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Comparison of Four Arteries for Invasive Blood Pressure Measurements and Dixtal 2010 Oscillometric Values in Horses Anesthetized With Isoflurane: Does the Artery Matter? J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 121:104219. [PMID: 36621700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the agreement between invasive blood pressure (IBP) values measured in three different arteries and by an oscillometric device (NIBP) with the ones from the transverse facial artery (FA). Six horses (424.2 ± 40.7 kg) were sedated with xylazine (0.6 mg/kg IV), induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg IV) and midazolam (0.1 mg/kg IV), and maintained with isoflurane (1.2 MAC) for 90 minutes in lateral recumbency. FA, auricular artery (AA), lateral digital artery (LDA), and metatarsal artery (MA) were catheterized, and a standard adult cuff was placed on the tail. IBP and NIBP values were recorded at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes of anesthesia. Data were analyzed with Shapiro-Wilk and Repeated-Measures Bland-Altman. Values for FA (mm Hg) were 85.4 ± 10.3 for SAP, 70.6 ± 9.3 for MAP, and 58.5 ± 9.5 for DAP. Mean bias and 95% Limit of agreement (LOA) for AA were -1.7 (-29.0 to 25.6), 2.2 (-18.4 to 22.9), 1.9 (-18.2 to 22.0), for LDA: 1.4 (-25.1 to 27.8), 2.9 (-19.3 to 25.0), 2.3 (-18.4 to 22.9), for MA: -3.2 (-28.3 to 22.0), 2.7 (-16.6 to 22.1), 4.9 (-13.8 to 22.2), and for NIBP: -5.7 (-28.3 to 16.9), 7.9 (-9.5 to 25.3), 17.2 (-2.4 to 36.8), for SAP, MAP and DAP respectively. There is a reasonable bias for IBP values among the arteries evaluated, however a wide LOA, demonstrating the arteries are not interchangeable. NIBP method from Dixtal 2010 results in inaccurate blood pressure values in horses.
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Desprez I, Pelchat J, Beaufrère H, Beazley SG, Duke-Novakovski T. Agreement of caudal aortic arterial blood pressure with oscillometry using two cuff widths placed on the thoracic or pelvic limbs of sevoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:390-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Reed RA, Epstein KL, Bramski JH, Diehl KA, Ryan CA. The effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure in anesthetized and standing horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2021; 31:476-482. [PMID: 34143942 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of xylazine on intracranial pressure (ICP) in standing compared to isoflurane-anesthetized horses. DESIGN Prospective, crossover study design. SETTING University Teaching Hospital. ANIMALS Six adult horses donated to the University. Horses were determined to be healthy via physical examination, complete blood count, and neurological evaluation. INTERVENTIONS Horses were anesthetized, maintained on isoflurane in oxygen in left lateral recumbency, and ventilated to normocapnia. Horses were instrumented for intraparenchymal measurement of ICP, invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and end tidal gas analyzer. Xylazine 1 mg/kg was administered IV and ICP, systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure, and heart rate were recorded and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was calculated for the following 15 minutes. Twenty-four to 36 hours following anesthetic recovery, xylazine 1 mg/kg was administered IV and ICP, heart rate, and Doppler blood pressure (BPdop) on the tail were monitored for 15 minutes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There was a decrease in ICP following administration of xylazine in anesthetized horses (P < 0.003) but not standing horses (P = 0.227). There was an increase in systolic arterial pressure, MAP, diastolic arterial pressure (P < 0.001), and BPdop (P = 0.001) following administration of xylazine. As a result, CPP increased in anesthetized horses (P < 0.03). There was a negative association between ICP and MAP in anesthetized horses (P = 0.007) but not ICP and BPdop conscious horses (P = 0.379). CONCLUSIONS Administration of xylazine to anesthetized horses resulted in an increased CPP due to decreased ICP with concurrent increased MAP. Administration of xylazine to standing horses did not result in a change in ICP. However, with the increase in BPdop found in awake horses, it is likely that CPP would also increase in awake horses following xylazine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Reed
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kira L Epstein
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica H Bramski
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Kathryn A Diehl
