1
|
Vreeman G, Sun CC. Stress transmission coefficient is a reliable and robust parameter for quantifying powder plasticity. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.117066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
2
|
Effect of Two Surfactants and Mode of Incorporation on the Compaction Characteristics of the Hot Water Leaf Extract ofFicus sur. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1300/j133v04n03_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
3
|
Elder DP, Patterson JE, Holm R. The solid-state continuum: a perspective on the interrelationships between different solid-state forms in drug substance and drug product. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 67:757-72. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The objective of the review is to provide an overview of the nomenclature used in the solid-state continuum and relate these to the development of drug substances and drug products.
Key findings
The importance of a rational approach to solid-state form selection, including integrated decision making (ensuring equal weight is given to the needs of the drug substance and the drug product), is vital for the effective development of a drug candidate. For example, how do secondary processing considerations influence the selection of drug substance solid-state form and resulting formulation, and how can drug substance solid-state form be used to optimise secondary processing? Further, the potential use of ‘crystal’ engineering to optimise stability, purity and optical resolutions, and the linked regulatory requirements, will be discussed.
Summary
The nomenclature used in the solid-state continuum, which contains a large number of different crystalline and non-crystalline forms, for example, amorphous systems, was reviewed. Further, the significant role of the drug substance within the solid oral dose form from a physicochemical perspective was covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James E Patterson
- Global Manufacturing and Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - René Holm
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Biologics and Pharmaceutical Science, Valby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Abstract
Abstract
The effect of compressional force on the polymorphic transition in piroxicam has been examined, using pure polymorph, by differential scanning calorimetery, powder X-ray diffractometry and by determination of dissolution rates from tablets of the individual polymorphs. The needle shaped polymorph was found to undergo transition to the cubic polymorph during compression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Ghan
- K. M. Kundnani College of Pharmacy, Plot No. 47, Worli, Bombay, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun CC. Materials Science Tetrahedron—A Useful Tool for Pharmaceutical Research and Development. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:1671-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
7
|
Cocolas HG, Lordi NG. Axial to Radial Pressure Transmission of Tablet Excipients using a Novel Instrumented Die. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049309047197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
8
|
Krycer I, Pope DG, Hersey JA. The Interpretation of Powder Compaction Data - a Critical Review. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639048209022103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
9
|
Otsuka M. Effects of Environmental Temperature and Compression Energy on Polymorphic Transformation During Tabletting. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049309047191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
10
|
Shakhtshneider TP, Boldyrev VV. Phase Transformations in Sulfathiazole During Mechanical Activation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049309069341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
11
|
Çelik M, Driscoll CE. An Overview of the Effects of Some Physico-Chemical and Mechanical Characteristics of Particulates on the Compaction and Post-Compaction Properties of Compacts. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049309047188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
12
|
Duncan-Hewitt WC. Uniaxial Compaction Modelled using the Properties of Single Crystals. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/03639049309047190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
