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Granger C, Trullàs C, Sokeechand NB, Jourdan E, Krutmann J, Francois-Newton V, Hosenally M. Evaluating the factors influencing sun protection factors (SPF): Pooling data from multiple studies involving two reference ISO 24444:2019 sunscreen products (P2 and P8). PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2024; 40:e12942. [PMID: 38288771 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardized methods for sun protection factor (SPF) testing are still beset with endpoint and method-driven issues, and can be influenced by multiple factors. The purpose of this analysis is to explore the factors influencing the results of sun protection factor (SPF) testing in human subjects according to the ISO 24444:2019 standard. Intrinsic factors, such as baseline skin color, age and gender, the minimal erythemal dose on an unprotected area (MEDu), as well as environmental factors such as season/weather influences, are considered for analysis. METHODS Datasets generated for two reference products (P2 and P8) during the conduct of 50 such studies using the ISO standard 24444:2019 for the testing of SPF products, from a single testing center located in Bucharest, Romania between April 2021 and December 2022, were retrieved and compiled. Overall, the data for 334 subjects was available, with 276 observations for the reference P8, and 171 for P2. RESULTS No effects due to gender or age were detected. Seasonal changes, the individual typology angle (ITA°) and MEDu were found to have an influence on the outcome of the SPF values. CONCLUSIONS This study adds new original data about the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on SPF variations pertaining to ISO reference sunscreen P8 (SPF 50+). The findings suggest that some factors will inevitably impact the results between two SPF experiments for the same product and SPF testing laboratory. The interconnections between the sources of this variation are discussed. The findings of this research help to identify and characterize factors that contribute to SPF testing variability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric Jourdan
- Innovation and Development, ISDIN, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Muzzammil Hosenally
- Centre International de Développement Pharmaceutique (CIDP), Phoenix, Mauritius
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
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Damiani G, Pacifico A, Scoditti E, di Gregorio S, Del Fabbro M, Cozzolino C, Buja A, Mercuri SR, Bianchi VG, Grada A, Garbarino S, Bunick CG. Circadian Oscillations of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) are Also Influenced by Diet in Patients with Psoriasis: A Chronomedical Study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2023; 13:2229-2246. [PMID: 37573289 PMCID: PMC10539244 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-023-00987-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Minimal erythema dose (MED) remains a parameter of paramount importance to orient narrow-band (NB)-UVB phototherapy in psoriatic (PsO) patients. Recently, circadian rhythm and diet were recognized as potential MED modulators, but their mutual interaction remains understudied. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the potential diet modulation of MED circadian oscillations. METHODS In the first phase, a cohort study was performed comparing potential MED oscillations (morning, afternoon, and evening) among omnivorous psoriatic patients before and after a phototherapy cycle and omnivorous healthy controls. The two groups were age-, gender-, skin-type-, MED-, and diet-matched. Then, in the second phase, another cohort study was carried out comparing MED oscillations 24 h after the last phototherapeutic session only in psoriatic patients cleared with NB-UVB and undergoing different diets (vegan, vegetarian, paleo , ketogenic, intermittent circadian fasting, and omnivore). Patients with different diets were age-, gender-, and skin-type matched. RESULTS In the first phase, we enrolled only omnivores, specifically 54 PsO patients and 54 healthy individuals. Their MED before and after NB-UVB therapy changed significantly among the three different time-points (morning, afternoon, and evening) (p < 0.001). The time effect was statistically significant in both groups before and after phototherapy. In the second phase, we enrolled 144 PsO patients (vegan, vegetarian, paleo, ketogenic, intermittent circadian fasting, and omnivore). MED circadian oscillations preserved a significant difference also after clearance and were influenced by diet type and time of day (p < 0.001). In particular, vegans displayed the lowest MED values, whilst Ramadan fasting showed the highest values in morning, afternoon, and evening. CONCLUSIONS Diet, like other ongoing therapies, should be reported in the medical records of patients with psoriasis undergoing NB-UVB and patients with lower MEDs should be preferentially treated in the morning when the MED is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Damiani
- Italian Center for Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- PhD Degree Program in Pharmacological Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Alessia Pacifico
- Clinical Dermatology Department, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Sara di Gregorio
- Italian Center for Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cozzolino
- Department of Cardiologic, Vascular and Thoracic Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Buja
- Italian Center for Precision Medicine in Chronic Inflammation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Cardiologic, Vascular and Thoracic Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Santo R. Mercuri
- Unit of Dermatology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ayman Grada
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Sergio Garbarino
