses with sinusitis and from 10 healthy horses were taken transendoscopically from the drainage angle of the nasomaxillary aperture using a guidable Swing Tip catheter. Bacteria found in healthy and diseased equine sinuses were compared. Endoscopic samples in all healthy and 19 diseased horses were compared with samples taken directly from the affected sinus after trephination. RESULTS Eleven of the 14 horses with primary sinusitis revealed growth of Streptococcus equi ssp. zooepidemicus, with three samples yielding pure cultures. Anaerobes were found in 15 out of 26 samples from horses with dental sinusitis. Healthy sinuses revealed mainly α-haemolytic streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci or showed no growth. Enterobacteriaceae were found more frequently in secondary sinusitis. There were significant differences in the bacterial composition and diversity (P < 0.05) between primary sinusitis, dental sinusitis and healthy controls. The correlation between endoscopic and trephination samples was satisfying. CONCLUSIONS Microbiological examination of secretions from horses with sinusitis collected transendoscopically can help to distinguish between primary and dental sinusitis. Therefore, it may display a feasible ancillary diagnostic tool, but does not replace a meticulous examination procedure including diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Gergeleit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Verspohl
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Judith Rohde
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Gergeleit H, Bienert-Zeit A, Ohnesorge B. Cytologic and Microbiological Examination of Secretions From the Paranasal Sinuses in Horses and Other Species. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Crijns CP, Weller R, Vlaminck L, Verschooten F, Schauvliege S, Powell SE, Bree HJJ, Gielen IMVL. Comparison between radiography and computed tomography for diagnosis of equine skull fractures. EQUINE VET EDUC 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Weller
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK
| | - L. Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - F. Verschooten
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Schauvliege
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic Animals Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | | | - H. J. J. Bree
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
| | - I. M. V. L. Gielen
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopaedics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium
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Liuti T, Reardon R, Dixon PM. Computed tomographic assessment of equine maxillary cheek teeth anatomical relationships, and paranasal sinus volumes. Vet Rec 2017; 181:452. [PMID: 28893971 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Disorders affecting the equine maxillary cheek teeth and paranasal sinuses are relatively common, but limited objective information is available on the dimensions and relationships of these structures in horses of different ages. The aims of this study were to assess age-related changes in the positioning and anatomical relationships of the individual maxillary cheek teeth with the infraorbital canal and maxillary septum and the volumes of the individual sinus compartments. CT and gross examination were performed on 60 normal equine cadaver heads that were aged by their dentition. The intrasinus position of cheek teeth, length of reserve crowns, relationship to the infraorbital canal and measurements of rostral drift and sinus compartment volumes were assessed from CT images. The findings included that Triadan 10 alveoli lay fully or partially in the rostral maxillary sinus (RMS) in 60% of cases. The infraorbital canal lay directly on the medial aspect of the alveolar apex in younger horses. The Triadan 11'sclinical crowns and apices drifted a mean of 2.48 and 2.83 cm more rostral to the orbit, respectively, in the >15 years old vs the <6 years old age group. The mean volumes of sinus compartments ranged from 175 cm3 for the caudal maxillary sinus (CMS) to 4 cm3 for the ethmoidal sinus (ES). This information should be of value in the diagnosis and treatment of equine dental and sinus disorders and as reference values for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Liuti
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Richard Reardon
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Paddy M Dixon
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Veterinary Clinical Science, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Liuti T, Reardon R, Smith S, Dixon PM. An anatomical study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae in normal horses: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:749-755. [PMID: 26440763 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Infection of the dorsal nasal conchal bulla and ventral nasal conchal bulla has recently been shown to cause clinical disease in horses, but the anatomy of these 2 structures is poorly documented. OBJECTIVES To describe the anatomical features, dimensions and relationships to adjacent structures of the dorsal conchal bulla and ventra conchal bulla in normal horses using computed tomography (CT). STUDY DESIGN Descriptive imaging study using cadavers. METHODS Computed