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Waitt Wolker LH, Veltri CA, Pearman K, Lozoya M, Norris JW. Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in horses following oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:63-68. [PMID: 34747024 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in horses and validate a method for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of serum levels. Fluoxetine pharmacokinetics were determined using 10 healthy, adult horses. Fluoxetine pharmacokinetics following a single oral dose (0.25 mg/kg) were determined using blood samples collected prior to and at several time points over 7 days following administration. Serum concentrations of fluoxetine and its bioactive metabolite norfluoxetine were measured using liquid chromatography coupled to an accurate mass/high-resolution mass spectrometer. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a noncompartmental model. Time to maximum serum concentration and serum half-life of fluoxetine was 1.5 and 15.6 h, respectively. Steady-state serum concentrations were evaluated using five horses each receiving fluoxetine (0.25 mg/kg, PO, q24hrs) for 8 weeks and were found to be 62.9 ± 25.5 ng/ml on average. Norfluoxetine was not detected in any sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura H Waitt Wolker
- Department of Equine Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Charles A Veltri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy-Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Krista Pearman
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Maria Lozoya
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy-Glendale, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Norris
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
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Muñoz L, Salazar T, Donaire C, Ortiz R, Cruces J, Briones M. Heritability of crib-biting in Chilean horses. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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3
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Discovering the relationship between dietary nutrients and cortisol and ghrelin hormones in horses exhibiting oral stereotypic behaviors: A review. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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May CF. Discovering new areas of veterinary science through qualitative research interviews: introductory concepts for veterinarians. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:278-284. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CF May
- UQ Business School; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
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Lomas HR, Robinson PA. A Pilot Qualitative Investigation of Stakeholders' Experiences and Opinions of Equine Insect Bite Hypersensitivity in England. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E3. [PMID: 29315275 PMCID: PMC5876561 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH), commonly known as sweet itch or summer eczema, is a frustrating recurrent skin disease in the equine industry involving an immune reaction to the bites of Culicoides spp. midges. To investigate the impact of IBH in the field, an exploratory pilot study was conducted with equine stakeholders in one region of central England. Nine semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with horse owners and an equine veterinarian. The aim was to gain an understanding of experiences with IBH, and to gauge opinions on the value of the various management strategies horse owners use to control IBH. Awareness of IBH was generally high, particularly in those individuals who had previous experience with the condition. Those with previous experience of IBH commented on the significant effect on daily routines, and the associated cost implications. Most participants supported an integrated approach to hypersensitivity management, and this most commonly involved a combination of physical barriers and chemical repellents, but sometimes included feed supplementation. Overall, attitudes towards IBH suggested that the condition is a notable welfare and economic concern for stakeholders, but veterinary involvement tended to only be in more severe cases. Further research is required in the future to improve understanding, management and potential treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Lomas
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK.
| | - Philip A Robinson
- Department of Animal Production, Welfare and Veterinary Sciences, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK.
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Burn CC. Bestial boredom: a biological perspective on animal boredom and suggestions for its scientific investigation. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Horseman SV, Buller H, Mullan S, Knowles TG, Barr ARS, Whay HR. Equine Welfare in England and Wales: Exploration of Stakeholders' Understanding. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2016; 20:9-23. [PMID: 27414640 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2016.1197776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigating how those responsible for the care of nonhuman animals understand the concept of animal welfare is important for animal welfare improvement. In-depth interviews with 31 equine stakeholders were used to explore their perceptions and understanding of welfare. The results showed the stakeholders understood the concept of welfare in 4 ways. Firstly, welfare was understood in terms of the provision of resources-for example, food. Secondly, a "horse-centered" understanding of welfare was articulated; this understanding included the horses' mental state and was linked to natural behavior. Thirdly, the word welfare had negative connotations, and for some, good welfare was achieved through avoidance of negative states. Finally, interviewees discussed incidents that occurred in their own familiar contexts but suggested that these were not welfare problems. Evidence indicated that the ways in which equine stakeholders understood the concept of welfare might have been acting as a barrier to the alleviation of some equine welfare problems. There is a need for strategies aimed at improving equine welfare to consider stakeholder constructs of welfare and the ways in which these constructs are generated and acted upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan V Horseman
- a School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford , Somerset , United Kingdom
| | - Henry Buller
- b School of Geography, University of Exeter , Exeter , United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan Mullan
- a School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford , Somerset , United Kingdom
| | - Toby G Knowles
- a School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford , Somerset , United Kingdom
| | - Alistair R S Barr
- a School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford , Somerset , United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Whay
- a School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol , Langford , Somerset , United Kingdom
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Albright JD, Witte TH, Rohrbach BW, Reed A, Houpt KA. Efficacy and effects of various anti-crib devices on behaviour and physiology of crib-biting horses. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:727-731. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Albright
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ithaca New York USA
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The University of Tennessee; Knoxville USA
| | - T. H. Witte
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ithaca New York USA