Picker-Freyer KM, Liao X, Zhang G, Wiedmann TS. Evaluation of the compaction of sulfathiazole polymorphs. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:2111-24. [PMID: 17565752 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to relate the tableting performance assessed by an instrumented tableting machine to the mechanical properties measured by nanoindentation. Three different polymorphic forms of sulfathiazole were prepared by recrystallization, and the density and X-ray powder diffraction patterns were measured and compared with theoretical density and simulated powder patterns, respectively. Tablets were prepared using a series of applied pressures, and the results were subjected to energy analysis, three dimensional (3D) modeling, and the traditional Heckel analysis. With these approaches, form I was found to be consistently the most brittle material, but the subtle differences between forms II and III were only revealed by 3D modeling. The rank order of the crushing force was found to be I is congruent to II < III. From nanoindentation, form III was found to be much harder than forms I and II, and III also had a much higher Young's modulus. The energy calculations of the nanoindentation curves showed that form III was distinct from forms I and II, which is consistent with the presence of slip planes that are only present in form III. However, in this system, there was little correspondence between the macroscopic and microscopic measurements, and thus particle-particle interactions may to be of paramount importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Maria Picker-Freyer
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tantry JS, Tank J, Suryanarayanan R. Processing-Induced Phase Transitions of Theophylline—Implications on the Dissolution of Theophylline Tablets. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:1434-44. [PMID: 17455350 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous wet massing of stable anhydrous theophylline (A) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) resulted in its complete transformation to theophylline monohydrate (M). Drying at 45 degrees C, resulted in the formation of metastable anhydrous theophylline (A*) which then transformed to A. PVP, a known crystallization inhibitor, was effective in inhibiting the A* --> A transition. The higher molecular weight polymer, PVP K90, was more effective in inhibiting the A* --> A transition as compared to PVP K17. The disappearance of M, and the formation of A* and A was simultaneously monitored by XRD. An increase in the drying temperature from 45 to 55 degrees C accelerated the A* --> A transition. In granules prepared by the high-shear process, approximately 50% of theophylline existed as A and the rest as A*. In contrast, the fluid-bed granulation process yielded granules containing only A. Thus, the physical form of theophylline in tablets was influenced by the molecular weight of the binding agent, the granulation method, and the drying temperature. Using A as the starting material, tablets were manufactured by high-shear aqueous wet granulation process and the A* content was quantified. These tablets were stored under various relative humidity (RH) conditions at 25 degrees C for 2 weeks. Storage at RH >or= 33% caused complete A* --> A conversion accompanied by a pronounced decrease in the initial dissolution rate indicating that phase transitions during processing and storage can have a significant influence on product performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaidev S Tantry
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kato F, Otsuka M, Matsuda Y. Kinetic study of the transformation of mefenamic acid polymorphs in various solvents and under high humidity conditions. Int J Pharm 2006; 321:18-26. [PMID: 16765543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The transformation kinetics of mefenamic acid form II to form I in three kinds of solvents and under high humidity conditions were extensively investigated. Form II crystals were suspended in water, 50% ethanol and ethanol at 28, 33 and 37 degrees C, or stored at 50, 60 and 70 degrees C at 97% RH. Form II transformed to form I under all storage conditions and the rate of transformation depended on the kind of solvent. The transformation followed the three-dimensional nuclei growth mechanism, depending on temperature. The nuclei formation and growth processes were significantly accelerated in ethanol compared with water. The addition of seed crystals of the stable form I shortened the both nuclei formation and growth processes and therefore the transformation was accelerated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Kato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Atkinson P, Findlay KS, Kielar F, Pal R, Parker D, Poole RA, Puschmann H, Richardson SL, Stenson PA, Thompson AL, Yu J. Azaxanthones and azathioxanthones are effective sensitisers for europium and terbium luminescence. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1707-22. [PMID: 16633563 DOI: 10.1039/b601357k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Several azaxanthone and azathioxanthone sensitising chromophores have been incorporated into macrocyclic ligands and form well-defined Eu and Tb complexes in polar media. Excitation of the heterocyclic chromophore in the range 330 to 382 nm leads to modest amounts of aromatic fluorescence and relatively efficient metal-based luminescence, with absolute metal-based quantum yields of up to 24% in aqueous media.
