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Mozo Vives B, Mainguy‐Seers S, Lavoie J. Comparative study of the bronchodilator efficacy and adverse effects of salbutamol and hyoscine butylbromide in horses with severe asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1835-1841. [PMID: 38609079 PMCID: PMC11099713 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salbutamol and hyoscine butylbromide (HBB) are commonly used bronchodilators in horses with severe asthma (SA). OBJECTIVE To compare the bronchodilation potency, duration, and adverse effects of salbutamol and HBB in SA. ANIMALS Six horses in exacerbation of SA. METHODS The effects of inhaled salbutamol (1000 μg) and HBB (150 mg, IV) were compared in a randomized, blinded, crossover experiment. Lung function, intestinal borborygmi and heart rate were assessed before and sequentially until 180 minutes after drug administration, and analyzed with 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA and Dunnett's multiple comparison tests. RESULTS Both treatments caused a similar improvement in lung function. Pulmonary resistance and reactance returned to baseline values within 30 minutes after HBB administration, whereas salbutamol improved reactance until 180 minutes (mean improvement at 180 minutes of 0.040 Kpa/L/s, 95% CI = 0.004 to 0.076; P = .02 for salbutamol and of 0.009 Kpa/L/s, 95% CI = -0.028 to 0.045; P = .98 for HBB for the resistance at 3 Hz and of 0.040 Kpa/L/s, 95% CI = 0.007 to 0.074; P = .01 for salbutamol and of 0.009 Kpa/L/s, 95% CI = -0.024 to 0.042; P = .97 for HBB for the reactance at 7 Hz). From 5 to 30 minutes after HBB administration, the heart rate accelerated (mean increase of 3.3 beats per minute, 95% CI = -6.6 to 13.1; P = .92 for salbutamol, and of 13.0 beats per minute, 95% CI = 3.6 to 22.4; P = .002 for HBB at 30 minutes) and the gut sounds decreased (mean reduction of 1.3, 95% CI = -0.1 to 2.8; P = .09 for salbutamol and of 2.8 for the gastrointestinal auscultation score, 95% CI = 1.4 to 4.3; P < .0001 for HBB at 30 minutes). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Both drugs have a similar bronchodilator potency but with a longer duration for salbutamol. Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular effects were noted only with HBB, suggesting the preferential use of salbutamol to relieve bronchoconstriction in horses with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Mozo Vives
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of MontrealSt‐HyacintheQuebecCanada
| | - Sophie Mainguy‐Seers
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of MontrealSt‐HyacintheQuebecCanada
| | - Jean‐Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of MontrealSt‐HyacintheQuebecCanada
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2
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Bennell AJ, Wright RJH, Malalana F, Senior JM. An analysis of risk factors for a fracture or luxation in recovery from general anaesthesia in horses: a single centre study. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 112:103914. [PMID: 35218904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.103914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Catastrophic fractures or luxations (FoL) sustained during recovery from general anaesthesia are a significant cause of mortality during equine anaesthesia. There is a lack of evidence regarding potential risk factors for a FoL occurring in the immediate anaesthetic recovery period. A single centre, retrospective, case-matched study was performed to identify risk factors for sustaining a catastrophic FoL during recovery from general anaesthesia. Clinical data were obtained for horses which sustained a catastrophic FoL when recovering from general anaesthesia from January 2011- June 2020 in a single centre referral population. Multivariable logistical regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors which were significant in horses where a FoL occurred. Statistically significant risk factors in our population of horses of sustaining a FoL in recovery included intra-operative administration of intra-tracheal salbutamol, intra-operative administration of ketamine and increasing age. Further research in this area, particularly with regards to salbutamol administration, is required.
