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Larsen M, Witoszek N, Yeung JC. A multilevel selection model for prosocial well-being. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1068119. [PMID: 36910840 PMCID: PMC9995435 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1068119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This article proposes an evolutionary model for well-being informed by multilevel selection. We posit that people's subjective assessment of their own quality of life is the sum their happiness, which is related to individual selection, and their sense of having a meaningful life, which is related to group selection. Conceptualizing life quality as "Happiness + Meaning = Well-being" offers insights into how the human well-being system helps people navigate between individual and group needs. We define happiness as the cluster of affects that reward individuals for solving adaptively relevant problems. We approach meaning as a reward individuals experience when contributing to their community. While people derive happiness from cooperation and competition, meaning originates from prosocial (cooperative/altruistic) behavior. Since increased within-group competition often reduces societal well-being, public policy should aim at cooperative means for good living. Our model brings attention to these dynamics. The Nordic countries, which score highest on quality of life, facilitate multilevel well-being, that is, individual prosperity and altruistic opportunity. Our preliminary quantitative study confirmed the correlation between some markers of prosociality and well-being at a national level. To investigate the psychological mechanisms behind this correlation, we conducted in-depth interviews of Nordic and Slavonic helpers of Ukrainian refugees in Norway (n = 32). A primary ambition was to illuminate how the human quest for meaning contributes both to individual flourishing and group selection. In line with Nesse's view on happiness not as an affect meant to be maximized, but an evolutionary signal, we use a qualitative approach that allows for a deeper understanding of how individuals adapt to these signals. Our findings suggest that happiness is transient so that the well-being system's signal sensitivity can be preserved. Meaning is enduring since it assesses and reinforces social belonging. These insights are relevant for our era's turn toward more holistic development policies. Compared to often materialistic, competition-driven happiness pursuits, meaning-driven well-being is a more sustainable alternative for individuals, communities, and the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Larsen
- Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nina Witoszek
- Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - June Chun Yeung
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Mowla MR, Cano RI, Dhuyvetter KJ, Thompson DE. Affective brain-computer interfaces: Choosing a meaningful performance measuring metric. Comput Biol Med 2020; 126:104001. [PMID: 33007621 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Affective brain-computer interfaces are a relatively new area of research in affective computing. Estimation of affective states can improve human-computer interaction as well as improve the care of people with severe disabilities. To assess the effectiveness of EEG recordings for recognizing affective states, we used data collected in our lab as well as the publicly available DEAP database. We also reviewed the articles that used the DEAP database and found that a significant number of articles did not consider the presence of the class imbalance in the DEAP. Failing to consider class imbalance creates misleading results. Further, ignoring class imbalance makes the comparison of the results between studies using different datasets impossible, since different datasets will have different class imbalances. Class imbalance also shifts the chance level, hence it is vital to consider class bias while determining if the results are above chance. To properly account for the effect of class imbalance, we suggest the use of balanced accuracy as a performance metric, and its posterior distribution for computing credible intervals. For classification, we used features from the literature as well as theta beta-1 ratio. Results from DEAP and our data suggest that the beta band power, theta band power, and theta beta-1 ratio are better feature sets for classifying valence, arousal, and dominance, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rakibul Mowla
- Mike Wiegers Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Rachael I Cano
- Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Katie J Dhuyvetter
- Mike Wiegers Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - David E Thompson
