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Sahoo B, Srivastava M, Katiyar A, Ecelbarger C, Tiwari S. Liver or kidney: Who has the oar in the gluconeogenesis boat and when? World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1049-1056. [PMID: 37547592 PMCID: PMC10401452 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i7.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluconeogenesis is an endogenous process of glucose production from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. Both the liver and kidneys express the key enzymes necessary for endogenous glucose production and its export into circulation. We would be remiss to add that more recently gluconeogenesis has been described in the small intestine, especially under high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets. The contribution of the liver glucose release, the net glucose flux, towards systemic glucose is already well known. The liver is, in most instances, the primary bulk contributor due to the sheer size of the organ (on average, over 1 kg). The contribution of the kidney (at just over 100 g each) to endogenous glucose production is often under-appreciated, especially on a weight basis. Glucose is released from the liver through the process of glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Renal glucose release is almost exclusively due to gluconeogenesis, which occurs in only a fraction of the cells in that organ (proximal tubule cells). Thus, the efficiency of glucose production from other carbon sources may be superior in the kidney relative to the liver or at least on the level. In both these tissues, gluconeogenesis regulation is under tight hormonal control and depends on the availability of substrates. Liver and renal gluconeogenesis are differentially regulated under various pathological conditions. The impact of one source vs the other changes, based on post-prandial state, acid-base balance, hormonal status, and other less understood factors. Which organ has the oar (is more influential) in driving systemic glucose homeostasis is still in-conclusive and likely changes with the daily rhythms of life. We reviewed the literature on the differences in gluconeogenesis regulation between the kidneys and the liver to gain an insight into who drives the systemic glucose levels under various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Sahoo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Medha Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Arpit Katiyar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Carolyn Ecelbarger
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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Kawade S, Ogiso K, Shayo SC, Obo T, Arimura A, Hashiguchi H, Deguchi T, Nishio Y. Luseogliflozin and caloric intake restriction increase superoxide dismutase 2 expression, promote antioxidative effects, and attenuate aortic endothelial dysfunction in diet-induced obese mice. J Diabetes Investig 2023; 14:548-559. [PMID: 36729938 PMCID: PMC10034951 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION The mechanisms underlying the effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors on aortic endothelial dysfunction in diet-induced obesity are not clearly understood. This study investigated whether SGLT2 inhibition by luseogliflozin improved free fatty acid (FFA)-induced endothelial dysfunction in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were fed a control diet or high-fat diet for 8 weeks, and then each diet with or without luseogliflozin was provided for an additional 8 weeks under free or paired feeding. Afterward, the thoracic aortas were removed and utilized for the experiments. RESULTS Luseogliflozin treatment decreased body weight, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and total cholesterol in HFD-fed mice only under paired feeding but not under free feeding. Endothelial-dependent vasodilation under FFA exposure conditions was significantly lower in HFD-fed mice than in control diet-fed mice, and luseogliflozin treatment ameliorated FFA-induced endothelial dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by FFA was significantly increased in HFD-induced obese mice. Luseogliflozin treatment increased the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), an antioxidative molecule, and reduced FFA-induced ROS production in the thoracic aorta. Superoxide dismutase reversed FFA-induced endothelial dysfunction in HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS It was shown that caloric restriction is important for the effect of luseogliflozin on metabolic parameters and endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, SGLT2 inhibition by luseogliflozin possibly ameliorates FFA-induced endothelial dysfunction by increasing SOD2 expression and decreasing reactive oxygen species production in the thoracic aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kawade
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ogiso
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sigfrid Casmir Shayo
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takahiko Obo
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Aiko Arimura
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hashiguchi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takahisa Deguchi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Nishio
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrine Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Inaba Y, Hashiuchi E, Watanabe H, Kimura K, Oshima Y, Tsuchiya K, Murai S, Takahashi C, Matsumoto M, Kitajima S, Yamamoto Y, Honda M, Asahara SI, Ravnskjaer K, Horike SI, Kaneko S, Kasuga M, Nakano H, Harada K, Inoue H. The transcription factor ATF3 switches cell death from apoptosis to necroptosis in hepatic steatosis in male mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:167. [PMID: 36690638 PMCID: PMC9871012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35804-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular death increases with hepatic steatosis aggravation, although its regulation remains unclear. Here we show that hepatic steatosis aggravation shifts the hepatocellular death mode from apoptosis to necroptosis, causing increased hepatocellular death. Our results reveal that the transcription factor ATF3 acts as a master regulator in this shift by inducing expression of RIPK3, a regulator of necroptosis. In severe hepatic steatosis, after partial hepatectomy, hepatic ATF3-deficient or -overexpressing mice display decreased or increased RIPK3 expression and necroptosis, respectively. In cultured hepatocytes, ATF3 changes TNFα-dependent cell death mode from apoptosis to necroptosis, as revealed by live-cell imaging. In non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mice, hepatic ATF3 deficiency suppresses RIPK3 expression and hepatocellular death. In human NASH, hepatocellular damage is correlated with the frequency of hepatocytes expressing ATF3 or RIPK3, which overlap frequently. ATF3-dependent RIPK3 induction, causing a modal shift of hepatocellular death, can be a therapeutic target for steatosis-induced liver damage, including NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Inaba
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Emi Hashiuchi
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kumi Kimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yu Oshima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shin Murai
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Takahashi
- Division of Oncology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Michihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Kitajima
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masao Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Asahara
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kim Ravnskjaer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
- Center for Functional Genomics and Tissue Plasticity (ATLAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Shin-Ichi Horike
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masato Kasuga
- The Institute of Medical Science, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Departments of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Hashiuchi E, Watanabe H, Kimura K, Matsumoto M, Inoue H, Inaba Y. Diet intake control is indispensable for the gluconeogenic response to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in male mice. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 12:35-47. [PMID: 32515547 PMCID: PMC7779272 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) lowers blood glucose and causes a whole‐body energy deficit by boosting renal glucose excretion, thus affecting glucose and energy metabolism. This energy deficit not only decreases bodyweight, but also increases food intake. This food intake increase offsets the SGLT2i‐induced bodyweight decrease, but the effect of the food intake increase on the SGLT2i regulation of glucose metabolism remains unclear. Materials and Methods We administered SGLT2i (luseogliflozin) for 4 weeks to hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme gene G6pc reporter mice with/without obesity, which were either fed freely or under a 3‐hourly dietary regimen. The effect of feeding condition on the gluconeogenic response to SGLT2i was evaluated by plasma Gaussia luciferase activity, an index of the hepatic gluconeogenic response, in G6pc reporter mice. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Results In the lean mice under controlled feeding, SGLT2i decreased bodyweight and plasma glucose, and increased the hepatic gluconeogenic response while decreasing blood insulin. SGLT2i also increased oxygen consumption under controlled feeding. However, free feeding negated all of these effects of SGLT2i. In the obese mice, SGLT2i decreased bodyweight, blood glucose and plasma insulin, ameliorated the upregulated hepatic gluconeogenic response, and increased oxygen consumption under controlled feeding. Under free feeding, although blood glucose was decreased and plasma insulin tended to decrease, the effects of SGLT2i – decreased bodyweight, alleviation of the hepatic gluconeogenic response and increased oxygen consumption – were absent. Conclusions Food intake management is crucial for SGLT2i to affect glucose and energy metabolism during type 2 diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Hashiuchi
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Watanabe
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kumi Kimura
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Michihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Metabolic Regulation, Diabetes Research Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inoue
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuka Inaba
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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