Collapse
|
19
|
Doelker E, Massuelle D. Benefits of die-wall instrumentation for research and development in tabletting. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 58:427-44. [PMID: 15296965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Instrumented presses used in tabletting research and development are normally equipped to measure punch force and displacement. Die-wall monitoring is rare, probably because instrumentation and calibration are quite difficult. The authors critically examine the tenets of radial pressure measurement in compression physics. The theoretical background concerning axial to radial stress transmission during the different phases of the compression cycle is presented. The literature reporting on the use of radial stress measurement to assess the self-lubricating properties of materials or the effect of lubricants is reviewed. Examples of interpretation of radial pressure cycles to define the basic material behaviour are given. The influence of particle size and shape as well as that of process and formulation variables on die-wall response are also discussed. Substantial inconsistencies can be seen in the literature with respect to the interpretation of experimental data, often because of the poor reliability of results and mostly because powders are essentially not solid, isotropic bodies. There is also a distinct lack of complementary tabletting parameters that would help understanding their comparative benefits. For this reason, original data on 13 model compounds are presented together with a classification of the materials encountered in pharmaceutical tabletting, based on selected parameters. In conclusion, none of the determined parameters, including those derived from radial pressure measurement, is able, alone, to predict the material behaviour under compression. Although die-wall instrumentation contributes little to the development of improved tablet formulations, it is valuable for characterising the mechanical properties of the materials. This is particularly advantageous given that the mechanical properties account for variations in tabletting performance to a much greater extent than the magnitude of the interparticulate attractions. Nevertheless, because of the peculiar nature of powders compared to solid, isotropic bodies, there is a need to develop new models for analysing their behaviour and to put more emphasis on examination of time-dependent deformation in the later stage of the compression cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Doelker
- School of Pharmacy, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Michrafy A, Ringenbacher D, Tchoreloff P. Modelling the compaction behaviour of powders: application to pharmaceutical powders. POWDER TECHNOL 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-5910(02)00119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
Crystallization is often employed for purifying a drug substance. Use of different solvents and processing conditions may change the crystal habit, besides altering the polymorphic state. Furthermore, altered habit may result from crystal growth during storage. Hence, there is a need to understand the factors influencing crystal habit and to evaluate critically, its role in the performance of dosage forms. Establishing the physicotechnical properties of different habits of a drug will help to recognize lot-to-lot variations in raw materials and to ensure reproducibility of dosage form performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Tiwary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morris KR, Griesser UJ, Eckhardt CJ, Stowell JG. Theoretical approaches to physical transformations of active pharmaceutical ingredients during manufacturing processes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 48:91-114. [PMID: 11325478 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(01)00100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Processing-induced transformations (PITs) during pharmaceutical manufacturing are well known but difficult to predict and often difficult to control. This review of the concepts of transformations is couched in terms of the issues associated with identifying rate-controlling events from the materials side and the processing side. Specifically, the approach is reconciling the characteristic time scale of the structural change(s) in the material with the time scale of the processing-induced stress. This is definitely a model (or rather a melding of a group of existing theories) in development. This overview is a 'snapshot' of the authors' attempts to identify the categories of existing theories needed to encompass all of the relevant events for each possible PIT. The ultimate goal is to establish a framework of concepts and theories for consideration, discussion, and modeling of PITs as well as to locate much of the relevant literature in the framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Morris
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1336, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Suihko E, Lehto VP, Ketolainen J, Laine E, Paronen P. Dynamic solid-state and tableting properties of four theophylline forms. Int J Pharm 2001; 217:225-36. [PMID: 11292558 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between solid-state, densification and compact properties of theophylline monohydrate (TMO), a mixture of forms (TMIX), and anhydrous polymorphs I (TA-I) and II (TA-II) were evaluated. Solid-state identification of powders and compacts was accomplished by powder X-ray diffraction. A compaction simulator was used to assess deformation behaviour of the powders and to prepare compacts. Porosity and tensile strength of the compacts were determined after 1,24, and 168 h of storage at 22% relative humidity. TA-II was stable, whereas TA-I, TMIX and TMO partially transformed to the TA-II form during storage. All theophylline modifications primarily deformed by plastic flow. Increased water content decreased resistance towards densification and deformation of TMIX and TMO when compared to TA-II or TA-I, demonstrating viscoelasticity. Permanent densification behaviours of TMIX and TMO approached to that of TA-II during storage. Tensile strength of the different theophylline forms were practically equal after 1 h of storage. Tensile strength and porosity of TMIX and TMO compacts increased during the storage. Dynamic solid-state transformations from TMO, TMIX and TA-I to TA-II were associated with parallel changes in their densification and compact properties. The extent of these changes was also dependent on the materials' water content.