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Secombe C, Adler A, Hosgood G, Raisis A, Mosing M. Can bronchoconstriction and bronchodilatation in horses be detected using electrical impedance tomography? J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2035-2044. [PMID: 33977584 PMCID: PMC8295671 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) generates images of the lungs based on impedance change and was able to detect changes in airflow after histamine challenge in horses. OBJECTIVES To confirm that EIT can detect histamine-provoked changes in airflow and subsequent drug-induced bronchodilatation. Novel EIT flow variables were developed and examined for changes in airflow. METHODS Bronchoconstriction was induced using stepwise histamine bronchoprovocation in 17 healthy sedated horses. The EIT variables were recorded at baseline, after saline nebulization (control), at the histamine concentration causing bronchoconstriction (Cmax ) and 2 and 10 minutes after albuterol (salbutamol) administration. Peak global inspiratory (PIFEIT ) and peak expiratory EIT (PEFEIT ) flow, slope of the global expiratory flow-volume curve (FVslope ), steepest FVslope over all pixels in the lung field, total impedance change (surrogate for tidal volume; VTEIT ) and intercept on the expiratory FV curve normalized to VTEIT (FVintercept /VTEIT ) were indexed to baseline and analyzed for a difference from the control, at Cmax , 2 and 10 minutes after albuterol. Multiple linear regression explored the explanation of the variance of Δflow, a validated variable to evaluate bronchoconstriction using all EIT variables. RESULTS At Cmax , PIFEIT , PEFEIT , and FVslope significantly increased whereas FVintercept /VT decreased. All variables returned to baseline 10 minutes after albuterol. The VTEIT did not change. Multivariable investigation suggested 51% of Δflow variance was explained by a combination of PIFEIT and PEFEIT . CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Changes in airflow during histamine challenge and subsequent albuterol administration could be detected by various EIT flow volume variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristy Secombe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch UniversityPerthAustralia
| | - Andy Adler
- Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton UniversityOttawaCanada
| | - Giselle Hosgood
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch UniversityPerthAustralia
| | - Anthea Raisis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch UniversityPerthAustralia
| | - Martina Mosing
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch UniversityPerthAustralia
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4
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Loomes K. Effect of Aerosolised Salbutamol Administration on Arterial Potassium Concentration in Anaesthetised Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 103:103667. [PMID: 34281643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aerosolized salbutamol has been associated with hypokalemia in horses undergoing colic surgery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerosolized salbutamol on arterial potassium concentration ([K +]) in healthy anaesthetized horses undergoing elective surgery. Anesthetic records were reviewed from healthy adult horses undergoing elective surgery over a 3-year period with two complete sets of arterial electrolyte (sodium [Na +], potassium [K +], chloride [Cl -], calcium [Ca 2+]) concentration measurements. Records were excluded if intra-operative electrolyte supplementation, antimicrobial administration or noncrystalloid fluid administration were documented or if salbutamol was administered prior to electrolyte measurement. Sixty records which fulfilled inclusion criteria were divided into two groups depending on whether or not aerosolized salbutamol (2μg kg -1) (to treat hypoxemia) was administered after baseline electrolyte measurement and before the second electrolyte measurement. Aerosolized salbutamol was administered (Group S) in 22 horses and not administered (group NS) in 38 horses. There was a significant reduction in [K +] and [Ca 2+] between baseline and the second electrolyte measurement in both groups (P< .001). The reduction in [K +] between baseline and the second electrolyte measurement was significantly greater in group S (12.3%) compared to group NS (6.9%) (P= .017) and was significantly associated with salbutamol administration (P= .04). The results of this study indicate that monitoring [K +] is important in anaesthetized horses, particularly after aerosolized salbutamol administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Loomes
- Rainbow Equine hospital. North Yorkshire. UK.