- Clinical Science and Services; Royal Veterinary College; University of London; London UK
| | - B. W. Rohrbach
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine; Knoxville USA
| | - A. Reed
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences; The University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine; Knoxville USA
| | - K. A. Houpt
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine; Ithaca New York USA
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Whay HR, Dikshit AK, Hockenhull J, Parker RMA, Banerjee A, Hughes SI, Pritchard JC, Reix CE. Evaluation of changes in equine care and limb-related abnormalities in working horses in Jaipur, India, as part of a two year participatory intervention study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126160. [PMID: 26000967 PMCID: PMC4441452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have found the prevalence of lameness in working horses to be 90–100%. Risk factors for lameness in this important equine population, together with risk-reduction strategies adopted by their owners, are poorly understood. The objective was to uncover risk factors for lameness and limb abnormalities in working horses, by associating clinical lameness examination findings on three occasions over two years with owner reported changes in equine management and work practices over this period. Methodology/Principal Findings Twenty-one communities of horse owners in Jaipur, India, took part in a participatory intervention (PI) project aiming to reduce risk factors for poor welfare, particularly lameness and limb problems. Associations between quantitative measures of equine lameness/limb abnormalities and reported changes in management and work practices were compared with 21 control (C) communities of owners where no intervention had taken place. Key findings from ‘complete cases’, where the same horse stayed with the same owner for the whole study period (PI group = 73 owners of 83 horses, C group = 58 owners of 66 horses), were that more positive statements of change in equine management and work practices were made by PI group owners than C group owners. A mixed picture of potential risk factors emerged: some reported management improvements, for example reducing the weight of the load for cart animals, were associated with improved limbs and lameness, and others, such as making improvements in shoeing and increasing the age at which their animals started work, with negative outcomes. Conclusions/Significance This study illustrates the complexity and interacting nature of risk factors for lameness in working horses, and highlights the importance of longitudinal investigations that recognise and address this. PI group owners found the project useful and requested similar inputs in future. Our findings demonstrate the value of exploratory and participatory research methodology in the field of working horse welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R. Whay
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Jo Hockenhull
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. A. Parker
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Anindo Banerjee
- Praxis Institute for Participatory Practices, C-75, South Extension, Part II, New Delhi, India
| | - Sue I. Hughes
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
| | - Joy C. Pritchard
- Animals in International Development, Banwell, North Somerset, United Kingdom
- The Brooke, Friars Bridge Court, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine E. Reix
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, North Somerset, United Kingdom
- The Brooke, Friars Bridge Court, London, United Kingdom
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Scantlebury CE, Perkins E, Pinchbeck GL, Archer DC, Christley RM. Could it be colic? Horse-owner decision making and practices in response to equine colic. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 25238026 PMCID: PMC4122872 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about lay understanding and decision making in response to colic. Horse-owners/carers are key to identifying colic and initiating veterinary intervention. Understanding how owners think and act in relation to colic could assist veterinary surgeons in tailoring information about colic with the aim of improving colic outcomes. METHODS A mixed methods approach was employed including qualitative in-depth interviews and a cross-sectional questionnaire. Qualitative data were analysed using Grounded theory to conceptualise processes involved in horse-owner management of colic. Following this, a cross-sectional survey was designed to test these concepts. Cluster analysis explored the role of the human-horse relationship upon colic management strategies. RESULTS Fifteen horse-owners with a range of colic experience participated in the interviews. A theoretical conceptual model was developed and described how horse-owners' recognised, assessed and responded to colic. Three main management strategies were used including 'wait and see', 'lay treatments' and 'seek veterinary assistance'. Actions in response to colic were moderated by owners' experience of colic and interpretation of the severity of colic signs. A postal questionnaire gathered data from 673 horse-owners from the North-West of the UK. The majority (605, 89.9%) of respondents were female. Cluster analysis revealed 5 meaningful groups of horse-owners based upon assessment of questionnaire items on the human-horse relationship. These groups included 2 professional and 3 amateur owner typologies. There were differences in the responses to some questionnaire items among the identified groups. CONCLUSIONS This study describes lay understanding and management of colic among a population of horse-owners from the North-West of the UK. The information may serve as a basis upon which to tailor existing programmes designed to educate owners about colic management strategies, and may inform veterinarians' interactions with horse-owners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Scantlebury
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Perkins
- Health Services Research Department, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GL, United Kingdom
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Debra C Archer
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Christley
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, CH64 7TE, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Hockenhull
- School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Bristol; UK
| | - H. R. Whay
- School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Bristol; UK
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Sarrafchi A, Blokhuis HJ. Equine stereotypic behaviors: Causation, occurrence, and prevention. J Vet Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Bulens A, Van Beirendonck S, Van Thielen J, Driessen B. The enriching effect of non-commercial items in stabled horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Whisher L, Raum M, Pina L, Pérez L, Erb H, Houpt C, Houpt K. Effects of environmental factors on cribbing activity by horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Archer DC. Chronic persistent colic: Can I have a retrospectoscope please? EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Christley RM, Perkins E. Researching hard to reach areas of knowledge: qualitative research in veterinary science. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:285-6. [PMID: 20525043 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R M Christley
- Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Science, Health and Community Care Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Centre for Social Research into Health and Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK
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