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Clare A Ryan
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Comparison of oscillometric, Doppler and invasive blood pressure measurement in anesthetized goats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197332. [PMID: 29791515 PMCID: PMC5965870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial blood pressure (BP) can be measured directly using an invasive intra-arterial method. This method is considered a gold standard, however it is potentially hazardous and requires expensive equipment and professional skills. Therefore, two non-invasive methods–Doppler ultrasonic sphygmomanometry and oscillometry–have been introduced in veterinary medicine. Their accuracy has so far been reliably evaluated in various animal species, however only one study included a small group of goats. Therefore, we carried out a large-scale study which aimed to evaluate agreement between the two non-invasive methods and invasive intra-arterial BP measurement in anesthetized goats at various age. The study included 122 goats of two Polish local breeds (Polish White Improved and Polish Fawn Improved): 67 adult females, 35 adult males, and 20 two-month-old female kids. Goats were anesthetized with the intravenous mixture of xylazine and ketamine. BP was measured simultaneously with the three methods in each goat with 7 measurements on average taken. The study showed that according to the criteria of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) oscillometric method yielded BP measurements sufficiently consistent with invasive intra-arterial method in anesthetized adult goats– 95% of oscillometric BP measurements were expected to differ from invasive BP measurements by at most ±20–25 mmHg. The agreement was worse in goat kids–oscillometry significantly overestimated invasive BP measurements, which resulted in highly asymmetrical 95% limits of agreement. Doppler systolic BP very poorly conformed to invasive systolic BP both in adult goats and in kids and all the ACVIM criteria were violated. Concluding, oscillometry, but not Doppler ultrasonic sphygmomanometry, may be regarded as an alternative to invasive BP measurement in large-scale scientific studies involving adult goats, however, individual oscillometric BP measurements should be treated with caution as estimated 95% limits of agreement were wide.
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The effect of anesthetic drug choice on accuracy of high-definition oscillometry in laterally recumbent horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:589-593. [PMID: 28545825 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the accuracy of high-definition oscillometry (HDO) for arterial pressure measurement during injectable or inhalation anesthesia in horses. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, clinical study. ANIMALS Twenty-four horses anesthetized for procedures requiring lateral recumbency. METHODS Horses were premedicated with xylazine, and anesthesia induced with diazepam-ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained with xylazine-ketamine-guaifenesin combination [TripleDrip (TD; n = 12) or isoflurane (ISO; n = 12)]. HDO was used to obtain systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures, and heart rate (HR) using an 8-cm-wide cuff around the proximal tail. Invasive blood pressure (IBP), SAP, MAP, DAP and HR were recorded during HDO cycling. Bland-Altman analysis for repeated measures was used to compare HDO and IBP for all measurements. The generalized additive model was used to determine if means in the differences between HDO and IBP were similar between anesthetic protocols for all measurements. RESULTS There were >110 paired samples for each variable. There was no effect of anesthetic choice on HDO performance, but more variability was present in TD compared with ISO. Skewed data required log-transformation for statistical comparison. Using raw data and standard Bland-Altman analysis, HDO overestimated SAP (TD, 3.8 ± 28.3 mmHg; ISO, 3.5 ± 13.6 mmHg), MAP (TD, 4.0 ± 23.3 mmHg; ISO, 6.3 ± 10.0 mmHg) and DAP (TD, 4.0 ± 21.2 mmHg; ISO, 7.8 ± 13.6 mmHg). In TD, 26-40% HDO measurements were within 10 mmHg of IBP, compared with 60-74% in ISO. Differences between HDO and IBP for all measurements were similar between anesthetic protocols. The numerical difference between IBP and HDO measurements for SAP, MAP and DAP significantly decreased as cuff width:tail girth ratio increased toward 40%. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE More variability in HDO occurred during TD. The cuff width:tail girth ratio is important for accuracy of HDO.