tomographic images acquired from 60 equine cadaver heads that were shown to be free of sinonasal disease were categorised into 3 age groups (0-5; 6-15; >16 years old). Linear and volumetric measurements and descriptive anatomical assessments of the dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla were produced from these CT images and the anatomical relationships between the dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla and the adjacent structures, particularly the maxillary cheek teeth, were examined. The associations between bullae dimensions with horse ages and skull dimensions were assessed using linear regression. RESULTS Mean (range) dorsal conchal bulla measurements were: length 7.5 cm (4.6-14), width 1.9 cm (1.3-2.5), height 2.8 cm (1.8-4), volume 24 cm3 (5.9-50.5). Mean ventral conchal bulla measurements were: length 5.7 cm (2.5-8.5), width 1.6 cm (0.7-2.9), height 2.4 cm (0.8-3.7), volume 15 cm3 (0.4-30). In both dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla, there were significant differences in sizes between the different age groups (smaller in younger animals). In the ventral conchal bulla, this was probably related to protrusion of the large dental alveoli of younger horses into the lateral nasal cavity. Measures of bullae size and volume were significantly associated with head size. The anatomical positions (rostro-caudal boundaries) of the dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla were closely associated with specific maxillary cheek teeth. CONCLUSIONS Computed tomography was a useful technique to establish the linear and volumetric dimensions of the nasal conchal bullae in normal horses. Both dorsal conchal bulla and ventral conchal bulla sizes increased with animal age. Relatively consistent anatomical relationships were shown between the rostral and caudal limits of the bullae and certain maxillary cheek teeth, which would be of diagnostic value with conventional radiography and act as landmarks in the surgical treatment of nasal bulla disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Liuti
- Hospital for Small Animals, Diagnostic Imaging, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
| | - R Reardon
- Hospital for Large Animals, Surgery Department, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - S Smith
- Pathology, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - P M Dixon
- Hospital for Large Animals, Surgery Department, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Pucket
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences; Oklahoma State University; Stillwater USA
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Bienert-Zeit A, Gietz C, Staszyk C, Kietzmann M, Stahl J, Ohnesorge B. Application of in vivo microdialysis for investigation of unbound drug concentrations of intravenously administered sulfadimidine in the paranasal sinus mucosa of horses. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:318-27. [PMID: 25815573 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.4.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor concentrations of sulfadimidine in the paranasal sinus mucosa (PSM) of unsedated horses following IV administration of trimethoprim-sulfadimidine via in vivo microdialysis. ANIMALS 10 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Concentric microdialysis probes were implanted into the subepithelial layers of the frontal sinus mucosa of standing sedated horses. Four hours after implantation, trimethoprim-sulfadimidine (30 mg/kg) was administered IV every 24 hours for 2 days; dialysate and plasma samples were collected at intervals during that 48-hour period and analyzed for concentrations of sulfadimidine. The dialysate concentration and relative loss of sulfadimidine from the perfusate were used to calculate the PSM concentration. RESULTS Microdialysis probe implantation and subsequent in vivo microdialysis were successfully performed for all 10 horses. Following the first and second administration of trimethoprim-sulfadimidine, mean ± SD peak concentrations of sulfadimidine were 55.3 ± 10.3 μg/mL and 51.5 ± 8.7 μg/mL, respectively, in plasma and 9.6 ± 4.5 μg/mL and 7.0 ± 3.3 μg/mL, respectively, in the PSM. Peak sulfadimidine concentrations in the PSM were detected at 5.9 ± 2.7 hours and 5.4 ± 2.3 hours following the first and second drug administrations, respectively. For 12 hours, mean PSM sulfadimidine concentration remained greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration indicative of sulfonamide susceptibility of equine bacterial isolates (4.75 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In vivo microdialysis for continuous monitoring of PSM sulfadimidine concentrations in unsedated horses was feasible. Intravenous administration of trimethoprim (5 mg/kg) and sulfadimidine (25 mg/kg) proved likely to be efficient for treating sinusitis caused by highly susceptible pathogens, providing that the dosing interval is 12 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Barrett MF, Easley JT. Acquisition and interpretation of radiographs of the equine skull. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; USA
| | - J. T. Easley
- Surgical Research Laboratory; Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; USA