- Mike Wiegers Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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Health-Related Quality of Life of Young Adults Treated with Recombinant Human Growth Hormone during Childhood. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140944. [PMID: 26474398 PMCID: PMC4608786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) became available in 1985, the spectrum of indications has broadened and the number of treated patients increased. However, long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after childhood rhGH treatment has rarely been documented. We assessed HRQoL and its determinants in young adults treated with rhGH during childhood. Methodology/Principal Findings For this study, we retrospectively identified former rhGH patients in 11 centers of paediatric endocrinology, including university hospitals and private practices. We sent a questionnaire to all patients treated with rhGH for any diagnosis, who were older than 18 years, and who resided in Switzerland at time of the survey. Three hundred participants (58% of 514 eligible) returned the questionnaire. Mean age was 23 years; 56% were women; 43% had isolated growth hormone deficiency, or idiopathic short stature; 43% had associated diseases or syndromes, and 14% had growth hormone deficiency after childhood cancer. Swiss siblings of childhood cancer survivors and the German norm population served as comparison groups. HRQoL was assessed using the Short Form-36. We found that the Physical Component Summary of healthy patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency or idiopathic short stature resembled that of the control group (53.8 vs. 54.9). Patients with associated diseases or syndromes scored slightly lower (52.5), and former cancer patients scored lowest (42.6). The Mental Component Summary was similar for all groups. Lower Physical Component Summary was associated with lower educational level (coeff. -1.9). Final height was not associated with HRQoL. Conclusions/Significance In conclusion, HRQoL after treatment with rhGH in childhood depended mainly on the underlying indication for rhGH treatment. Patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency/idiopathic short stature or patients with associated diseases or syndromes had HRQoL comparable to peers. Patients with growth hormone deficiency after childhood cancer were at high risk for lower HRQoL. This reflects the general impaired health of this vulnerable group, which needs long-term follow-up.
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Kassam KS, Morewedge CK, Gilbert DT, Wilson TD. Winners love winning and losers love money. Psychol Sci 2011; 22:602-6. [PMID: 21515740 DOI: 10.1177/0956797611405681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salience and satisfaction are important factors in determining the comparisons that people make. We hypothesized that people make salient comparisons first, and then make satisfying comparisons only if salient comparisons leave them unsatisfied. This hypothesis suggests an asymmetry between winning and losing. For winners, comparison with a salient alternative (i.e., losing) brings satisfaction. Therefore, winners should be sensitive only to the relative value of their outcomes. For losers, comparison with a salient alternative (i.e., winning) brings little satisfaction. Therefore, losers should be drawn to compare outcomes with additional standards, which should make them sensitive to both relative and absolute values of their outcomes. In Experiment 1, participants won one of two cash prizes on a scratch-off ticket. Winners were sensitive to the relative value of their prizes, whereas losers were sensitive to both the relative and the absolute values of their prizes. In Experiment 2, losers were sensitive to the absolute value of their prize only when they had sufficient cognitive resources to engage in effortful comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim S Kassam
- Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Barry MM, Crosby C, Bogg J. Methodological issues in evaluating the quality of life of long-stay psychiatric patients. J Ment Health 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/09638239309016953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hoffner C, Ye J. Young adults' responses to news about sunscreen and skin cancer: the role of framing and social comparison. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2009; 24:189-198. [PMID: 19415551 DOI: 10.1080/10410230902804067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Young adults read a news article about skin cancer that used a gain frame (e.g., using sunscreen keeps skin healthy) or a loss frame (e.g., not using sunscreen increases skin cancer risk), and included a personal exemplar (healthy or ill). Compared to a control group, both frames increased intentions to use sunscreen. Planned SPF was higher for men in the loss frame but was unaffected by framing for women. The framing manipulation had opposite effects on sun protection behaviors among individuals who were high versus low in perceived similarity to the exemplar. Overall, the gain frame was more effective for people who were high in similarity, whereas the loss frame was more effective for those low in similarity. In addition, individuals who felt more similar to the exemplar reported more personal risk in the loss frame but stronger intentions to use sun protection behaviors in the gain frame. Last, social comparison orientation was associated with more personal risk in the gain frame (suggesting upward comparison) but lower intentions to engage in sun protection behaviors regardless of the frame. Interpretations of the findings and implications for the use of exemplars in health messages are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Hoffner
- Department of Communication, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA30302-4000, USA.