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5
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Tanquerel L, Fillion-Bertrand G, Lavoie JP, Leclere M. Effects of magnesium sulfate infusion on clinical signs and lung function of horses with severe asthma. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:664-673. [PMID: 30085859 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.6.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether MgSO4 solution administered IV would improve the clinical signs and lung function of horses with severe asthma and potentiate the effects of salbutamol inhalation in those horses. ANIMALS 6 adult horses with severe asthma. PROCEDURES Asthmatic horses were used in 3 crossover design experiments (6 treatments/horse). Clinical scores for nasal flaring and the abdominal component associated with breathing and lung function were determined before and after administration of salbutamol (800 μg, by inhalation), MgSO4 solution (2.2 mg/kg/min, IV, over 20 minutes), and combined MgSO4-salbutamol treatment. The data were collected during experimental procedures to assess salbutamol inhalation versus mock inhalation, MgSO4 infusion versus infusion of saline (NaCl) solution (adjusted to the same osmolarity as the MgSO4 solution), and the combined MgSO4-salbutamol treatment versus salbutamol inhalation alone. RESULTS Infusion of MgSO4 significantly improved clinical scores when administered alone or in combination with salbutamol inhalation. With the combination treatment, lung function improved, albeit not significantly. Tidal volume also increased following combined MgSO4-salbutamol treatment. Salbutamol alone significantly improved lung function, whereas saline solution administration and a mock inhalation procedure had no effect on the studied variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that MgSO4 infusion alone or in combination with salbutamol inhalation improved the clinical signs of severely asthmatic horses. The effects of MgSO4 were not associated with significant lung function improvement, which suggested that the changes observed were attributable to alterations in the horses' breathing patterns. Infusion of MgSO4 solution at the studied dose offers little advantage over currently used medications for the treatment of severe equine asthma.
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Abstract
This article discusses the benefits and limitations of inhalation therapy in horses. Inhalation drug therapy delivers the drug directly to the airways, thereby achieving maximal drug concentrations at the target site. Inhalation therapy has the additional advantage of decreasing systemic side effects. Inhalation therapy in horses is delivered by the use of nebulizers or pressured metered dose inhalers. It also requires the use of a muzzle or nasal mask in horses. Drugs most commonly delivered through inhalation drug therapy in horses include bronchodilators, antiinflammatories, and antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L Cha
- Kulshan Veterinary Hospital, 8880 Benson Rd, Lynden, WA 98264, USA
| | - Lais R R Costa
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Effects of sedation and salbutamol administration on hyperpnoea and tidal breathing spirometry in healthy horses. Vet J 2017; 222:22-28. [PMID: 28410672 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sedation is often required to perform pulmonary function testing (PFT) in horses, but drug effects may influence respiratory function. The current study was designed to characterise the effects of sedation and bronchodilator administration on absolute and relative indices of pulmonary function during eupnoeic respiration and carbon dioxide-induced hyperpnoea (rebreathing) in healthy horses using a pneumotachographic spirometry system. Sedation with acetylpromazine (ACP), xylazine, or both drugs in combination was associated with significant reductions in respiratory frequency, minute ventilation and peak airflows during eupnoeic respiration. Peak expiratory airflow occurred later in the respiratory cycle than was observed in untreated horses, and expiratory relative flow-time indices were also affected during eupnoeic respiration. Rebreathing attenuated the effects of sedation on indices of pulmonary function, suggesting that future studies should consider the use of induced hyperpnoea as part of the spirometry protocol. Based on the finding that all sedative agents had some effect on eupnoeic respiration, albeit least pronounced with ACP, the latter drug should be considered for sedation of horses undergoing PFT. Salbutamol increased peak inspiratory flow during eupnoeic respiration in healthy horses.