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Easley JT, Freeman DE. New ways to diagnose and treat equine dental-related sinus disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2013; 29:467-85, vii. [PMID: 23915669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of equine dental-related sinus disease is often challenging. Dental-related sinus disease is common and knowledge of these diseases is becoming increasingly important in veterinary medicine. Diagnostic capabilities are continually improving, leading to early diagnostic and therapeutic successes. With advanced imaging modalities, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, understanding of the intimate anatomic relationship between teeth and the paranasal sinuses continues to progress. There are many therapeutic options available for the treatment of these common and challenging disorders. A complete understanding of the disease, therapeutic options, and potential complications is vital to overall successful resolution of clinical signs in equine dental-related sinus disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah T Easley
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Street, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, Hawkes C, Townsend NB, Fisher G, Ealey R, Barakzai SZ. Historical and clinical features of 200 cases of equine sinus disease. Vet Rec 2011; 169:439. [PMID: 21868434 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The historical and clinical findings in 200 referred cases of equine sinus disease were reviewed retrospectively. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to detect significant differences in historical or clinical features between various categories of sinus disease. The causes of sinus disease were classified as subacute primary (less than two months duration) (n=52), chronic primary (more than two months duration) (n=37), dental (n=40), sinus cyst (n=26), traumatic (n=13) or mycotic sinusitis (n=7), sinus neoplasia (n=10), dental-related oromaxillary fistula (n=8) and intrasinus progressive ethmoid haematoma (n=7). The majority of sinus disorders were of chronic duration at the time of referral and most (including 97 per cent of chronic primary sinusitis cases) had not responded to previous antibiotic therapy and/or sinus lavage in some cases. Clinical signs included unilateral nasal discharge in most cases, including purulent or mucopurulent discharge in all horses with primary, dental and mycotic sinusitis. Haemorrhagic nasal discharge was a feature of traumatic sinusitis and intrasinus progressive ethmoid haematomas. Firm facial swellings and nasal airflow obstruction were features of sinus cysts and neoplasms. Ipsilateral lymphadenitis was a more prominent feature of sinus disease with active infections such as primary, dental or mycotic sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, Hawkes C, Townsend N, Tremaine WH, Fisher G, Ealey R, Barakzai SZ. Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:267-71. [PMID: 21812807 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY There is a lack of objective information on the value of ancillary diagnostic techniques used to investigate equine sinus disease, and also on which sinus compartments are commonly affected in this disorder. OBJECTIVES To record the ancillary diagnostic findings used to investigate equine sinus disease and to document which compartments are affected. MATERIALS AND METHODS The clinical case records of 200 consecutive cases of sinus disease, including subacute (<2 months' duration) primary (n = 52); chronic (>2 months' duration) primary (n = 37); dental (n = 40); traumatic (n = 13); sinus cyst (n = 26); sinus neoplasia (n = 10); dental related oromaxillary fistula (n = 8); mycotic sinusitis (n = 7) and intra-sinus progressive ethmoid haematoma (n = 7) were retrospectively examined. RESULTS Nasal endoscopy showed exudate draining from the sino-nasal ostia in 88% of cases and a sino-nasal fistula was present in 15% of cases. Sinoscopy was performed in 79% of cases and was of great diagnostic value. More recently, 22% of cases had fenestration of the ventral conchal bulla performed to allow sinoscopy of the rostral sinus compartments. Radiography was performed in 97% of cases and showed intra-sinus fluid lines to be common (69% prevalence) in subacute primary sinusitis. Radiographic dental apical changes were not specific to dental sinusitis, e.g. 29% of chronic primary sinusitis cases had radiographic dental changes. Scintigraphy was performed in 20% of cases and was helpful in identifying dental apical changes when radiography was inconclusive. Overall, the caudal maxillary (78% involvement) and rostral maxillary (61%) sinuses were most commonly affected, with the ventral conchal sinus (VCS) (54% involvement) and conchofrontal sinuses (48%) less so. The VCS showed the greatest tendency to contain inspissated pus (present in 46% of all affected VCS). CONCLUSIONS Nasal endoscopy, sinoscopy and skull radiography are of great value in diagnosing the presence and causes of equine sinus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Scotland.
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Fiske-Jackson AR, Pollock PJ, Witte TH, Woolford L, Perkins JD. Fungal sinusitis resulting in suspected trigeminal neuropathy as a cause of headshaking in five horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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