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Popov Aleksandrov A, Tucovic D, Kulas J, Popovic D, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M, Mirkov I. Toxicology of chemical biocides: Anticoagulant rodenticides - Beyond hemostasis disturbance. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 277:109841. [PMID: 38237840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is one of the most commonly employed management methods for pest rodents. ARs compete with vitamin K (VK) required for the synthesis of blood clotting factors in the liver, resulting in inhibition of blood coagulation and often animal death due to hemorrhage. Besides rodents (target species), ARs may affect non-target animal species and humans. Out of hemostasis disturbance, the effects of ARs may be related to the inhibition of proteins that require VK for their synthesis but are not involved in the coagulation process, to their direct cytotoxicity, and their pro-oxidant/proinflammatory activity. A survey of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of these sublethal/asymptomatic AR effects is given in this review. Data from field, clinical, and experimental studies are presented. Knowledge of these mechanisms might improve hazard characterization and identification of potential ecotoxicological risks associated with ARs, contributing to a safer use of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dusanka Popovic
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Dragan Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"- National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
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Hundhammer T, Lindner R, Caccia L, Langbehn H, Petermichl W, Dittmar M, Gruber M. Management of decontamination in chemical accidents: a laboratory model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8411. [PMID: 37225760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid and efficient decontamination of the skin is a major task for emergency rescue services in the event of a chemical accident involving humans. While rinsing the skin with water (and soap) has been the standard procedure, some skepticism has developed in recent years regarding the situational suitability of this method. The efficacy of three different decontamination materials/techniques (Easyderm® cleaning cloth, water-soaked all-purpose sponge, rinsing with water) in removing Capsaicin, Bromadiolone, Paraquat and 2,2'-dichlorodiethylether (DCEE) from porcine skin was compared. Different cleaning motions (wiping, twisting, pressing) with the Easyderm® were evaluated for their effectiveness in removing Capsaicin from porcine skin. Finally, the impact of different exposure times of the skin to Capsaicin on the decontamination process were investigated. Contaminant recovery rates (CRRs) were analysed in the skin and in each decontamination material using high-performance-liquid-chromatography (HPLC; used for Capsaicin, Bromadiolone, Paraquat) or gas chromatography (GC; used for DCEE). Wiping the skin with the amphiphilic Easyderm® was most effective for decontamination of Capsaicin and DCEE, while the water rinsing method gave the best results for removing Paraquat and Bromadiolone. Both wiping with the Easyderm® and rotating the Easyderm® were significantly more effective in cleaning Capsaicin-contaminated skin than pressing the Easyderm® on the contamination area alone. Prolonged exposure times of the porcine skin to Capsaicin were associated with a decrease in efficacy of the following decontamination. Emergency rescue services should have materials available that can remove both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances from skin. Since not all of our results for comparing different decontamination materials were as distinct as we expected, there are likely several other factors determining the efficacy of skin decontamination in some cases. Time is key; therefore, first responders should try to begin the decontamination process as soon as possible after arriving at the scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Hundhammer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Regina Lindner
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Leopold Caccia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Langbehn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Walter Petermichl
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dittmar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee11, 93042, Regensburg, Germany
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Guodong L, Jieyi W, Xiaobo P, Xiaoxia L, Zhongying L, Zhiguo P, Zewu Q, Jianguang D. Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics of and treatment strategies for patients with long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2022; 131:74-82. [PMID: 35470573 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-acting anticoagulant rodenticide (LAAR) poisoning remains a serious public health problem. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics of different LAARs and a method of making a decision on the VK1 treatment course and the time to stop VK1 treatment safely. METHOD This retrospective study compared the clinical characteristics of two LAARs poisoning patients and used multivariate regression method to explore the relationship between blood LAAR concentration and vitamin K1 dose/treatment time. RESULT A total of 115 patients with LAAR poisoning were included in this study after screening. Of these, 50 patients attempted to commit suicide. The median LAAR concentration of the patients at admission was 409 (157-1174) ng/mL, and the VK1 treatment duration was 14 (8-34) days. The total VK1 treatment time in patients with LAAR poisoning was positively correlated with admission LAAR concentration. During the maintenance treatment period, the VK1 dosage was positively correlated with blood LAAR concentration. CONCLUSION Low dose of VK1 during the maintenance period is indicative of the blood LAAR concentration being relatively low. This provides a basis for judging the LAAR content in the body during the maintenance treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guodong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Jieyi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Xiaobo