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal/Child Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Christopher G. Bunick
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
- Program in Translational Biomedicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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Validation of a novel method of ultraviolet-induced cutaneous inflammation and its associations with anhedonia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20237. [PMID: 36424456 PMCID: PMC9691739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective immunology of the skin is a growing area; however, established protocols for measuring individual differences in cutaneous inflammation are lacking. To address this, we present a preliminary validation of Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (PI-MED) testing as a method for measuring cutaneous inflammation. PI-MED is a recently adapted protocol, optimized for reproducibility and individual differences research, that uses ultraviolet (UV) light to evoke cutaneous erythema, or inflammatory skin reddening. PI-MED's novel UV dosage schedule produces standardized erythema responses across different skin pigmentation types and shows strong internal consistency within person and good test-retest reliability across 8-10 weeks. In line with predictions, increased PI-MED erythema was associated with heightened anhedonia, across several measures, beyond influences of non-affective covariates. While future work should further refine the dosage schedule for the lightest and darkest skin types, overall, evidence supports PI-MED as a protocol for inducing and measuring individual differences in cutaneous inflammation. Further, PI-MED-induced erythema can expand psychoneuroimmunology research by offering a complementary assessment for general inflammatory tone. This work adds to a growing body of evidence demonstrating a distinct relationship between inflammation and anhedonia.
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Commentary: Facial Aesthetic Dermatological Procedures and Photoprotection in Chinese Populations. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 13:13-27. [PMID: 36417087 PMCID: PMC9823167 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The medical literature on aesthetic dermatology has primarily focused on a light-skinned patient population, yet patients of darker skin types have different needs and priorities. In Chinese individuals, key concerns include altered pigmentation, which is perceived to age the individual, and also relates to the Chinese cultural standard of beauty of fair skin; many seek aesthetic treatment for this. Non-invasive cosmetic procedures such as lasers and injections are also gaining in popularity in the Chinese market, but this population is prone to hyperpigmentation as an adverse effect of such procedures. Considered and tailored approaches, both to primary concerns of photoaging and the side effects of cosmetic treatments, are warranted.
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Kim MA, Jung YC, Suh BF, Lee HN, Kim EJ. Skin biophysical properties including impaired skin barrier function determine ultraviolet sensitivity. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:5066-5072. [PMID: 35377541 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The levels of burning susceptibility to ultraviolet (UV) radiations are affected by various factors, including Fitzpatrick skin types, skin color, sex, and ethnicity. However, studies on the relationship between skin biophysical properties and erythemal responses to UV radiations are rare. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate biophysical properties of the skin that determined individual skin sensitivity to UV radiation. METHODS As an indicator of skin sensitivity to UV radiation, Korean women were subjected to minimal erythema dose (MED) testing. The skin biophysical properties, such as skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured. MED were also evaluated in further variations in the skin, including barrier disruption. RESULTS A significant negative correlation was observed between TEWL and MED. With an increase in TEWL, that represents reduced skin barrier function, skin UV sensitivity also increased. Artificial alteration of skin conditions also changed erythemal response to UV radiation. When the skin barrier was disrupted, MED significantly decreased, indicating increased skin UV sensitivity. It is hypothesized that the altered penetration of UV radiation into the stratum corneum under the respective skin conditions caused different erythema reactions. CONCLUSION For the first time in a clinical study, the skin biophysical properties, including skin barrier function, were found to have significant effects on skin sensitivity to UV radiation. This finding could help predict individual susceptibility to UV damage. Therefore, skincare products that improve skin conditions associated with UV sensitivity, as well as sunscreen are important for protection against the hazards of UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ah Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Chul Jung
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Fhy Suh
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Na Lee