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Suihko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of crystal habit in influencing the physical stability and pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim suspensions was examined. METHODS Different habits for trimethoprim (TMP) were obtained by recrystallizing the commercial sample (PD) utilizing solvent-change precipitation method. Four distinct habits (microscopic observation) belonging to the same polymorphic state (DSC studies) were selected for studies. Preformulation and formulation studies were carried out on suspension dosage forms containing these crystals. The freshly prepared suspensions were also evaluated for their pharmacokinetic behaviour on healthy human volunteers using a cross over study. RESULTS Variation of crystallization conditions produces different habits of TMP. Among the different crystal habits exhibiting same polymorphic state, the most anisometric crystal showed best physical stability in terms of sedimentation volume and redispersibility. However, habit did not significantly affect the extent of TMP excreted in urine. CONCLUSIONS Modification of surface morphology without significantly altering the polymorphic state can be utilized for improving physical stability of TMP suspensions. However, the pharmacokinetic profile remains unaltered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Tiwary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jain S. Mechanical properties of powders for compaction and tableting: an overview. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY TODAY 1999; 2:20-31. [PMID: 10234200 DOI: 10.1016/s1461-5347(98)00111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an insight into mechanical properties that are critical to understanding powder processing for tableting. Various parameters that reflect these basic fundamental properties of powder and their evaluation by different techniques are described. Some recent examples in which these techniques are used in drug substance selection, formulation optimization or scale-up are also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Jain
- Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Pharmaceutics and Chemical Analysis, PO Box 13398, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-3398, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Singh D, Marshall PV, Shields L, York P. Solid-state characterization of chlordiazepoxide polymorphs. J Pharm Sci 1998; 87:655-62. [PMID: 9572919 DOI: 10.1021/js960385c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel crystal form (form II) of the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide is reported. The new polymorphic phase was characterized and distinguished from the standard form (form I) by X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, microscopy, solution calorimetry, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. The formation of form II was dependent on the crystallizing solvent, being the predominant form isolated from methanol. Recrystallization from other alcoholic solutions (ethanol, propanol, and butanol) and toluene yielded form I. Differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction indicated that the two forms were enantiotropically related with a transition of form II to form I occurring between 200 and 225 degreesC. Visual examination by hot stage microscopy in this temperature range revealed a dramatic solid-state transition. Single-crystal X-ray analysis was performed on form II which was found to crystallize in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 10.736(2) A, b = 16.921(4) A, c = 17.041(4) A, alpha = 100.76(1) degrees, beta = 95.27(1) degrees, gamma = 97.53(1) degrees, Z = 8, and dcal = 1.33 g/cm3. When compared with the published crystal structure of form I, the cell symmetry, volume, and density were similar. Both structures consisted of four crystallographically independent molecules linked in pairs through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Differences were observed in the packing arrangement of the dimers in the polymorphs. The small heat of transition calculated from solution calorimetry (1.5 kJ mol-1) was sufficient to effect a crystallographic rearrangement of the dimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Singh
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, and Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Roberts R, Rowe R. Influence of polymorphism on the Young's modulus and yield stress of carbmazepine, sulfathiazole and sulfanilamide. Int J Pharm 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(95)04253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
28
|
Duncan-Hewitt W. Modeling the Compression Behavior of ParticleAssemblies from the Mechanical Properties of Individual Particles. DRUGS AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1995. [DOI: 10.1201/b14207-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
29
|
