Perforating granuloma annulare: a case report and literature review

A widespread chronic pruritic varioliform ulcerating eruption

We present the case of a 70-year-old woman with a 7-year history of widespread pruritic varioliform lesions recalcitrant to topical therapy.

Research Progress of Small Molecules as Anti-vitiligo Agents

Vitiligo is a disease characterized by skin discoloration, and no safe and effective drugs have been developed until now. New drug research and development are imminent. This article reviews the research on small-molecule drugs for vitiligo from 1990 to 2021 at home and abroad. They are classified according to their structures and mechanisms of action, including natural products and derivatives, anti-oxidative stress drugs, immunosuppressants, prostaglandins, etc. The research on their anti-vitiligo activity, structural modification, new dosage forms, clinical trials, and the development trend in new anti-vitiligo drugs are reviewed, which provides important references for the development of new drugs.

Generalized Necrobiotic Palisading Granulomatous Follicular Eruption: A Peculiar Pustular Variant of Perforating Granuloma Annulare or an Individualized Disease?

Herein, we report a case of an adult male patient with a chronic and recurrent papulopustular eruption mainly involving the trunk and lower extremities. A dense superficial perifollicular inflammatory infiltrate with palisading necrobiotic granuloma formation and infundibular perforation was observed at the histological examination, with no granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates in deeper areas. The possibility that this peculiar clinicopathological presentation constitutes a case of generalized perforating granuloma annulare (PGA) or an individualized skin condition is discussed. The observation of a pustular follicular generalized PGA represents an exceedingly rare phenomenon and constitutes an infrequent subtype of PGA that can mimic pustular eruptions secondary to many different etiologies. The clinicopathological features of this rare variant may represent a diagnostic challenge, often requiring multiple biopsies to establish a definite diagnosis.

Clinical and pathological changes in the skin with granuloma annulare

Granuloma annulare (GA) is a dermatosis of unknown etiology, which has distinctive clinical and histological features. In this article, we present current information about the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and pathomorphological signs of GA, as well as conduct differential diagnosis of GA with diseases that have a similar clinical and histological picture.

Granuloma Annulare: A Focused Review of Therapeutic Options

Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign inflammatory disease associated with many conditions such as malignancy, trauma, thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, and HIV infection. Common clinical subtypes include localized GA, generalized GA, subcutaneous GA, perforating GA, and patch GA. There exists an abundance of literature on GA, yet we know relatively little about its exact etiology and even less about its treatment. The paucity of conclusive data on effective treatment options is largely because the majority of published studies are limited to small case reports, case series, and retrospective studies. As such, there does not yet exist a gold standard of care to guide clinical management. Depending on the clinical subtype, the clinical prognosis for GA can vary. The localized variant generally self-resolves within 2 years without treatment, whereas the generalized form is more chronic and less responsive to treatment. This focused up-to-date review serves to summarize the latest therapeutic options available for GA.