- Global Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Development Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Wang Z, Lu F, Li X, Guo Y, Li J, He L. Chinese women with melasma exhibit a low minimal erythema dose to both UVA and UVB. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2022; 38:38-43. [PMID: 34171129 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melasma is a common disorder manifested by symmetric hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed skin. Although ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a known risk factor of melasma, whether skin sensitivities to UVA and/or UVB differ between healthy controls and female patients with melasma is unknown. METHODS Minimal erythema dose (MED)-UVA and MED-UVB results were compared between female patients with melasma and healthy controls. Additionally, relationships between MED values and Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) scores, and skin color were assessed. RESULTS The melasma and control groups included 142 and 137 subjects, respectively. Compared with healthy control group, our melasma group had lower MED-UVA (P < .001) and MED-UVB (P < .05). MASI scores were negatively correlated with MED-UVA and MED-UVB (P < .001). Additionally, Skin a* values in melasma-involved skin were negatively correlated with MED-UVA (P < .05). Skin b* values in melasma-involved skin were negatively correlated with MED-UVB and MED-UVA (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with melasma exhibit a low MED to both UVA and UVB, rendering them have a predisposition to an increased UV sensitivity. Because of the association between melasma and UV sensitivity, sun exposure should be avoided to alleviate or prevent melasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Fengyan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Qujing Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qujing, China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong, China
| | - Yanni Guo
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Brogniez C, Doré JF, Auriol F, Cesarini P, Minvielle F, Deroo C, Catalfamo M, Metzger JM, Da Conceicao P. Erythemal and vitamin D weighted solar UV dose-rates and doses estimated from measurements in mainland France and on Réunion Island. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2021; 225:112330. [PMID: 34678614 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solar UV radiation causes beneficial and detrimental changes in human health. International and national Health agencies recommend avoiding sun exposure when the solar rays are strongest (typically 2 h before and after solar noon). In this study we detail and refine such recommendations. We estimated biologically-effective radiation (inductive of erythema and pre-vitamin D) using spectral solar UV radiation measurements on a horizontal plane at three French sites equipped with spectroradiometers: Villeneuve d'Ascq (VDA) (North of France); Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP) (French Southern Alps); and Saint-Denis de La Réunion (SDR) on Réunion Island, in the Indian Ocean. These sites are very different: VDA is a semi-urban site in a flat region, OHP a rural mountainous site and SDR a coastal urban site on a small mountainous island. Biologically active radiation was analyzed by studying erythema induction and measuring pre-vitamin D synthesis. Dose-rates, doses and times for sunburn induction and vitamin D production were derived. Regarding the level of vitamin D dose considered here (1000 IU), we found that at mainland sites time required for vitamin D synthesis was relatively long, even around solar noon, in winter months this could be 2-3 h for phototype II individuals exposing their face and hands. In the tropics vitamin D could always be synthesized in a reasonable time (e.g. 20 min in winter). By contrast, in summer, the required duration times (exposing face, hands, arms and legs) are very short, approximately 2-4 min on the mainland and 1 min in the tropics for phototype II individuals. In all skin phototypes the duration of sun exposure required to induce erythema was generally longer than that to produce vitamin D. These quantitative results, obtained using an instrument measuring on a horizontal plane and with an unobstructed view, do not represent realistic values for human exposure. To account for realistic human body exposure, received doses and times of exposure were adjusted. Our study shows that, mostly in summer, the time periods where limited solar exposure is recommended should be extended, especially at low latitude locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Brogniez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518, LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean-François Doré
- INSERM U 1296 Radiations, Défense, Santé, Environnement, Centre Léon Bérard, F-69000 Lyon, France.
| | - Frédérique Auriol
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518, LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Pierre Cesarini
- Association Sécurité Solaire, Fondation A. de Rothschild, 25 rue Manin, F-75019 Paris, France.
| | - Fanny Minvielle
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518, LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Christine Deroo
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518, LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Maxime Catalfamo
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518, LOA - Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Metzger
- UMS 3365 - OSU Réunion, Université de La Réunion, F-97744 St-Denis de La Réunion, France.
| | - Pierre Da Conceicao
- UMS 3470 - OSU Pytheas, Observatoire de Haute-Provence, F-04870 St-Michel-l'Observatoire, France.
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A Genome-Wide Scan on Individual Typology Angle Found Variants at SLC24A2 Associated with Skin Color Variation in Chinese Populations. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1223-1227.e14. [PMID: 34570997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang F, Luo Q, Chen Y, Liu Y, Xu K, Adhikari K, Cai X, Liu J, Li Y, Liu X, Ramirez-Aristeguieta LM, Yuan Z, Zhou Y, Li FF, Jiang B, Jin L, Ruiz-Linares A, Yang Z, Liu F, Wang S. A Genome-Wide Scan on Individual Typology Angle Found Variants at SLC24A2 Associated with Skin Color Variation in Chinese Populations. J Invest Dermatol 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2021.07.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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