Otsuka M, Matsumoto T, Higuchi S, Otsuka K, Kaneniwa N. Effect of compression temperature on the consolidation mechanism of chlorpropamide polymorphs. J Pharm Sci 1995; 84:614-8. [PMID: 7658353 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600840517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of environmental temperature on the compression mechanism of chlorpropamide (CPM) polymorph, forms A and C, was investigated with an eccentric type tabletting machine with two load cells and a noncontact displacement transducer. The temperature of the die was controlled at 0 and 45 degrees C by a thermocontroller. Sample powders (200 mg), which were also controlled at 0 and 45 degrees C by a thermocontroller, were compressed at almost 230 MPa. The tabletting dynamic processes of CPM forms A and C at 0 and 45 degrees C were evaluated by Cooper and modified Heckel analyses. The results suggest that particle brittleness or plasticity was affected by compression at different temperatures. The higher tablet hardness of form A at 45 degrees C was thought to be caused by the increased plasticity of primary particles, whereas that of form C at 45 degrees C was ascribed to the decreased size of the secondary particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Otsuka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|
31
|
Roston DA, Walters MC, Rhinebarger RR, Ferro LJ. Characterization of polymorphs of a new anti-inflammatory drug. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1993; 11:293-300. [PMID: 8357866 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the utility of a diversified analytical approach for the characterization and quantitative analysis for two polymorphs of a new anti-inflammatory agent, (+/-)-7-[3-(4-acetyl-3-methoxy-2-propylphenoxy)propoxy-3,4-dihydro -8-propyl- 2H-1-benzopyran-2-carboxylic acid (SC-41930). The existence of two distinct crystal polymorphs of SC-41930 was qualitatively indicated through microscopy and application of thermal methods of analysis. The application of TGA was important for establishing that the two solid forms were, in fact, polymorphs, as opposed to solvated and unsolvated drug substances. The application of IR spectrometry revealed spectral features in the carbonyl stretching region, which were characteristic and unique to the two SC-41930 polymorphs. DRIFT spectrometry was implemented as the sampling method of choice to eliminate the possibility of polymorphic transformations during conventional mulling or KBr pellet sampling procedures. The DRIFT spectrometry procedure permitted development of a quantitative assay for detection of the low-melting polymorph (as an impurity) in high-melting samples. Calibration plots showed acceptable linearity of response from 0 to 25% (w/w) low-melting samples spiked into the high-melting polymorph. The performance characteristics of the method indicated good run-to-run and day-to-day consistency for its intended use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Roston
- Searle Research and Development, Skokie, IL 60077
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wong MW, Mitchell AG. Physicochemical characterization of a phase change produced during the wet granulation of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and its effects on tableting. Int J Pharm 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(92)90324-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
33
|
Matsumoto T, Kaneniwa N, Higuchi S, Otsuka M. Effects of temperature and pressure during compression on polymorphic transformation and crushing strength of chlorpropamide tablets. J Pharm Pharmacol 1991; 43:74-8. [PMID: 1672905 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb06635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of temperature on the polymorphic transformation of chlorpropamide during compression and on the physical properties of the tablet have been investigated. A heater and liquid nitrogen pool were mounted on the die of a single punch eccentric tableting machine, and the die temperature was controlled by a thermocontroller. A tableting machine with two load cells (upper and lower punches) and a non-contact displacement transducer were used to measure compression stress, distance and energy. The X-ray diffraction profiles of the deagglomerated compressed sample powder were measured to calculate the polymorphic content. The amount of form C transformed from form A at 45 degrees C was about twice that at 0 degree C with the same compression energy. The amount of form A transformed from form C by compression at 45 degrees C was almost the same as that at 0 degree C. This suggests that the mechanochemical effect of form A depended on the compression temperature, but that of form C was independent of temperature. The crushing strength of tablets of form A was about twice that of form C, even at the same porosity. The plots of log (crushing strength of tablet) against porosity of form A tablets compressed at 0 and 45 degrees C were linear with the same slope; the slope for form C tablets compressed at 45 degrees C was less than that at 0 degree C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Matsumoto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Duncan-Hewitt WC, Weatherly GC. Modeling the uniaxial compaction of pharmaceutical powders using the mechanical properties of single crystals. II: Brittle materials. J Pharm Sci 1990; 79:273-8. [PMID: 2338639 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600790319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A model is presented which uses the hardness and elastic moduli of brittle crystals, determined using the Vickers microindentation test, to predict the uniaxial compaction behavior of compacts. A general approach first developed in the materials science field to predict the densification of particulate matter under hydrostatic loading was followed. Modifications to account for the effects of particle geometry and the closed-die loading conditions were considered. The model predicted the densification behavior of sucrose and adipic acid. It did not predict the densification of acetaminophen as well; however, the discrepancy between the experimental and predicted values may arise either from error associated with the evaluation of the elastic modulus using the microindentation test or from error in calculating the relative density of compacts which were observed to have partially laminated. The effects of error both in the hardness value and in the ratio of punch to die-wall stress on the predictive capability of the model were also discussed briefly.
