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Crosby SV, Ahmed IY, Osborn LR, Wang Z, Schleiff MA, Fantegrossi WE, Nagar S, Prather PL, Boysen G, Miller GP. Similar 5F-APINACA Metabolism between CD-1 Mouse and Human Liver Microsomes Involves Different P450 Cytochromes. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080773. [PMID: 36005645 PMCID: PMC9413144 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, synthetic cannabinoids accounted for more than one-third of new drugs of abuse worldwide; however, assessment of associated health risks is not ethical for controlled and often illegal substances, making CD-1 mouse exposure studies the gold standard. Interpretation of those findings then depends on the similarity of mouse and human metabolic pathways. Herein, we report the first comparative analysis of steady-state metabolism of N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-pentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (5F-APINACA/5F-AKB48) in CD-1 mice and humans using hepatic microsomes. Regardless of species, 5F-APINACA metabolism involved highly efficient sequential adamantyl hydroxylation and oxidative defluorination pathways that competed equally. Secondary adamantyl hydroxylation was less efficient for mice. At low 5F-APINACA concentrations, initial rates were comparable between pathways, but at higher concentrations, adamantyl hydroxylations became less significant due to substrate inhibition likely involving an effector site. For humans, CYP3A4 dominated both metabolic pathways with minor contributions from CYP2C8, 2C19, and 2D6. For CD-1 mice, Cyp3a11 and Cyp2c37, Cyp2c50, and Cyp2c54 contributed equally to adamantyl hydroxylation, but Cyp3a11 was more efficient at oxidative defluorination than Cyp2c members. Taken together, the results of our in vitro steady-state study indicate a high conservation of 5F-APINACA metabolism between CD-1 mice and humans, but deviations can occur due to differences in P450s responsible for the associated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha V. Crosby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Izzeldin Y. Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Laura R. Osborn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Zeyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Mary A. Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - William E. Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Paul L. Prather
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Grover P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Correspondence:
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Sansone M, Battaglia M, Castellano C. Effect of caffeine and nicotine on avoidance learning in mice: lack of interaction. J Pharm Pharmacol 1994; 46:765-7. [PMID: 7837048 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tested alone, nicotine (0.25 or 0.5 mg kg-1) improved shuttle-box avoidance learning in mice of the CD-1 strain. Caffeine had no effect at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg kg-1 and impaired performance at a dose of 10 mg kg-1. Combinations of the two drugs did not increase avoidance responses more than nicotine alone, nor was nicotine able to attenuate performance depression induced by the highest dose of caffeine. Lack of drug interaction in the avoidance test contrasts with the occurrence of interactive effects of the two drugs in a locomotor activity test. When given in combination, caffeine and nicotine increased locomotor activity at doses ineffective by themselves. The results seem to indicate no advantage in combining caffeine and nicotine to improve active avoidance learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sansone
- Istituto di Psicobiologia e Psicofarmacologia, CNR, Roma, Italy
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