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Comparison of arterial blood pressure measurements obtained invasively or oscillometrically using a Datex S/5 Compact monitor in anaesthetised adult horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:492-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Drynan EA, Schier M, Raisis AL. Comparison of invasive and noninvasive blood pressure measurements in anaesthetized horses using the Surgivet V9203. Vet Anaesth Analg 2016; 43:301-8. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hatz LA, Hartnack S, Kümmerle J, Hässig M, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. A study of measurement of noninvasive blood pressure with the oscillometric device, Sentinel, in isoflurane-anaesthetized horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 42:369-76. [PMID: 25082169 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess accuracy of noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) measured by oscillometric device Sentinel compared to invasive blood pressure (IBP) in anaesthetized horses undergoing surgery. To assess if differences between the NIBP measured by the Sentinel and IBP are associated with recumbency, cuff placement, weight of the horse or acepromazine premedication and to describe usefulness of the Sentinel. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study examining replicates of simultaneous NIBP and IBP measurements. ANIMALS Twenty-nine horses. METHODS Invasive blood pressure was measured via a catheter in the facial artery, transverse facial artery or metatarsal artery. NIBP was measured using appropriate size cuffs placed on one of two metacarpal or metatarsal bones or the tail in random order. With both techniques systolic (SAP), mean (MAP), and diastolic (DAP) arterial blood pressures and heart rates (HR) were recorded. A mixed effects model compared the IBP to the NIBP values and assessed potential effects of catheter placement, localisation of the cuffs in combination with recumbency, weight of the horse or acepromazine premedication. RESULTS Noninvasive blood pressure yielded higher measurements than IBP. Agreement varied with recumbency and cuff position. Estimated mean differences between the two methods decreased from SAP (lateral recumbency: range -5.3 to -56.0 mmHg; dorsal recumbency: range 0.8 to -20.7 mmHg), to MAP (lateral recumbency: range -1.8 to -19.0 mmHg; dorsal recumbency: range 13.9 to -16.4 mmHg) to DAP (lateral recumbency: range 0.5 to -6.6 mmHg; dorsal recumbency: range 21.0 to -15.5 mmHg). NIBP measurement was approximately two times more variable than IBP measurement. No significant difference between IBP and NIBP due to horse's weight or acepromazine premedication was found. In 227 of 1047 (21.7%) measurements the Sentinel did not deliver a result. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE According to the high variability of NIBP compared to IBP, NIBP measurements as measured by the Sentinel in the manner described here are not considered as an appropriate alternative to IBP to measure blood pressure in anaesthetized horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea-Annina Hatz
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Kümmerle
- Section of Surgery, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hässig
- Section of Herd Health, Farm Animal Departement, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Musk GC, Costa RS, Tuke J. Doppler blood pressure measurement in pigs during anaesthesia. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:129-31. [PMID: 24833268 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To determine the accuracy of Doppler blood pressure measurement in anaesthetised pigs eight large white pigs (Sus scrofa) were anaesthetised with zolazepam and tiletamine as Zoletil 100 (4 mg/kg) and xylazine (2 mg/kg) by intramuscular injection followed by isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Blood pressure measurements were recorded using a Doppler probe on the radial artery and a catheter in the femoral artery connected to a transducer. The sample mean of the Doppler measurements were compared with the sample mean of the invasive systolic arterial blood pressure while accounting for the heart rate, end-tidal CO2 and temperature. The predicted error of the Doppler was greatest when pigs were hypotensive and normothermic: 11 mmHg (CI: 6-15). Doppler measurements should be interpreted with caution in anaesthetised pigs that are hypotensive and normothermic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle C Musk
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia.
| | - Renata S Costa
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia
| | - Jonathan Tuke
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia
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Aarnes TK, Hubbell JAE, Lerche P, Bednarski RM. Comparison of invasive and oscillometric blood pressure measurement techniques in anesthetized sheep, goats, and cattle. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:174-85. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Harvey L, Knowles T, Murison PJ. Comparison of direct and Doppler arterial blood pressure measurements in rabbits during isoflurane anaesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg 2012; 39:174-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2011.00685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Corley KTT. Monitoring and treating haemodynamic disturbances in critically ill neonatal foals. Part 1: Haemodynamic monitoring. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2003.tb01817.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Corley KTT. Monitoring and treating haemodynamic disturbances in critically ill neonatal foals. Part 1: Haemodynamic monitoring. EQUINE VET EDUC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2002.tb00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Successful treatment with inotropes and vasopressors depends on an understanding of the interplay of flow, pressure, and resistance in the cardiovascular system and an appreciation of the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to inadequate tissue perfusion. Any treatment strategy is necessarily a compromise between the requirements of different vascular beds.Furthermore. the underlying hemodynamic derangements can change rapidly. Therefore. inotropes and vasopressors should be titrated to measures of improved hemodynamic status, and the treatments should be frequently reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T T Corley
- Neonatal Foal Intensive Care Programme, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Cardiac disease and dysfunction can occur as a primary disorder(ie, with pathology situated in one or more of the cardiac structures) or can be classified as a secondary problem when it occurs in patients with another primary problem that has affected the heart either directly or indirectly. Primary cardiac problems are encountered in horses presented to emergency clinics; however,this occurs much less frequently in equine critical patients than cardiac problems arising secondary to other conditions. Nevertheless,if primary or secondary cardiac problems are not identified and addressed, they certainly contribute to the morbidity and mortality of critical care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia M Marr
- Beaufort Cottage Equine Hospital, Cotton End Road, Exning, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7NN, UK.
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