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Diener E. Assessing Subjective Well-Being: Progress and Opportunities. ASSESSING WELL-BEING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bault N, Coricelli G, Rustichini A. Interdependent utilities: how social ranking affects choice behavior. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3477. [PMID: 18941538 PMCID: PMC2568945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Organization in hierarchical dominance structures is prevalent in animal societies, so a strong preference for higher positions in social ranking is likely to be an important motivation of human social and economic behavior. This preference is also likely to influence the way in which we evaluate our outcome and the outcome of others, and finally the way we choose. In our experiment participants choose among lotteries with different levels of risk, and can observe the choice that others have made. Results show that the relative weight of gains and losses is the opposite in the private and social domain. For private outcomes, experience and anticipation of losses loom larger than gains, whereas in the social domain, gains loom larger than losses, as indexed by subjective emotional evaluations and physiological responses. We propose a theoretical model (interdependent utilities), predicting the implication of this effect for choice behavior. The relatively larger weight assigned to social gains strongly affects choices, inducing complementary behavior: faced with a weaker competitor, participants adopt a more risky and dominant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Bault
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, CNRS UMR5229, Université Lyon1, Bron, France
| | - Giorgio Coricelli
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, CNRS UMR5229, Université Lyon1, Bron, France
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, CIMeC, University of Trento, Mattarello, Trento, Italy
- * E-mail: (GC); (AR)
| | - Aldo Rustichini
- Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GC); (AR)
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Buunk AP, Peiró JM, Griffioen C. A Positive Role Model May Stimulate Career-Oriented Behavior. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hoelzl E, Loewenstein G. Wearing out your shoes to prevent someone else from stepping into them: Anticipated regret and social takeover in sequential decisions. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Buunk BP, Zurriaga R, Gonzalez-Roma V, Subirats M. Engaging in upward and downward comparisons as a determinant of relative deprivation at work: A longitudinal study. JOURNAL OF VOCATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-8791(02)00015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Buunk BP, Ybema JF, Zee K, Schaufeli WB, Gibbons FX. Affect Generated by Social Comparisons Among Nurses High and Low in Burnout1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb02685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Smith G, Della Sala S, Logie RH, Maylor EA. Prospective and retrospective memory in normal ageing and dementia: a questionnaire study. Memory 2000; 8:311-21. [PMID: 11045239 DOI: 10.1080/09658210050117735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Frequency of prospective memory and retrospective memory failures was rated on a 16-item questionnaire by 862 volunteers, from five groups: patients with Alzheimer Disease (rated by carers), carers of Alzheimer Disease patients, elderly, young, and a group of married couples. Reported memory failures were highest for Alzheimer Disease patients, and lowest for carers, with elderly and young controls in between. More prospective memory than retrospective memory failures were reported in all groups, although the difference was small for Alzheimer Disease patients who were rated near ceiling for both. Prospective memory failures of Alzheimer Disease patients were reported as more frustrating for carers than retrospective memory failures; prospective memory and retrospective memory failures frustrated Alzheimer Disease patients equally. Data from the couples indicated that there were no biases resulting from rating on behalf of someone else. These results suggest that: (1) normal ageing has no greater effect on self-reported retrospective memory than prospective memory failures, (2) the relatively small number of memory failures reported by carers may result from comparing themselves with the Alzheimer Disease patients in their care, and (3) prospective memory failures have a greater impact on the lives of the carers and are therefore more likely to be reported as early indicants of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, UK
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Abstract
Previous research in the domain of social comparison theory has suggested that the same factors that have been hypothesized as antecedents to response shift, primarily significant life events, also prompt an increase in interest in social comparison. Based on this research, it is suggested that social comparison, or more specifically, change in social comparison, is a mediator of the relation between significant life events and the change in self-perspective--or response shift--that they often produce. Evidence supporting this claim is reviewed and new data are presented. Finally, the implications of this mediational relation, including those relevant to the design of interventions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Gibbons
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Brendl CM, Higgins ET. Principles of Judging Valence: What Makes Events Positive or Negative? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Schwarz N, Strack F, Hippler HJ, Bishop G. The impact of administration mode on response effects in survey measurement. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2350050304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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