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Xiaoxia
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Zhongying
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Zhiguo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu Zewu
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jianguang
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Suljević D, Ibragić S, Mitrašinović-Brulić M, Fočak M. Evaluating the effects of anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone in Wistar rats co-exposed to vitamin K: impact on blood-liver axis and brain oxidative status. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 477:525-536. [PMID: 34816338 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the beneficial effects of vitamin K relate to protection against detrimental effects of bromadiolone. Wistar rats (n = 30) were divided in three groups (n = 10): control group and two groups treated with bromadiolone (0.12 mg/kg) and bromadiolone + vitamin K (0.12 mg/kg + 100 mg/kg) over the period of four days. The main findings in the bromadiolone-exposed rats, such as damaged hepatocytes, high levels of globulin, total proteins and lymphocytes, and altered albumin/globulin ratio, collectively indicate an acute inflammatory process. Morphological changes in erythrocytes include microcytosis, hypochromia, hyperchromia, hemolysis, stomatocytosis, and spherocytosis. Significantly low values of RBC, Hct, and hemoglobin concentrations indicate impairments of the hematopoietic pathway causing combined anemia. The selected dose of bromadiolone caused a non-significant increase of catalase activity and a significant increase of the total protein content in brain tissue homogenates. Vitamin K supplementation reduced many of the harmful effects of bromadiolone. The cytoprotective role of vitamin K was proved to be of great importance for the preservation of structural changes on the membranes of hepatocytes and erythrocytes, in addition to the known role in the treatment of coagulopathies. The results of the study suggest valuable properties of vitamin K in the prevention and treatment of various types of anemia caused by bromadiolone toxicity. Future research is necessary to determine the adequate dose and treatment duration with vitamin K in disorders caused by the cumulative action of bromadiolone and possibly other pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Suljević
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Saida Ibragić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maja Mitrašinović-Brulić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Muhamed Fočak
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Tao Y, Liu T, Han J, Jian X, Kan B. Clinical characteristics and treatment of mixed-pesticide poisoning in a patient: reflections on a particular case. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520977392. [PMID: 33356707 PMCID: PMC7768578 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520977392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who commit suicide often deliberately hide their medical history. Given that taking pesticides is one of the most common methods of suicide, other forms of poisoning may be neglected in clinical practice. We report here a case of mixed-pesticide poisoning. The patient was poisoned by oral administration of a coumarin rodenticide in combination with an intramuscular injection of organophosphorus (OP) pesticide. The patient was treated with vitamin K1, cholinesterase reactivators, atropine, ventilator-assisted ventilation, and bedside debridement. Her condition gradually stabilized and she eventually recovered and was discharged. Assessment of the causes of delayed diagnosis and treatment suggests that we need to improve early detection and treatment of acute poisoning. It is especially important to ask about the patient’s medical history, conduct a careful physical examination, and track the clinical symptoms and differential diagnosis of common poisoning. In addition to the three common routes of poisoning—oral, inhalation, and cutaneous mucosal contact—intramuscular injection of OP can also lead to severe poisoning, which manifests as respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Tao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangdong Jian
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Poisoning and Occupational Diseases, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baotian Kan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Lu A, Yuan F, Yao Y, Wen W, Lu H, Wu S, Wang L. Reversible leukoencephalopathy caused by 2 rodenticides bromadiolone and fluoroacetamide: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25053. [PMID: 33655984 PMCID: PMC7939157 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE With the easy access, rodenticide poisoning has been a public health problem in many countries. Characteristics of central nervous system (CNS) lesions induced by rodenticides are scarcely reported. PATIENT CONCERNS We presented a case of a 40-year-old man with seizure and consciousness disorder, coagulation dysfunction, and symmetric lesions in white matter and corpus callosum. DIAGNOSIS He was diagnosed with rodenticide poisoning due to bromadiolone and fluoroacetamide. INTERVENTIONS He was treated with vitamin K, hemoperfusion, acetamide, and calcium gluconate. OUTCOMES His leukoencephalopathy was reversed rapidly with the improvement of clinical symptoms. LESSONS This report presented the impact of rodenticide poisoning on CNS and the dynamic changes of brain lesions, and highlighted the importance of timely targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Lu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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