Oral immunosuppressants improve pregnancy outcomes in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage: A meta‐analysis

Evaluation of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects approximately 5% of couples. Although RPL definitions vary across professional societies, an evaluation after a second clinically recognized first-trimester pregnancy loss is recommended. Good quality evidence links parental chromosomal rearrangements, uterine anomalies, and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) to RPL. In contrast, the relationship between RPL and other endocrine, hematologic, and immunologic disorders or environmental exposures is less clear. Anticoagulant therapy and low-dose aspirin are recommended for patients with RPL who have also been diagnosed with APS. Vaginal progesterone supplementation may be considered in patients experiencing vaginal bleeding during the first trimester. Surgical correction may be considered for patients with RPL in whom a uterine anomaly is identified. Evaluation and management of additional comorbidities should be guided by the patient's history rather than solely based on the diagnosis of RPL, with the goal of improving overall health to reduce complications in the event of pregnancy. Most people with RPL, including those without identifiable risk factors, are expected to achieve a live birth within 5 years from the initial evaluation. Nevertheless, clinicians should be sensitive to the psychological needs of individuals with this condition and provide compassionate and supportive care across all stages.

Demystifying the impact of prenatal tobacco exposure on the placental immune microenvironment: Avoiding the tragedy of mending the fold after death

Prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) correlates significantly with a surge in adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet its pathological mechanisms remain partially unexplored. This study aims to meticulously examine the repercussions of PTE on placental immune landscapes, employing a coordinated research methodology encompassing bioinformatics, machine learning and animal studies. Concurrently, it aims to screen biomarkers and potential compounds that could sensitively indicate and mitigate placental immune disorders. In the course of this research, two gene expression omnibus (GEO) microarrays, namely GSE27272 and GSE7434, were included. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and immune enrichment investigations on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that PTE might perturb numerous innate or adaptive immune-related biological processes. A cohort of 52 immune-associated DEGs was acquired by cross-referencing the DEGs with gene sets derived from the ImmPort database. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was subsequently established, from which 10 hub genes were extracted using the maximal clique centrality (MCC) algorithm (JUN, NPY, SST, FLT4, FGF13, HBEGF, NR0B2, AREG, NR1I2, SEMA5B). Moreover, we substantiated the elevated affinity of tobacco reproductive toxicants, specifically nicotine and nitrosamine, with hub genes through molecular docking (JUN, FGF13 and NR1I2). This suggested that these genes could potentially serve as crucial loci for tobacco's influence on the placental immune microenvironment. To further elucidate the immune microenvironment landscape, consistent clustering analysis was conducted, yielding three subtypes, where the abundance of follicular helper T cells (p < 0.05) in subtype A, M2 macrophages (p < 0.01), neutrophils (p < 0.05) in subtype B and CD8+ T cells (p < 0.05), resting NK cells (p < 0.05), M2 macrophages (p < 0.05) in subtype C were significantly different from the control group. Additionally, three pivotal modules, designated as red, blue and green, were identified, each bearing a close association with differentially infiltrated immunocytes, as discerned by the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Functional enrichment analysis was subsequently conducted on these modules. To further probe into the mechanisms by which immune-associated DEGs are implicated in intercellular communication, 20 genes serving as ligands or receptors and connected to differentially infiltrating immunocytes were isolated. Employing a variety of machine learning techniques, including one-way logistic regression, LASSO regression, random forest and artificial neural networks, we screened 11 signature genes from the intersection of immune-associated DEGs and secretory protein-encoding genes derived from the Human Protein Atlas. Notably, CCL18 and IFNA4 emerged as prospective peripheral blood markers capable of identifying PTE-induced immune disorders. These markers demonstrated impressive predictive power, as indicated by the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.713 (0.548-0.857) and 0.780 (0.618-0.914), respectively. Furthermore, we predicted 34 potential compounds, including cyclosporine, oestrogen and so on, which may engage with hub genes and attenuate immune disorders instigated by PTE. The diagnostic performance of these biomarkers, alongside the interventional effect of cyclosporine, was further corroborated in animal studies via ELISA, Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. In summary, this study identifies a disturbance in the placental immune landscape, a secondary effect of PTE, which may underlie multiple pregnancy complications. Importantly, our research contributes to the noninvasive and timely detection of PTE-induced placental immune disorders, while also offering innovative therapeutic strategies for their treatment.

Peripheral blood natural killer cell cytotoxicity in recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Dysregulated natural killer (NK) cells have been associated with recurrent miscarriages (RM). Studies have suggested that high peripheral blood NK cell cytotoxicities (pNKCs) are associated with an increased risk of RM. The aim of this systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MAs) is to investigate the difference in pNKC between nonpregnant and pregnant women with RM and controls and determine whether pNKC is reduced by immunotherapy. We searched the PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases. The MAs were conducted to compare pNKCs between women with and without RM before and during pregnancy as well as pre- and post-immunotherapy. Risk of bias in nonrandomized studies was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Statistical analysis was performed using the Review Manager software. A total of 19 studies were included in the SR and 14 studies in the MAs. The MAs revealed higher pNKCs among nonpregnant women with RM compared to controls (MD, 7.99 95 %CI 6.40-9.58; p < 0.00001). pNKCs were also higher in pregnant women with RM than in pregnant controls (MD, 8.21 95 %CI 6.08-10.34; p < 0.00001). Women with RM showed significantly decreased pNKCs after the immunotherapy compared to before (MD, -8.20 95 %CI -10.20 - -6.19; p < 0, 00001). Additionally, there is an association between high pNKCs and the risk of pregnancy loss in women with RM. However, included studies showed substantial heterogeneities regarding the inclusion criteria of patients, techniques measuring pNKC, and types of immunotherapies. More studies are needed to evaluate the clinical efficiency of pNKCs in managing RM.

The use of immunotherapies for recurrent miscarriage: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis

Immunotherapies have been a treatment proposed for recurrent miscarriages (RMs). The use of immunotherapies remains not recommended in the management of couples with RM. This overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis (SRs-MAs) aims to identify and evaluate the quality of SRs-MAs that studied the effectiveness of immunotherapies in the treatment of RM patients. SRs-MAs were searched in PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. SRs-MAs were analyzed using AMSTAR-2, PRISMA 2020, Risk of Bias in Systematic (ROBIS), and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tools to evaluate the methodological quality, reporting quality, risk of bias, and evidence quality of included SRs-MAs, respectively. This review included 20 SRs-MAs that evaluated the following immunotherapies: intravenous immunoglobulin (13 publications), lymphocyte immunotherapy (6 publications), corticosteroids (3 publications), and lipid emulsion (1 publication). SRs-MAs were rated as high methodological, moderate, and critically low quality in 14 (70 %), 1 (5 %), and 5 (25 %) SRs-MAs and high reporting, moderate, and low quality in 13 (65 %), 4 (20 %), and 3 (5 %) SRs-MAs, respectively. The overall risk of bias revealed a low risk of bias for three-quarters of the SRs-MAs. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) analysis resulted in 23 outcomes, of which 4, 3, 5, and 11 results were of high, moderate, low, and very low quality, respectively. An improvement has been observed over the past few years in the quality of systematic reviews (SR)-MAs that have investigated the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin, lymphocyte immunotherapy, lipid emulsion therapy, and corticosteroids as a therapy for RM.