Collapse
|
35
|
Duncan-Hewitt WC, Weatherly GC. Modeling the uniaxial compaction of pharmaceutical powders using the mechanical properties of single crystals. I: Ductile materials. J Pharm Sci 1990; 79:147-52. [PMID: 2324963 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600790214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A model is presented which uses the Vickers microindentation hardness of ductile crystals such as sodium chloride to predict the uniaxial compaction behavior of compacts. A general approach first developed in the materials science field to predict the densification of particulate matter under hydrostatic loading was followed. However, modifications to account for the effects of particle geometry and the closed-die loading conditions were considered. Using the standard microindentation hardness value of sodium chloride, the model predicted the densification behavior of this material at a punch displacement rate of 1 mm/min. Densification at higher compaction rates was predicted by considering the effect of deformation kinetics on the hardness. Secondary factors which affect compaction, such as particle size effects and die-wall friction, are also briefly discussed.
Collapse
|
36
|
Otsuka M, Matsumoto T, Kaneniwa N. Effects of the mechanical energy of multi-tableting compression on the polymorphic transformations of chlorpropamide. J Pharm Pharmacol 1989; 41:665-9. [PMID: 2575141 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1989.tb06337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the mechanical energy of tableting compression on the polymorphic transformation of chlorpropamide have been examined. A single-punch eccentric tableting machine with a load cell and a non-contact displacement transducer were used to measure compression stress, distance and energy. An amount of 100 mg of the stable form A or the meta-stable form C of the drug was loaded into the press and the sample compressed with a compression stress of 196 MPa at room temperature (20 degrees C). The compression cycle was repeated from 1 to 30 times. The powder X-ray diffraction profiles of the deagglomerated compressed sample powder were measured to calculate the polymorphic content. The results on forms A and C suggested that both forms were transformed into each other in the solid state by mechanical energy during tableting. The contents of forms A and C reached equilibrium at a constant value above 100 J g-1 of compression energy after more than 10 cycles. After 30 tableting cycles of forms A and C, the contents of A, C and the non-crystalline solid were almost constant at about 45, 25 and 30%, respectively. The compression energies were estimated to be about 500-600 J g-1. From the results it seems that the transformation mechanism of forms A and C during tableting were as follows. The crystal form of A or C was converted to a non-crystalline solid by the mechanical energy, and the solid was then transformed into form A or C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Otsuka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Modification of adipic acid crystals. II. Influence of growth in the presence of oleic acid on crystal properties. Int J Pharm 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(85)90103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
39
|
|
40
|
|
41
|
Summers MP, Enever RP, Carless JE. Influence of crystal form on tensile strength of compacts of pharmaceutical materials. J Pharm Sci 1977; 66:1172-5. [PMID: 894506 DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600660832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The tensile strengths of compacts of different crystal forms of aspirin, sulfathiazole, and barbital were determined with a modified tablet hardness tester. For each material, the tensile strength could be correlated with the amount of plastic flow and/or crushing undergone by each crystal form during compression.
Collapse
|