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8
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Calzetta L, Roncada P, di Cave D, Bonizzi L, Urbani A, Pistocchini E, Rogliani P, Matera MG. Pharmacological treatments in asthma-affected horses: A pair-wise and network meta-analysis. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:710-717. [PMID: 28295526 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine asthma is a disease characterised by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and airway inflammation following exposure of susceptible horses to specific airborne agents. Although clinical remission can be achieved in a low-airborne dust environment, repeated exacerbations may lead to irreversible airway remodelling. The available data on the pharmacotherapy of equine asthma result from several small studies, and no head-to-head clinical trials have been conducted among the available medications. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of the pharmacological interventions in equine asthma and compare the effect of different classes of drugs on lung function. STUDY DESIGN Pair-wise and network meta-analysis. METHODS Literature searches for clinical trials on the pharmacotherapy of equine asthma were performed. The risk of publication bias was assessed by funnel plots and Egger's test. Changes in maximum transpulmonary or pleural pressure, pulmonary resistance and dynamic lung compliance vs. control were analysed via random-effects models and Bayesian networks. RESULTS The results obtained from 319 equine asthma-affected horses were extracted from 32 studies. Bronchodilators, corticosteroids and chromones improved maximum transpulmonary or pleural pressure (range: -8.0 to -21.4 cmH2 O; P<0.001). Bronchodilators, corticosteroids and furosemide reduced pulmonary resistance (range: -1.2 to -1.9 cmH2 O/L/s; P<0.001), and weakly increased dynamic lung compliance. Inhaled β2 -adrenoreceptor (β2 -AR) agonists and inhaled corticosteroids had the highest probability of being the best therapies. Long-term treatments were more effective than short-term treatments. MAIN LIMITATIONS Weak publication bias was detected. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that long-term treatments with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2 -AR agonists may represent the first choice for treating equine asthma. Further high quality clinical trials are needed to clarify whether inhaled bronchodilators should be preferred to inhaled corticosteroids or vice versa, and to investigate the potential superiority of combination therapy in equine asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Calzetta
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - P Roncada
- Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Lazzaro Spallanzani, Milan, Italy
| | - D di Cave
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Medicina Traslazionale, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - L Bonizzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - A Urbani
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica, Milan, Italy
| | | | - P Rogliani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M G Matera
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
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10
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Mora Pereira M, Groover E, Wooldridge A, Caldwell F. Review of glucocorticoid therapy in horses. Part 2: Clinical use of systemic glucocorticoids in horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mora Pereira
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - E. Groover
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - A. Wooldridge
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
| | - F. Caldwell
- J. T. Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital; Auburn University; Alabama USA
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11
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Arroyo MG, Couëtil LL, Nogradi N, Kamarudin MM, Ivester KM. Efficacy of Inhaled Levalbuterol Compared to Albuterol in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1333-7. [PMID: 27282625 PMCID: PMC5089594 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The (R)‐enantiomer of racemic albuterol (levalbuterol) has bronchodilatory properties whereas the (S)‐enantiomer causes adverse effects in human airways, animal models, and isolated equine bronchi. Levalbuterol is commercially available and improves pulmonary function of asthmatic patients with a longer duration of effect than albuterol. Objective To determine the dose at which inhaled levalbuterol produces maximal bronchodilatory effect (EDmax) and determine its duration of action in recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)‐affected horses in comparison to racemic albuterol. Animals Nine horses with inducible and reversible RAO. Methods Randomized, crossover trial. Horses were challenged with moldy hay to induce airway obstruction. Horses were treated with nebulized albuterol or levalbuterol chosen randomly. Pulmonary function testing (PFT) was measured before and for up to 3 hours after bronchodilatation challenge. Maximum change in transpulmonary pressure (DPmax) was measured to assess the dose effect and duration of action of each drug. After a 24 hours washout period, the bronchodilatation challenge was repeated with the second bronchodilator. Results The duration of effect was 60 minutes for albuterol and 120 minutes for levalbuterol. The dose of bronchodilator EDmax was not significantly different between albuterol and levalbuterol (EDmax = 125.0 [125–125 μg] and EDmax = 188 [125–188 μg] respectively; P = .068). The magnitude of bronchodilatation was not significantly different between the 2 treatments (61.1 and 59.9% decrease in DPmax for albuterol and levalbuterol respectively; P = .86). Conclusions and clinical importance Levalbuterol is as effective a bronchodilator as albuterol; although levalbuterol lasts twice as long as albuterol, its duration of action is still too short to make it practical for RAO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Arroyo
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
| | - L L Couëtil
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
| | - N Nogradi
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
| | - M M Kamarudin
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
| | - K M Ivester
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
