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Anbouhi TS, Sazegar H, Rahimi E. Recognizing the role of Epstein-Barr virus in gastric cancer: transcriptomic insights into malignancy modulation. Virol J 2024; 21:41. [PMID: 38355581 PMCID: PMC10868016 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies show that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection can play a role in malignancy and increase the risk of gastric cancer (GC). The objective of this research was to pinpoint genes whose expression may be influenced by EBV and play a role in the development of GC. METHODS Candidate genes potentially susceptible to expression modulation in the presence of EBV were identified through the analysis of GSE185627 and GSE51575 datasets. The association of candidate genes with GC and the survival rate of patients was investigated based on the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) data. Also, pathways related to candidate genes were examined through the MsigDB database. The PPI network was used to identify Hub genes. To corroborate the obtained results, we utilized the RT-qPCR method, employing GC samples from both EBV + and EBV-cases, as well as adjacent normal samples. RESULTS Our results showed that genes upregulated by the EBV in the GC cell line, as well as in EBV + samples, are significantly linked to pathways involving the immune response, inflammation, and the P53 pathway. Conversely, genes downregulated by EBV are closely linked to pathways involving cell proliferation and mTORC1. Examining the candidate genes revealed that a considerable portion of genes susceptible to downregulation under the influence of EBV exhibit oncogenic roles based on TCGA data. Moreover, some of these genes are associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Protein-protein interaction network analysis of candidate genes highlighted IFI44L and OAS2 as potential hub genes in the EBV-GC axis. Our RT-qPCR results further validated these findings, demonstrating that the expression levels of IFI44L and OAS2 were higher in EBV + samples compared to both healthy and EBV-samples. CONCLUSION Our study underscores the capacity of EBV to exert regulatory control over genes associated with GC malignancy. In addition to its inflammatory effects, EBV elicits transcriptomic changes that appear to attenuate the progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassom Sedaghat Anbouhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hossein Sazegar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Rahimi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
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Xu X, Qiu Y, Chen S, Wang S, Yang R, Liu B, Li Y, Deng J, Su Y, Lin Z, Gu J, Li S, Huang L, Zhou Y. Different roles of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis in non-small cell lung cancer. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:2052-2064. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220608122934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains one of the deadliest malignant diseases, with high incidence and mortality worldwide. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, consisting of IGF-1, IGF-2, related receptors (IGF-1R, -2R), and high-affinity binding proteins (IGFBP 1–6), is associated with promoting fetal development, tissue growth, and metabolism. Emerging studies have also identified the role of the IGF axis in NSCLC, including cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. Upregulation of IGE-1 and IGF-2, overexpression of IGF-1R, and dysregulation of downstream signaling molecules involved in the PI-3K/Akt and MAPK pathways jointly increase the risk of cancer growth and migration in NSCLC. At the genetic level, some noncoding RNAs could influence the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells through the IGF signaling pathway. The resistance to some promising drugs might be partially attributed to the IGF axis. Therapeutic strategies targeting the IGF axis have been evaluated, and some have shown promising efficacy. In this review, we summarize the biological roles of the IGF axis in NSCLC, including the expression and prognostic significance of the related components, noncoding RNA regulation, involvement in drug resistance, and therapeutic application. This review offers comprehensive understanding of NSCLC and provides insightful ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongye Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baomo Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiating Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziying Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincui Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoli Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Jiang Y, Xiao H, Sun L, Zhang Y, Liu S, Luo B. LMP2A suppresses the role of AHR pathway through ERK signal pathway in EBV-associated gastric cancer. Virus Res 2021; 297:198399. [PMID: 33753181 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the function of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) pathway in Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and to explore the relationship between EBV and AHR expression. METHODS The expression of AHR in EBVaGC and EBV negative GC (EBVnGC) tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis were used to examine the expression of AHR, cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), and cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) in gastric cancer cells. The cell proliferation and migration assay were tested by CCK8 and transwell analysis. EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) was over-expressed in SGC7901 cells and silenced in AGS-EBV cells to further identify its role in EBV positive GC cells. RESULTS It was found that EBV infection inhibited the expression of AHR in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. We also found that the activation of AHR pathway can promote cell proliferation and migration. However, the function was restricted in EBVaGC cell lines compared with EBVnGC. LMP2A can suppress AHR expression and pathway activation by activating phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in EBV positive GC cell lines. CONCLUSION EBV-encoded LMP2A regulated the function of the AHR pathway by activating the ERK signal pathway in EBV positive GC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China; Department of Medical Affairs of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central Hospital of Zibo, 19 Gongqingtuan Road, ZiBo, 255036, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Medical Affairs of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
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Comprehensive Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Aberrant Metabolism of Epstein-Barr-Virus-Associated Gastric Carcinoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101220. [PMID: 31597357 PMCID: PMC6829863 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic landscape of Epstein–Barr-virus-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) remains to be elucidated. In this study, we used transcriptomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics to comprehensively investigate aberrant metabolism in EBVaGC. Specifically, we conducted gene expression analyses using microarray-based data from gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cell lines and tissue samples from patients with clinically advanced gastric carcinoma. We also conducted complementary metabolomics and lipidomics using various mass spectrometry platforms. We found a significant downregulation of genes related to metabolic pathways, especially the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. The effect of dysregulated metabolic genes was confirmed in a survival analysis of 3951 gastric cancer patients. We found 57 upregulated metabolites and 31 metabolites that were downregulated in EBVaGC compared with EBV-negative gastric cancer. Sixty-nine lipids, mainly ether-linked phospholipids and triacylglycerols, were downregulated, whereas 45 lipids, mainly phospholipids, were upregulated. In total, 15 metabolisms related to polar metabolites and 15 lipid-associated pathways were involved in alteration of metabolites by EBV in gastric cancer. In this work, we have described the metabolic landscape of EBVaGC at the multi-omics level. These findings could help elucidate the mechanism of EBVaGC oncogenesis.
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Jeong I, Kang SK, Kwon WS, Kim HJ, Kim KH, Kim HM, Lee A, Lee SK, Bogenrieder T, Chung HC, Rha SY. Regulation of proliferation and invasion by the IGF signalling pathway in Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5899-5908. [PMID: 30247804 PMCID: PMC6237558 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several carcinomas including gastric cancer have been reported to contain Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is classified as one of four molecular subtypes of gastric cancer by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) group with increased immune-related signatures. Identification of EBV-dependent pathways with significant biological roles is needed for EBVaGC. To compare the biological changes between AGS gastric epithelial cells and EBV-infected AGS (AGS-EBV) cells, proliferation assay, CCK-8 assay, invasion assay, cell cycle analysis, RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA were performed. BI836845, a humanized insulin-like growth factor (IGF) ligand-neutralizing antibody, was used for IGF-related signalling pathway inhibition. AGS-EBV cells showed slower proliferating rate and higher sensitivity to BI836845 compared to AGS cells. Moreover, invasiveness of AGS-EBV was increased than that of AGS, and BI836845 treatment significantly decreased the invasiveness of AGS-EBV. Although no apoptosis was detected, entry into the S phase of the cell cycle was delayed in BI836845-treated AGS-EBV cells. In conclusion, AGS-EBV cells seem to modulate their proliferation and invasion through the IGF signalling pathway. Inhibition of the IGF signalling pathway therefore could be a potential therapeutic strategy for EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhye Jeong
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Kyoung Kang
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Sun Kwon
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoo Hyun Kim
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Myong Kim
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Andre Lee
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Suk Kyeong Lee
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thomas Bogenrieder
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hyun Cheol Chung
- Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Songdang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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