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12
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Couëtil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Richard EA. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:503-15. [PMID: 26806374 PMCID: PMC4913592 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this manuscript is to revise and update the previous consensus statement on inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses. Since 2007, a large number of scientific articles have been published on the topic and these new findings have led to a significant evolution of our understanding of IAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Couëtil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - J M Cardwell
- Department of Production and Population Health, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - V Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, University of Berne and Agroscope, Berne, Switzerland
| | - J-P Lavoie
- Faculté de Médicine Vétérinaire, Département de Sciences Cliniques, Université de Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - R Léguillette
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - E A Richard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, Caen Cedex 4, France
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13
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Mazan MR. Update on noninfectious inflammatory diseases of the lower airway. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:159-85. [PMID: 25770068 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory airway disease and recurrent airway obstruction are 2 nonseptic diseases of the equine respiratory system with a shared cause of exposure to particulate matter. They appear to occupy 2 ends of a spectrum of disease, but are differentiated by history, clinical signs, and response to treatment. Diagnosis can be made by sampling of respiratory fluids and lung function testing. Treatment consists of environmental modification and pharmacologic treatment with systemic or inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Mazan
- Large Animal Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westborough Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
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14
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Nogradi N, Couetil LL, Messick J, Stochelski MA, Burgess JR. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation provides an additional benefit to a low-dust diet in the management of horses with chronic lower airway inflammatory disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 29:299-306. [PMID: 25307169 PMCID: PMC4858086 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) may benefit humans and animals with chronic inflammatory diseases. Hypothesis Omega‐3 PUFA supplementation improves clinical signs, lung function, and airway inflammation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Animals Eight research horses and 35 client‐owned horses. Methods A pilot study examined the dose of PUFA that can alter plasma PUFA composition. Then, a randomized, controlled clinical trial was performed in horses with RAO and IAD. Horses were fed a complete pelleted diet with no hay and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 daily treatments for 2 months: 30 or 60 g of the supplement or 30 g of placebo. Clinical signs, lung function, plasma PUFA composition, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology were evaluated. Data were expressed as median (25–75th percentiles). P < .05 was considered significant. Results Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation resulted in increased plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that peaked at 4 weeks. Clinical improvement was noted in all horses involved in the clinical trial, but the group that received PUFA had greater improvement in clinical signs (cough score improved 60%), lung function (respiratory effort decreased 48%), and BALF (neutrophils decreased from 23 to 9%) when compared to placebo (cough score improved 33%, respiratory effort decreased 27%, BALF neutrophils increased from 11 to 17%; P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Feeding horses with RAO and IAD a PUFA supplement containing 1.5–3 g DHA for 2 months provides an additional benefit to low‐dust diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nogradi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
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15
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Ivester KM, Couëtil LL. Management of chronic airway inflammation in the horse: A systematic review. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Ivester
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
| | - L. L. Couëtil
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
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16
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Wieder ME, Paine SW, Hincks PR, Pearce CM, Scarth J, Hillyer L. Detection and pharmacokinetics of salbutamol in thoroughbred racehorses following inhaled administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:41-7. [PMID: 25229326 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salbutamol sulphate (Ventolin Evohaler) was administrated via the inhalation route to six horses at a dose of 0.5 mg every 4 h during the day for 2 days (total dose 4 mg). Urine and blood samples were taken up to 92 h postadministration. Hydrolyzed plasma and urine were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE). A sensitive tandem mass spectrometric method was developed in this study, achieving a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for salbutamol of 10 pg/mL in plasma and urine. The parent drug was identified using UPLC-MS/MS. Most of the determined salbutamol plasma concentrations, post last administration, lie below the LLOQ of the method and so cannot be used for plasma PK analysis. Urine PK analysis suggests a half-life consistent with the pharmacological effect duration. An estimate of the urine average concentration at steady-state was collected by averaging the concentration measurements in the dosing period from -12 to 0 h relative to the last administered dose. The value was averaged across the six horses and used to estimate an effective urine concentration as a marker of effective lung concentration. The value estimated was 9.6 ng/mL and from this a number of detection times were calculated using a range of safety factors.
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17
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Pirie RS. Recurrent airway obstruction: a review. Equine Vet J 2014; 46:276-88. [PMID: 24164473 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent airway obstruction is a widely recognised airway disorder, characterised by hypersensitivity-mediated neutrophilic airway inflammation and lower airway obstruction in a subpopulation of horses when exposed to suboptimal environments high in airborne organic dust. Over the past decade, numerous studies have further advanced our understanding of different aspects of the disease. These include clarification of the important inhaled airborne agents responsible for disease induction, improving our understanding of the underlying genetic basis of disease susceptibility and unveiling the fundamental immunological mechanisms leading to establishment of the classic disease phenotype. This review, as well as giving a clinical overview of recurrent airway obstruction, summarises much of the work in these areas that have culminated in a more thorough understanding of this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Pirie
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Rundfeldt C, Wyska E, Steckel H, Witkowski A, Jeżewska-Witkowska G, Wlaź P. A model for treating avian aspergillosis: serum and lung tissue kinetics for Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) following single and multiple aerosol exposures of a nanoparticulate itraconazole suspension. Med Mycol 2013; 51:800-10. [PMID: 23815436 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2013.803166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is frequently reported in parrots, falcons and other birds held in captivity. Inhalation is the main route of infection for Aspergillus fumigatus, resulting in both acute and chronic disease conditions. Itraconazole (ITRA) is an antifungal commonly used in birds, but administration requires repeated oral dosing and the safety margin is narrow. We describe lung tissue and serum pharmacokinetics of a nanoparticulate ITRA suspension administered to Japanese quail by aerosol exposure. Aerosolized ITRA (1 and 10% suspension) administered over 30 min did not induce adverse clinical reactions in quail upon single or 5-day repeated doses. High lung concentrations, well above the inhibitory levels for A. fumigatus, of 4.14 ± 0.19 μg/g and 27.5 ± 4.58 μg/g (mean ± SEM, n = 3), were achieved following single-dose inhalation of 1% and 10% suspension, respectively. Upon multiple dose administration of 10% suspension, mean lung concentrations reached 104.9 ± 10.1 μg/g. Drug clearance from the lungs was slow with terminal half-lives of 19.7 h and 35.8 h following inhalation of 1% and 10% suspension, respectively. Data suggest that lung clearance is solubility driven. Lung concentrations of hydroxy-itraconazole reached 1-2% of the ITRA lung tissue concentration indicating metabolism in lung tissue. Steady, but low, serum concentrations of ITRA could be measured after multiple dose administration, reaching less than 0.1% of the lung tissue concentration. This formulation may represent a novel, easy to administer treatment modality for fungal lung infection, preventing high systemic exposure. It may also be useful as metaphylaxis to prevent the outbreak of aspergillosis in colonized animals.
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Couetil L, Hammer J, Miskovic Feutz M, Nogradi N, Perez-Moreno C, Ivester K. Effects of N-Butylscopolammonium Bromide on Lung Function in Horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 26:1433-8. [PMID: 22925156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2012.00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L. Couetil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN
| | - J. Hammer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN
| | - M. Miskovic Feutz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN
| | - N. Nogradi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN
| | - C. Perez-Moreno
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN
| | - K. Ivester
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine; West Lafayette; IN
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Abstract
Animal models have been developed to investigate specific components of asthmatic airway inflammation, hyper-responsiveness or remodelling. However, all of these aspects are rarely observed in the same animal. Heaves is a naturally occurring disease of horses that combines these features. It is characterized by stable dust-induced inflammation, bronchospasm and remodelling. The evaluation of horses during well-controlled natural antigen exposure and avoidance in experimental settings allows the study of disease mechanisms in the asymptomatic and symptomatic stages, an approach rarely feasible in humans. Also, the disease can be followed over several years to observe the cumulative effect of repeated episodes of clinical exacerbation or to evaluate long-term treatment, contrasting most murine asthma models. This model has shown complex gene and environment interactions, the involvement of both innate and adaptive responses to inflammation, and the contribution of bronchospasm and tissue remodelling to airway obstruction, all occurring in a natural setting. Similarities with the human asthmatic airways are well described and the model is currently being used to evaluate airway remodelling and its reversibility in ways that are not possible in people for ethical reasons. Tools including antibodies, recombinant proteins or gene arrays, as well as methods for sampling tissues and assessing lung function in the horse are constantly evolving to facilitate the study of this animal model. Research perspectives that can be relevant to asthma include the role of neutrophils in airway inflammation and their response to corticosteroids, systemic response to pulmonary inflammation, and maintaining athletic capacities with early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Leclere
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
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